Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
ECON
NOMIC AND SOCIAL
L COMMIS
SSION FOR
R WESTER
RN ASIA
United
d Nations D
Developme
ent Accoun
nt project
Promoting Ene
ergy Efficie
ency Investments
for Cllimate Cha
ange Mitig
gation and
d Sustaina
able Devellopment
dy
Case stud
K
KUWA
AIT
ANALY
YSIS OF ECONOMIC
E CAL AND ENVIRON S OF PRO
NMENTAL BENEFITS OMOTING
ENERGY EFF
FICIENCY
Y IN BUILD
DINGS
D
Developed by:
M
Moncef Krrarti
Table of Contents
Abstract .....................................................................................................................................................6
Background ...............................................................................................................................................7
Energy Sector Characteristics....................................................................................................................8
Current Building Energy Efficiency Policies ......................................................................................... 12
Potential of Energy Efficiency in Buildings ........................................................................................... 14
Potential for Commercial Buildings ................................................................................................... 15
Potential for Residential Buildings ..................................................................................................... 16
Assessment Analysis Methodology ........................................................................................................ 20
Economic, Environmental, and Policy Analysis .................................................................................... 22
Energy Savings Analysis .................................................................................................................... 22
Economical and Environmental Analysis........................................................................................... 24
Policy Design Considerations................................................................................................................. 27
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis ............................................................................................................... 27
Job Creation Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 29
Barriers for Energy Efficiency Policies Implementation ....................................................................... 30
Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 31
References .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Appendix A: Building Energy Conservation Code of Practice of 1983 and 2010 ................................. 35
Appendix B: Cost-Effectiveness of Optimal Energy Efficient Designs for Residences in Kuwait ....... 39
List of Figures
Table 1: Electrical Power Stations, their Capacity, and their Peak Load in Kuwait during 2011 .................9
Table 2: CO2 Emissions Intensity for Select MENA Countries ................................................................. 10
Table 3: Types and Number of Buildings in Kuwait at the end of 2011 .................................................... 11
Table 4: Comparative Summary of the Requirements for Kuwait Energy Conervation Code of Practice of
1983 and 2010 ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Table 5: General Characteristics and Annual Energy Use of Office Buildings in Kuwait ........................ 15
Table 6: List of EEMs for the Optimal LCC Case and Associated Initiated Costs and Annual Energy Use
Savings ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Table 7: Main Characteristics for 5 House Energy Models Considered in the Analysis ........................... 21
Table 8: Number, Annual Energy Use, and Peak Demand for all Building Types Considered in the Analysis
.................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Table 9: Economical and Environmental Benefits for Level-1 Building Energy Efficiency retrofit Program
for Kuwait Based on 2011 Building Stock Statistics ................................................................................. 24
Table 10: Economical and Environmental Benefits for Level-2 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit
Program for Kuwait Based on 2011 Building Stock Statistics ................................................................... 25
Table 11: Economical and Environmental Benefits for Level-3 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit
Program for Kuwait Based on 2011 Building Stock Statistics ................................................................... 25
Table 12: Average Costs for Energy Retrofits of Buildings in Kuwait (in US Dollars) ............................ 27
Table 13: Total Implementation Costs for Level-1 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit Program ........... 28
Table 14: Total Implementation Costs for Level-2 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit Program ........... 28
Table 15: Total Implementation Costs for Level-3 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit Program ........... 28
Table 16: Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency Retrofit Programs for all Kuwaiti Building Stock .... 29
Table 17: Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency Retrofit Programs for only Private Residential Buildings
in Kuwait .................................................................................................................................................... 29
Table 18: Employment Creation Impacts for Various Energy Sources from $1 Million of Expenditures
(Source: Pollin et al., 2009) ........................................................................................................................ 30
Table 19: Number of Job Years that Could be Created from Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit Programs
in Kuwait .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Acronyms
Moreover, it is found that without a gradual reduction of energy subsidies, the establishment of a
mandatory energy efficiency retrofit program in Kuwaiti through implementation of basic energy
efficiency measures and improved operating strategies for the existing building stock can provide
significant economical and environmental benefits to Kuwait as well as the creation of significant
job opportunities.
Backgroound
Worldwiide, buildinggs account for about 440% of the primary en nergy consuumption. Inn the Middlee
East andd North Afrrica (MENA A region, bbuildings co onsumes even higher ffraction of the primaryy
energy cconsumptionn. For insttance, 70% of total electrical
e nergy consuumption in
en n Kuwait iss
attributedd to buildinngs. Consid
dering all thhe sectors (i.e.,
( buildin
ngs, industrry, and tran
nsportation)),
Qatar andd Kuwait haave the highhest per cappita carbon emissions
e in
n the world as depictedd in Figure 1
(WBCDS S, 2009).
