Arpit Electrochemistry Final
Arpit Electrochemistry Final
Arpit Electrochemistry Final
Panchmahal
Topic: electrochemistry
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Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my sincere
gratitude to the person who played an
important role in the preparation of my
project. Sh.B. Prabhakar (Principal) of
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Vejalpur, PMS,
has provided inducible of making available
facilities for doing work at any time and
giving valuable advice.
Arpit patel
CLASS:-12 th
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Arpit Patel student
of class xii, Jawahar Navodaya
vidyalaya, vejalpur has completed the
project title electrochemistry during the
academic year 2016-2017 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the chemistry
practical evaluation of aissce 2017, and
submitted satisfactory report as
compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision.
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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SECONDARY BATTERY
THE LEAD ACID STORAGE CELL
3. PRIMARY BATTERY
THE LECLANCHE CELL
3. THE FUEL CELL
4. IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT BATERIES
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INTRODUCTION
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The ideal and the real for portable and transportation
applications especially, a battery or fuel cell should store (and be able
to deliver) the maximum amount of energy at the desired rate (power
level) from a device that has the smallest possible weight and volume.
The following parameters are commonly used to express these
attributes:
• Storage capacity or charge density, coulombs/liter or
coulombs/kg;
• Energy density, J/kg or watt-hour/lb
• Power density, watts/kg
• Voltage efficiency, ratio of output voltage to E°
• Lifetime: shelf-life (resistance to self-discharge) or
charge/recharge cycles
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SECONDARY BATTERY
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The reaction proceeds to the right during discharge and to the
left during charging. The state of charge can be estimated by
measuring the density of the electrolyte; sulfuric acid is about twice as
dense as water, so as the cell is discharged, the density of the
electrolyte decreases.
Lead-acid storage cell and detail of its plate construction
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The sulfuric acid electrolyte becomes quite viscous when
the temperature is low, inhibiting the flow of ions between the plates
and reducing the current that can be delivered. This effect is well-
known to anyone who has had difficulty starting a car in cold weather.
Over time, PbSO4 that does not get converted to PbO2 due to lack of
complete discharge gradually changes to an inert form which limits
the battery capacity. Also, "fast" charging causes rapid evolution of
hydrogen from the water in the electrolyte; the bubbles form on the
lead surface and can tear PbO2 off the positive plate. Eventually
enough solid material accumulates at the bottom of the electrolyte to
short-circuit the battery, leading to its permanent demise.
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PRIMARY BATTERIES
In primary batteries, the reaction occurs only once and after
use over period of time batteries becomes dead and cannot be
reused again. T most familiar example of this type is the
LeClanché "dry cell", which commonly used in our transistors and
clocks.
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complicated than it would appear from these equations, and there are
many side reactions and these cells have limited shelf-lifes due to self
discharge. (In some of the older ones, attack by the acidic ammonium
ion on the zinc would release hydrogen gas, causing the battery to
swell and rupture, often ruining an unused flashlight or other device.)
A more modern version, introduced in 1949, is the alkaline cell which
employs a KOH electrolyte and a zinc-powder anode which permits
the cell to deliver higher currents and avoids the corrosive effects of
the acidic ammonium ion on the zinc.
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THE FUEL CELL
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Anode: H2 (g) + 2 OH– → 2 H2O + 2 e– E° = 0 v
Cathode: ½ O2 (g) + 2 H2O + 2 e– → 2 OH–
E° = +1.23v
Net: H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O E° = +1.23 v
Although hydrogen has the largest energy-to-mass ratio of any
fuel, it cannot be compressed to a liquid at ordinary temperatures. If it
is stored as a gas, the very high pressures require heavy storage
containers, greatly reducing its effective energy density. Some solid
materials capable of absorbing large amount of H2 can reduce the
required pressure. Other fuels such as alcohols, hydrocarbon liquids,
and even coal slurries have been used; methanol appears to be an
especially promising fuel.
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Schematic diagram of a modern hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
Commonly used electrolytes are NaOH solution, phosphoric acid, or
solid oxides. A major limitation of any oxygen-consuming fuel cell is
the slow rate of the reduction of this element at a cathode. The best
cathode surfaces are usually made of platinum, which is a major cost
factor in fuel cell design.
One reason for the interest in fuel cells is that they offer a
far more efficient way of utilizing chemical energy than doe’s
conventional thermal conversion. The work obtainable in the limit of
reversible operation of a fuel cell is 229 kJ per mole of H 2O formed.
If the hydrogen were simply burned in oxygen, the heat obtainable
would be ΔH = 242 kJ mol–1, but no more than about half of this heat
can be converted into work so the output would not exceed 121 kJ
mol–
1 .This limit is a consequence of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics. The fraction of heat that can be converted into
work is a function of how far (in temperature) the heat falls as it flows
through the engine and into the surroundings; this fraction is given by
(1 - Thigh)/Tlow. At normal environmental temperatures of around
300K, Thigh would have to be at least 600 K for 50% thermal
efficiency.
The major limitation of present fuel cells is that the
rates of the electrode reactions, especially the one in which oxygen is
reduced, tends to be very small, and thus so is the output current per
unit of electrode surface. Coating the electrode with a suitable
catalytic material is almost always necessary to obtain usable output
currents, but good catalysts are mostly very expensive substances
such as platinum, so that the resulting cells are too costly for most
practical uses.
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There is no doubt that if an efficient, low-cost
catalytic electrode surface is ever developed, the fuel cell would
become a mainstay of the energy economy.
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Bibliography
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