Pelton Wheel Project Report 1
Pelton Wheel Project Report 1
Pelton Wheel Project Report 1
CONTENTS
Topic:-
1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. LITRATURE AND REVIEW
4. DETAIL & SPECIFICATION
5. DESIGN CRITERION OF PELTON
WHEEL TURBINE
6. Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:
Impulse force produced by water jet is high when jet is having high
velocity. Water stored at high altitude can easily produce high jet
velocity. This is the reason why Pelton turbine is most suitable for
operation, when water is stored at high altitude. The primary feature
of the impulse turbine is the power production as the jet is deflected
by the moving buckets. Assuming that the speed of the exiting jet is
zero (all of the kinetic energy of the jet is expended in driving the
buckets), negligible head loss at the nozzle and at the impact with the
buckets (assuming that the entire available head is converted into jet
velocity),
The Pelton Wheel is the only form of impulse turbine in common
industrial use. It is a robust and simple machine which is ideal for the
production of power from low volume water flows at a high head with
reasonable efficiency.
The water strikes the bucket along the tangent of the tangent of the
runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only Kinetic
Energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet is atmospheric pressure.
The nozzle increases the kinetic energy of the water flowing through
the penstock. At the outlet of the nozzle, the water comes out in the
form of a jet and strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner. Pelton
Wheel Turbine is used for High Heads. Pelton Wheel Turbine has a
Specific Speed less than 30(S.I) for single jet and between 30 and 60
(S.I) for multi-jet.
Water leaving those wheels typically still had high speed, carrying
away much of the dynamic energy brought to the wheels. Pelton's
paddle geometry was designed so that when the rim ran at ½ the
speed of the water jet, the water left the wheel with very little speed;
thus his design extracted almost all of the water's impulse energy—
which allowed for a very efficient turbine.
OBJECTIVE :-
The main objective is to generate electricity by using a palton wheel turbine. A Pelton-wheel
impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational
energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into
electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The kinetic energy of the
Water-jet is directed tangentially at the buckets of a Pelton-wheel. The Water-jet strikes on
each bucket’s convex profile splitter and get split into two halves. Each half is turned
backwards, almost through 180° relative to the bucket on a horizontal plane. Practically this
angle may vary between 165° to 170°. Normally all the jet energy is used in propelling the
rim of the bucket wheel. Invariably some jet water misses the bucket and passes onto the tail
race without doing any useful work. This hydro device is a good source of hydro-electrical
energy conversion for a high water head. Both kinetic and potential energy of the water
source is consumed by the runner wheel. Considerable gravitational effect of the water jet is
exploited by means of some modifications in a conventional Pelton wheel. A comparatively
heavy generator can be run by this modified Pelton-wheel turbine under low head and heavy-
discharge conditions. The modified features provide enough promising opportunities to use
this turbine for Mini and Micro hydro power plants.
LITRATURE AND REVIEW;-
AC/DC stands for alternating current and direct current. Smaller (100
to 1,000 W; less than 2 kW; 48 kWh/day) hydro-electric turbines use
permanent-magnet, “wild” AC generators. Larger micro hydro
systems (2 to 100 kW) use either an induction or synchronous AC
generators. Virtually all spinning generators make AC natively, and
how it is transferred and conditioned is based on the application.
Battery charging turbines end up producing DC. The grid and your
home loads are
AC systems, so turbines designed to directly interface with them
produce AC in the end.
Grid connection is possible with certain makes and models. The grid
connection for a smaller (less than 2 kW) hydro system commonly
uses a grid-tied inverter, as for PV systems. Larger systems (2 to 100
kW) are connected through switchgear and inductive generators or
synchronous generators and governors.
Runner type identifies the turbine wheel used to convert water power
to rotational power, and is determined by the head and flow available.
Through testing, manufacturers have determined the best runner types
for various head and flow conditions. Common types are the Pelton
wheel, the turbo, the cross flow, and the propeller. Your turbine
supplier and contractor can give good advice about the choices.
Nozzle size options are associated with available water flow. Smaller-
diameter nozzle sizes are used for lower-flow situations. Nozzles are
sized by manufacturers based on potential range of flow. Generally,
these parts are removable and replaceable. Larger systems sometimes
have adjustable “needle nozzles” or “spear valves.”
Flow range will vary for every project site. The table shows the
actual flow used in the turbine, which may be 10% to 50% of the
stream flow.
c1u 1
u1 2 g Hn
2 2
h 0.96
h 2(u1 c1u u 2 c 2u )
n 0,96
u1 0,48
2 c1u 2 1,0
d 2
Q z s
c1u
4
4Q
ds
z c1u
Where:
Z = number of nozzles
Q = flow rate
C1u = 2 g H n
The size of the bucket and number of nozzles
B
3.1 3.4
ds
Rules of thumb:
B = 3,1 · ds 1 nozzle
B = 3,2 · ds 2 nozzles
B = 3,3 · ds 4-5 nozzles
B > 3,3 · ds 6 nozzles
Number of buckets
z 17 Empirical
Runner diameter
Rules of thumb:-
D = 10 · ds Hn < 500 m
D = 15 · ds Hn = 1300 m
D < 9,5 · ds must be avoided because water will be lost
D > 15 · ds is for very high head Pelton
3000
Zp
n
Conclusion