Figu
ure 1: Per Capita Carrbon Emisssions for Seelected Couuntries
Figure 3: Countryy Ranking and Level of Energy Consumption Subsiddies per Perrson in US
uring 2011 (Source: Capital
Dollars du C Stan
ndards, 20113)
Energy Sector Ch
haracteristtics
The Minnistry of Electricity
E and
a Water (MEW) is the sole supplier
s y and water
off electricity
resourcess in Kuwaitt. The increaasing popullation in Ku
uwait and the scarce waater resourcees is forcingg
MEW too increase itts generatinng capacitiess with highher investmeents in new
w power plaants. Indeedd,
over the last decadee, Kuwait has seen its ppopulation as well as its per capiita energy consumption
c n
increase steadily as shown in Figure
F 4. Thhe data obtaained from MEW
M indiccate that thee energy usee
per person has moore than doubled bettween 1980 0 and 2005 5 (MEW, 2012). Mo oreover, thee
populatioon has douubled from 1992 to 20005 due to o high demand in laboor force affter the Iraqq
invasion of 1990-19991. The grrowth in thee populatio on combined d with highh energy use by personn
has signiificantly inccreased the requiremennts for elecctrical poweer generatioon to meet the nationaal
needs esppecially in the
t growing g residentiall sector.
3.00
Popuulation
2.50
Ratio Relative 1992
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
19
992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 20
006 2008 2010
Figure 4: Annual perr Capita En
nergy Use and Popula
ation Levells for Kuwa
ait
Table 1: Electricaal Power Sttations, theeir Capacitty, and their Peak Loaad in Kuwa
ait during
2011
Power stattion Capacity Pe
eak Load on JJuly 27, 2011
1
(MW) (MWW)
Tab
ble 2: CO2 Emissions Intensity for
f Select MENA
M Couuntries
Cou
untry CO
O2 emission
ns intensityy
(gCO2/k
kWh)
Libyya 872
2
Kuwwait 870
0
Sauudi Arabia 757
7
Syriia 641
UAE 631
Jorddan 581
Tunnisia 538
8
Qatar 494
4
Egyypt 466
6
Worrld (Averagge) 573
3
Figure 5 illustrates the annuaal electricall peak dem mand variatiion from 22002 throug gh 2011. A
regressioon analysis of
o the data indicates thhat there is a consistentt growth ratte of the eleectrical peakk
demand over the 1980’s peak k with abouut 6% averaage increase rate in thhe last decade (MEW W,
2012). BBased on thhe rate of inncrease of 6% observ ved in Figuure 5, the aannual peak k demand iss
predictedd to be 15,0000 MW by y 2020 and over 20,000 MW (alm most doublee the currentt peak loadd)
by 2030.
20000
18000
Annual Peak Demand
16000
14000
12000
y = 4533.03x + 6571.3
(MW)
10000
R²² = 0.9846
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2020 2030
0
Figure 6:: Electrical Demand E
End-use Disstribution in
i Kuwait dduring 201
11
Table 3:
3 Types an
nd Numberr of Buildin
ngs in Kuwa
ait at the ennd of 2011
Type N
Number off Buildings Percentaage of Totall
Private Residentia
al 390,2
213 866.3%
Governm
mental Ressidential 1,44
48 0..3%
Commeercial 45,6
685 100.1%
Servicess 93
37 0..2%
Governm
mental 7,553 1..7%
Total 452,2
265 1000%
7000
6500
Monthly Electrical Consumption
6000
5500
y = 195.69x ‐ 1395.2
5000
R² = 0.9601
4500
4000
(GWh)
Several studies have indicated that Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in
buildings are the largest energy consumers in buildings in the GCC region including Kuwait.
Indeed, air-conditioning accounts for almost 60% of the total energy use in a building in most
GCC countries (Ventures, 2012). The market for HVAC systems in GCC countries is significant
and was estimated at US$ 6.2 billion in 2011 with an annual growth of 3%. Most of the HVAC
systems are made up of conventional air conditioning systems including air-handling units,
chillers, pumps, and cooling towers. It has been estimated that the installation of energy efficient
HVAC systems has the potential to reduce power consumption for air-conditioning by 35 to 40%
in the GCC region (Ventures, 2012).
The 1983 energy conservation code of practice specifies minimum thermal resistance for walls and
roofs, size and quality for glazing, fresh air requirements, and performance standards for air-
conditioning (A/C) systems. More importantly, the code sets the maximum allowable power for
the A/C and lighting systems of buildings based on the application, area and type of A/C system. It
has been reported that by implementing the code, buildings need 40% less cooling, and more than
40% less peak power and annual energy use. It has also been estimated that implementation of the
code, until 2005, resulted in over 2,530 MW savings of peak power, 1.26 million RT of cooling
capacity, and nearly 131 million barrels of fuel. The estimated cost of these benefits is well over
KD 2.25 billion, in addition to the reduction of over 55 million metric tons of CO2 in Kuwait’s
environment (MEW, 2010).
In 2010, a revised version of the energy conservation code of practice has been developed with
more stringent requirements for energy efficiency for both new and retrofitted buildings in Kuwait.
Table 4 provides a comparative summary of the features of both the recent version of the code of
practice for energy conservation completed in 2010 and the original version issued and approved
in 1983. As noted in Table 4, the 2010 code of practice has several additional requirements
compared to the 1983 version. In particular, the 2010 energy conservation code of practice
requires the use of thermal breaks for windows frames, more stringent window sizes and
properties, use of programmable thermostats, use of more efficient air conditioning systems, and
use of proven technologies such as variable speed drives, cool recovery units, and cool storage
systems. Both codes are applicable to new residential and commercial buildings.
The process of the implementation of the code of practice follows several regulations outlined in
the following MEW documents:
While, Kuwait Municipality inspect that the required thermal insulation levels, window sizes, and
glazing types are properly installed, it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Electricity and Water
(MEW) to ensure that the electrical and air conditioning systems requirements are met and will not
approve the desired electrical power demand for buildings unless they meet the power density
limit requirements set by the code of practice. The responsibility of each member of a design team
of any new or retrofitted building is briefly summarized below:
1- Architect: ensures that the minimum requirement values for the building envelope
components are met (such U-values of exterior walls and roofs, type of glazing for
windows, and thermal breaks).
2- Mechanical design engineer: specifies HVAC systems to meet the regulations of the code
of practice (outlined in MEW/R-6 and MEW/R-7). The HVAC contractor needs to obtain
from MEW, a confirmation that the mechanical systems meet all the required regulations.
3- Electrical design engineer: is responsible to specify electrical systems that comply with
MEW regulations (set by MEW/R-1, MEW/R-2, MEW/R-3, and MEW/R-6). The power
available for the building is set by MEW and should be obtained by the electrical design
engineer before tendering the project.
Table 4: Comparative Summary of the Requirements for Kuwait Energy Conervation Code
of Practice of 1983 and 2010
Requirements Code of Practice 1983 Code of Practice 2010
Design Weather Conditions Only one set of design weather conditions Two sets of design weather conditions are
for all sites in Kuwait use: interior and coastal sites.
Wall Thermal Insulation Maximum U‐value depending on mass Maximum U‐value depending on mass and
and color levels (Refer to Table A‐1 in color levels (Refer to Table A‐2 in Appendix
Appendix A) A)
Roof Thermal Insulation Maximum U‐value depending on mass Maximum U‐value depending on mass and
and color levels (Refer to Table A‐1 in color levels (Refer to Table A‐2 in Appendix
Appendix A) A)
Window to Wall Ratio/Glazing Maximum WWR value depending on Maximum WWR value depending on glazing
type glazing type and orientation (Refer to type and orientation (Refer to Table A‐3 in
Table A‐1 in Appendix A) Appendix A)
Thermal Bridges Not Mentioned Columns and beams should be insulated.
Windows should have thermal breaks.
Lighting Density Maximum lighting power density depending
on space type (Refer to Table A‐4 in
Appendix A)
Ventilation Rate ASHRAE Requirements of Standard 62‐ ASHRAE Requirements from Standard 62‐
1979 2001 (Refer to Table A‐5 in Appendix A)
Programmable Thermostats Not Mentioned Recommended for buildings with part‐day
occupancy levels with 5oC offset with
switching off of air‐circulating fans during
non‐occupancy periods as long as thermal
comfort is maintained during occupancy
periods.
Motor Efficiency Minimum efficiency rating depending on
motor type and size (Refer to Table 5)
Power Factor Minimum power factor for motor and
fluorescent lighting systems (refer to Table
A‐6 in Appendix A)
A/C Energy Efficiency Minimum efficiency for select systems Minimum efficiency rating depending on A/C
(refer to Table A‐1 in Appendix A) system type (Refer to Table A‐7 in Appenidx
A)
Water vs. Air Cooled A/C Water cooled A/C systems are required for
Systems buildings with cooling capacity of 1000 RT or
above in the coastal areas and of 500 RT or
above for interior areas.
A/C Capacities Maximum power capacity depending on Maximum capacity depending on the
the building and air conditioning system building and Air Conditioning System Types
types (Refer to Table A‐4 in Appendix A)
Cooling Recovery Units Not Mentioned Required Rotary‐wheel cooling recovery
units with a minimum efficiency of 75% for
all buildings in the coastal areas and for
buildings with high ventilation needs (940 L/s
or 2000 cfm or above) in the interior areas.
Exceptions apply for health reasons
Variable Speed Drives Not Mentioned Required for fan motors of cooling towers
Cool Storage Systems Not Mentioned Required for buildings with part‐day
occupancy and more than 100 RT cooling
peak load
District Cooling Not Mentioned Recommended based on cost analysis for
large complexes such as university campuses
and residential neighborhood.
Seawater use for condensers Not Mentioned Recommended for water‐cooled plants of
more than 5000 RT capacity in coastal areas
Moreoveer, Krarti annd Hajiah (2011) havve found th hrough com mbination oof energy auditing
a andd
whole-buuilding enerrgy simulation of a wiide range of o buildings that electriicity peak demand
d andd
annual eenergy use associated d to air-connditioning of commerrcial buildin ings are sig gnificant inn
Kuwait. F Figure 8 illuustrates the end-use disstribution of
o respectiveely the electtrical peak demand
d andd
annual ellectricity coonsumption n for a typiccal office bu
uilding in Kuwait
K (Kra
rarti and Haajiah, 2011)).
As clearlly indicatedd in Figure 8, air-condditioning rep presents a significant
s portion of both annuaal
electricall energy usse and elecctricity peaak demand for the pro ototypical ooffice buildding with a
fraction oof 26%, andd 38% respeectively withhout accoun nting for fan
ns and pumpps.
(a) Ene
ergy Use (b)
( Peak Deemand
Figuree 8: End-Usse Distribu
ution for a K
Kuwaiti Offfice Building Associaated with (a
a) Annual
Electtricity Enerrgy Consum
mption and d (b) Electrricity Peak Deamnd
D (SSource: Krarti and
H
Hajiah, 2011)
More reccently, Al-M Mulla et al. (2013) haave described the resu ults of impllementing three
t simplee
enhancedd operatingg strategiess in eight governmental buildings with a total co ombined air
conditionned floor arrea of 4390 000 m2 andd peak dem mand of 29.3 MW. Thhe enhanceed operatingg
strategiess include:
1. RReduction of cooling su upply durinng one hourr before thee occupancyy period (i.e., betweenn
13:00 and 144:00 during week days)) by limiting the operation of chilllers and air distributionn
syystems.
2. Im mproved coontrols afterr occupancyy period wiith changing g the tempeerature settiings and air
fllow rates ass well as turning off anyy non-essen ntial lighting
g fixtures.
3. DDe-lamping of spaces wherew excesss illuminattion levels are observeed within thhe buildingss
inncluding corrridors, lobbbies, and paarking lots.
Figuure 9: End--USe Distriibution forr a Kuwaiti Residence Associatedd with (a) Annual
A
Electtricity Enerrgy Consum
mption and d (b) Electrricity Peak Demand
D (SSource: Krarti and
H
Hajiah, 2011)
Using sim mulation annalysis for 2-story
2 residdential build
ding, Al-Ragom (2003)) has found that the usee
of wall aand roof innsulation an nd reflectivee double glass
g with reduced winndow area (so that thee
window-to-wall ratiio is 10%) can c decreasse the annuaal energy co onsumptionn for a resid dence to 2933
2
kWh/m in Kuwait which is characterize
c ed by a hot and arid climate.
c Com mpared to a base casee
model wiith no insulation in the walls and rroof and with single cleear glazing and 23.5% window-to-
wall ratioo, annual ennergy use saavings of 2550 kWh/m2 or 46% can n be achieveed using bassic envelopee
energy effficiency measures. Th he study alsoo found thatt:
A As a result of o the highhly subsidizzed electriciity rates, ass expected, the custom mer paybackk
periods weree very long. Even for thhe best casee of energy saving, the payback peeriod was 377
years. With such long periods,
p it iis very diffi
ficult to justtify implem mentation off retrofittingg
scchemes by homeowners. For thiss reason, altternative prricing policiies for elecctricity weree
innvestigated to yield an acceptable payback peeriod.
Inn order for retrofitting to be conssidered feassible, custom mers have tto be charg ged at a ratee
thhat is at leasst 650% hig
gher than thee current prrice, which is i 0.6 cents//kWh (2 filss/kWh).
A Another finaancing optio on was exam mined in which
w the goovernment ppays the fulll amount of
thhe retrofittiing cost. With
W this ooption, it was
w found that the paayback perriod for thee
government varied from m 5 to 16 yyears, and it was 6 yeears for thee most enerrgy efficiennt
opption.
T The highly subsidized costc of electrricity imposses a burden n on the govvernment bu udget. If thee
government would seriiously cons ider retrofitting all old d residentiaal buildingss, the initiaal
coost of retroofitting can be recoverred in 6 yeears. After the sixth yyear, saving gs in energyy
coonsumptionn will provide annual nnational rev venue of $13 36.26 millioon (42.27 million
m KD)).
Inn 10 years, the savin ngs of $5777 million (179 millio on KD) caan be realizzed for thee
government. This amou unt accountss for the totaal cost of reetrofitting thhat is fully borne
b by thee
government. In additio on, the peeak electricc load redu uctions duee to retroffitting thosee
buuildings woould save 63 36 MW of eelectric pow wer requirem ment, whichh is 8% of the t installedd
national capaacity
A recent study by Krarti and Ihm (2014) has indicated the potential of using proven energy
efficiency measures to reduce the energy consumption of homes in various MENA countries. In
the analysis, a sequential search optimization technique coupled with detailed energy simulation
program are utilized to evaluate the most cost-effective energy efficiency measures that should be
implemented for a prototypical residential building located in various sites within the MENA
region. In the optimization analysis, a wide range of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) are
considered including orientation, window location and size, glazing type, wall and roof insulation
levels, lighting fixtures, temperature settings, and efficiencies of heating and cooling systems. A
brief discussion of the options associated with each EEM is provided below:
Orientation defined by the azimuth angle between the true south and the front of the house.
Seven options for the orientation are considered varying from 0o (baseline) to 270o.
Exterior wall and roof insulation defined by the thickness of polystyrene insulation. Four
options are considered with a no insulation (R-value = 0) to 6-cm insulation (R-value = 3.0
W/m2.K).
Window size defined by the window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Four options are evaluated
ranging from small windows (WWR=10%) to large windows (WWR=40%). The window
to wall ratio (WWR) of the baseline building model is 25%.
Glazing type characterized by the number of panes and the coating type applied to the
glazing surfaces. Six glazing types are considered in the analysis.
Lighting type defined by the lighting power density. Four lighting options are considered
including (i) all fixtures are incandescent lamps (baseline with 7.3 W/m2), (ii) 1/3 of the
fixtures are compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) while the other remain incandescent lamps
(i.e., 30% reduction in baseline lighting power density), (iii) 2/3 of the fixtures are CFLs
while the other remain incandescent lamps (i.e., 50% reduction in baseline lighting power
density), and (iv) all the fixtures are CFLs (i.e., 70% reduction in baseline lighting power
density).
Air leakage level defined by the air infiltration rate. Four levels are considered: leaky
(baseline with an infiltration rate of 0.7 L/s/m2), moderate leakage level with 25%
reduction in baseline infiltration rate, good leakage level with 50% reduction in baseline
infiltration rate, and tight level with 75% reduction in baseline infiltration rate.
Cooling temperature setting defined by the maximum acceptable indoor temperature
needed to maintain thermal comfort. Three temperature settings are evaluated 24oC, 25oC,
and 26oC.
Refrigerator energy efficiency level defined by its class label. Four options are considered:
baseline with an annual use consumption of 800 kWh/year, refrigerator of class 3 with 30%
reduction in baseline annual energy consumption, refrigerator of class 2 with 45%
reduction in baseline annual energy consumption, and refrigerator of class 1 with 65%
reduction in baseline annual energy consumption.
Boiler type defined by its energy efficiency level. Four energy efficiency levels are
considered: 80% (baseline with low-efficiency), 85% (standard efficiency), and 90% (high
efficiency), and 95% (premium efficiency consisting of a condensing boiler).
Cooling system type defined by its coefficient of performance or COP level. Four COP
levels are considered: COP=2.6 (baseline with low-efficiency), COP=3.0 (standard
efficiency), and COP=3.3 (high efficiency), and COP=3.5 (premium efficiency).
Figure 10 shows diagrams illustrating the optimal paths to design energy efficient residential
buildings in five cities representative of climate features for GCC countries including Kuwait. It
should be noted that the economic analysis (LCC) performed to obtain the optimization results of
Figure 10 utilizes non-subsidized electricity generation costs. Appendix B provides additional
results of the same study to illustrate the impact of both electricity prices and EEM implementation
costs. As illustrated in Figure 10, optimal source energy savings for all the five cities ranging from
38% to 62% can be achieved while minimizing LCC values. Kuwait has the highest potential for
energy use savings (62%). Table 6 lists the optimal package of EEMs and the initial costs that
provide the minimal LCC value for all the five GCC locations considered in the analysis.
1.1
1
LCCcase/LCCbasecase
0.9
0.8
0.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Source energy saving [%]
Kuwait(Kuwait) Doha(Qatar) Dubai(Arab-Amirates)
Riyadh(Saudi) Salalah(Oman)
Figure 10: Life Cycle Cost Relative Ratio as a Function of Source Energy Savings for a
Residence Located in Five Selected GCC Cities
Table 6: List of EEMs for the Optimal LCC Case and Associated Initiated Costs and Annual
Energy Use Savings
Site, Country List of EEM for Optimal Initial Costs for all EEMs Annual Electrical Energy
LCC Package ($) Use Savings [kWh, (%)]
Kuwait City, Kuwait 2‐cm Polystyrene $15,005 97,047 kWh (62%)
Insulation in Walls and
Roof; Tinted Bronze
Glazing, CFL/LED lighting,
Low air leakage, Premium
efficiency AC (COP=3.3),
Cooling Set Point = 26oC
Riyadh (KSA) 2‐cm Polystyrene $15,005 82,391 kWh (58%)
Insulation in Walls and
Roof; Tinted Bronze
Glazing, CFL/LED lighting,
Low air leakage, Premium
efficiency AC (COP=3.3),
Cooling Set Point = 26oC
Doha (Qatar) Tinted Bronze Glazing, $14,166 62,525 (54%)
CFL/LED lighting, Low air
leakage, Premium
efficiency AC (COP=3.3),
Cooling Set Point = 26oC
Dubai (UAE) 2‐cm Polystyrene $14,310 56,583 (53%)
Insula
ation Roof; Tinnted
Bronze e Glazing, CFLL/LED
lighting, Low air leakkage,
Standdard efficiencyy AC
(COP= =3.0), Coolingg Set
Point = 26oC
Salalah (Oman) CFL/LED D lighting, Sta ndard $12,715 30,592 ((38%)
efficiency AC (COP==3.0),
Coolinng Set Point = 26oC
Assessm
ment Analyysis Metho
odology
While Kuuwait was the t first ME ENA countrry to develo op and implement enerrgy efficien ncy code for
buildingss in 1983, itt took over 23 years to revise the energy
e consservation coode of practtice in 20100.
Thus, a significantt fraction of the exxisting buillding stock k in Kuwaait compliees with thee
requiremments of 19883 Energy Conservatio
C on code of practice.
p The applicatiion of the 2010
2 energyy
conservaation code of
o practice has
h been rathher slow an nd will mostt likely takee some timee before it iss
fully impplemented inn the new an nd retrofitteed buildingss.
Analysis Approach:
A whole building simulation annalysis tool (i.e., eQUEEST) is utiliized to moddel an existiing house inn
Kuwait. Figure 11 shows
s rendderings of thhe house model
m that is considereed in this an
nalysis. Thee
house haas 501 m2 (5390
( ft2) of
o total flooor area that is fully air-conditioneed. In order to estimatee
energy consumptionn for the hoouse, scheduules that ouutline peoplle behaviorr, lighting systems, andd
equipmennt operatioon are baseed primarilly on surv vey data ob btained forr 30 Kuwaaiti familiess
conducteed by Al-Muumin (2003).
Moreover, the simulation analysis includes the impact of several energy efficiency measures
(EEMs) on the annual energy consumption of the house such as glazing type, windows size,
temperature settings, and COP of the air conditioning system. Figure 12 shows the EEMs
considered as well as their impact in reducing the energy use of the house. The improvement of the
efficiency of the air conditioning system has the highest impact with a potential to reduce the
annual electricity consumption for the house by up to 41% (Ameer and Krarti, 2014).
Orientation
WWR
Depth of overhang and fins
Exterior Roof Insulation
Lighting power density
Glazing type
Cooling set point temperature
Exterior Wall Insulation
COP of HVAC system
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Percentage of Annual Saving
Figure 12: Maximum Percent Savings in Annual Energy Consumption for Some Energy
Efficiency Measures Applied to an Existing House in Kuwait
While the analysis presented in this report is conducted using one residential building, its results
can be extrapolated for a portion or all the existing residential building stock using the 2011
statistics developed and published by MEW (2012). A similar approach can be carried out for the
commercial buildings. The number as well as the energy consumption and peak demand of
residential and commercial buildings are provided in Table 8 and are obtained based on 2011
MEW statistics in Table 3 and Figure 5 (MEW, 2012).
Table 8: Number, Annual Energy Use, and Peak Demand for all Building Types Considered
in the Analysis
Annual Consumption (kWh)
120000
110000
100000
90000
80000
70000
Worst Case Code‐1983 Base Case Code‐2010 Code‐2010
(A) (B)
Figure 13: Annual Electrical Consumption for Five House Design Configurations
The potential annual energy use savings that can be achieved when an exsiting house (base case) is
retrofitted to the 2010 energy conservation code of practice level are about 8% as shown in Figure
14. However, these savings increase to 23% when a house built using the 1983-code design
specifications is retrofitted to the 2010-code design requirements through installing more energy
efficient lighting system, glazing, and air conditioning system.
Appling Code‐2010 on Base case
Appling Code‐2010 on Code‐1983
Figure 14: Annual Electrical Consumption Percent Savings by Applying Code 2010 on Code
1983 and Base-case House Configurations
Based on the analysis briefly outlined above and the available literature on potential energy use
savings that can be achieved from retrofitting existing buildings in Kuwait (refer to the section
entitled Potential Energy Efficiency in Buildings), it is highly recommended that MEW sets a
national program to upgrade the energy efficiency for the existing building stock in Kuwait while
continuing to require that any new building should be constructed to at least comply with the 2010
version of energy conservation code practice while working to establish more stringent
regulations.
Three levels of energy efficiency building retrofit program are suggested for Kuwait with different
levels of economical and environmental benefits:
Level-1 of energy efficiency retrofit: in this case, the buildings are required to undergo
basic or level-1 energy audit followed by implementing low-cost energy efficiency
measures such installation of programmable thermostat, use of CLF or LED lighting, and
weatherization of building shell to reduce air infiltration. The estimated savings from a
level-1 retrofit program can range from 4% to 12% for all building types based on
documented case studies for residential, commercial, and governmental buildings. In this
analysis, average savings of 8% are considered for level-1 energy efficiency retrofits.
Level-2 of energy efficiency retrofit: a standard or level-2 energy audit is required for this
program in order to improve the building envelope components to meet at least 2010
energy conservation code of practice requirements as well as use of energy efficient
cooling systems and appliances. Based on the analysis shown in Figure 13 as well as the
exiting literature, average savings of 23% can be achieved for level-2 retrofit programs for
all building types.
Level-3 of energy efficiency retrofit: for this program, detailed or level-3 energy audit is
required to perform deep retrofit of the buildings. A wide range of energy efficiency
measures can be considered in this type of program including window replacement, cooling
system replacement, use of variable speed drives, and installation of daylighting control
systems. While, deep retrofits are typically costly, they can provide significant savings
exceeding 50% as noted in the study of Ihm and Krarti (2014).
4000
3000
2500
Level‐1
2000 Level‐2
Level‐3
1500
1000
500
0
10% 30% 50%
Market Share
(a) Annual CO2 Emissions Savings
700
600
Annual Energy Cost Savings (Million $/Yr)
500
400
Level‐1
300 Level‐2
Level‐3
200
100
0
10% 30% 50%
Market Share
(b) Annual Energy Cost Savings
3500
3000
Peak Demand Cost Savings (Million $)
2500
2000
Level‐1
1500 Level‐2
Level‐3
1000
500
0
10% 30% 50%
Market Share
(c) Peak Demand Savings
Figure 15: Impact of Market Share on the Economical and Environmental Benefits of the
Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit Program
It should be noted that over the last decade, the number of buildings in Kuwait has increased at an
average annual rate of 4% mostly attributed to new buildings (MEW). Based on the existing
building stock in 2011, the application of the 2010 instead of 1983 version of the energy
conservation code of practice to only new buildings would lead to the following benefits (that can
be estimated from Figures 12-14 with a market share of 4% associated to Level-2 energy
efficiency retrofit program):
While these benefits are substantial, they are not significant when compared to the benefits
associated with the retrofit of the entire existing building stock or even solely the existing privately
owned residential buildings in Kuwait. In the next section, the implementation and the cost-
effectiveness of mandatory national energy efficiency retrofit program for the entire Kuwaiti
building stock is discussed.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
In order to assess the required investments needed to implement any of the three levels of building
energy efficiency retrofit program, a cost-effectiveness analysis is carried out. It should be noted
that these investments can be provided by the government of Kuwait at least in the first phase of
implementation (for instance to jump start level-1 program for the first 10% of the residential
buildings). Several techniques are now available to determine the best buildings for energy
retrofits (Krarti, 2012). Other alternatives exist to implement the retrofit program including
providing incentives and grants for energy retrofits while gradually eliminating energy subsidies.
As noted in Figure 3, Kuwaiti government is currently providing about $3729 per person in energy
subsidies. As discussed later, this amount is sufficient to perform Level-1 and even Level-2 energy
retrofit for most residences in Kuwait. Instead of subsidies, the Kuwaiti government can provide in
the form of grants of $1,000 or $5,000 for each homeowner to perform Level-1 or Level-2 energy
retrofit.
The cost of the implementation for each level of building energy retrofit depends on several factors
including the building size and the physical conditions of the building energy systems. Based on
various sources including cost of labor and materials in Kuwait, the average costs of completing
energy retrofit for buildings are estimated (Krarti, 2011; Ihm and Krarti, 2014; and Ameer and
Krarti, 2014). Table 12 summarizes these costs of implementation for any of the three level of
energy retrofit specific to residential, commercial, and governmental buildings including costs for
performing energy audits as well as for installing suitable energy efficiency measures.
Table 12: Average Costs for Energy Retrofits of Buildings in Kuwait (in US Dollars)
Building Type Level‐1 Level‐2 Level‐3
Private Residential $500 $5,000 $10000
Governmental Residential $500 $5,000 $10000
Commercial $10,000 $50,000 $100000
Governmental $30,000 $150,000 $300000
The total costs of implementation for each level of the building energy efficiency retrofit program
to upgrade the existing building stock in Kuwait are provided in Table 13 (for Level-1), Table 14
(Level-2), and Table 15 (for Level-3). To retrofit the entire building stock, investments of $879
Millions, $5376 Millions, and $10571 Millions are required for respectively, Level-1, Level-2, and
Level-3 of building energy efficiency retrofit program. While these amounts seem significant, the
program is very cost-effective as noted in Table 16 for the entire building stock and Table 17 for
only the private residential buildings. In fact, Level-1 retrofit program does not effectively require
any investments since it provides sufficient savings from the reduction in electricity peak demand
to avoid investing in additional power plants. For the residential buildings, Level-2 and Level-3
retrofit programs have a payback of 1.7 years and 1.2 years, respectively.
Table 13: Total Implementation Costs for Level-1 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit
Program
Table 14: Total Implementation Costs for Level-2 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit
Program
Table 15: Total Implementation Costs for Level-3 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit
Program
Table 16: Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency Retrofit Programs for all Kuwaiti Building
Stock
Retrofit Level Total Retrofit Peak Demand Annual Energy Simple Payback
Cost Savings Cost Savings Analysis
(Million $) (Million $) (Million $/yr) (Yrs)
Level-1 879 980 192 0
Level-2 5,376 2,818 553 4.6
Level-3 10,751 6,126 1202 3.8
Table 17: Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency Retrofit Programs for only Private
Residential Buildings in Kuwait
Retrofit Level Total Retrofit Peak Demand Annual Energy Simple Payback
Cost Savings Cost Savings Analysis
(Million $) (Million $) (Million $/yr) (Yrs)
Level-1 195 506 99 0
Level-2 1,951 1,455 286 1.7
Level-3 3,902 3,164 621 1.2
In order to have a rough estimate of the new job opportunities associated with the proposed energy
efficiency retrofit programs, the job creation model of Table 18 is applied to Kuwait. It is found
that up to 127,937 new job years can be created when retrofitting the existing building stock in
Kuwait as illustrated in Table 19. As noted earlier, most of the jobs created will be associated with
retrofitting existing and privately owned residential buildings.
Table 19: Number of Job Years that Could be Created from Building Energy Efficiency
Retrofit Programs in Kuwait
High energy subsidies: costs of producing electricity (as well as water) are heavily
subsidized in Kuwait like most of GCC countries. Due to the artificially low prices, end
users in Kuwait and GCC countries lack awareness and desire to conserve energy and
water resources. It is recommended that the Kuwaiti government gradually reduce these
energy and water subsidies.
Separate rent and utility bills: In Kuwait, it is common for landlords to combine rent
with utility bills reducing any incentive for renters to conserve energy and water. Since
there are over 2.8 million expatriates living in Kuwait needing to rent houses or apartment
units, it is important to separate rental fees from utility bills to promote conservation of
energy and water consumption. Separate meters for all apartment units should be installed.
Lack of intelligent building operation: The vast majority of buildings in Kuwait are air-
conditioned 24-hour per day regardless of whether these buildings are occupied or not. The
installation of intelligent control systems such programmable thermostats, daylighting
controllers, occupancy sensors is needed to help improve the operation of buildings and
thus reduce their energy consumption. The proposed national energy efficiency retrofit
program can help introduce these intelligent control systems as well as energy efficient
appliances and air-conditioning systems not only to the new buildings but to the existing
building stock in Kuwait.
Delayed political decisions: especially in the last decade, Kuwait has seen several
infrastructure projects including power plants delayed or even eliminated because of slow
application of regulations and reforms attributed to the difficult political climate and
cumbersome administrative procedures. Some reforms are needed in order for the approval
procedures associated with the implementation of key infrastructure projects and
regulations to be accelerated and executed on a timely manner in Kuwait.
As discussed in the report, the 2010 revision of the energy conservation code of practice provides a
good stepping stone to improve energy efficiency of not only new buildings but also existing
buildings in Kuwait. Indeed, the 2010 code regulations are more stringent and cover a wider range
of energy efficiency technologies and can achieve about 23% energy savings compared to the
1983 code specifications. Some detailed simulation studies and energy efficiency retrofits have
been reported in the literature and have showed that significant energy use savings can be achieved
using common and proven energy efficiency techniques and technologies for implementation in
new construction and for retrofitting existing buildings in Kuwait. The analyses have shown that
the energy use savings can be achieved cost-effectively when the actual cost, rather than the
subsidized cost, of generating electricity is taken into account. For instance, it has been found that
energy savings up to 60% can be achieved economically for residential buildings in Kuwait.
While the application of the 2010 instead of 1983 energy conservation code of practice to new
construction has some benefits (estimated to be 164 GWh/year in annual energy savings, 94 MW
in electrical peak demand reduction, and 143 103 tons/year reduction in annual CO2 emissions), the
national energy efficiency retrofit program to consider the entire existing building stock has
significantly higher economical and environmental benefits (up to estimated to be 8934 GWh/year
in annual energy savings, 5105 MW in electrical peak demand reduction, and 7773 103 tons/year
reduction in annual CO2 emissions).
The main recommendations based on the series of the analyses presented in this report in order to
further improving the energy efficiency performance of buildings in Kuwait are briefly
summarized below:
1- Ensure that the energy conservation code of practice is updated at least once every 5 years
to include more stringent regulations and proven energy efficiency technologies. This
approach is common in most countries with well established building energy efficiency
codes and standards. For instance, ASHRAE energy efficiency code in the US is updated
every 3 years.
2- Start to implement gradually a mandatory energy efficiency retrofit program first for the
residential building sector then for the entire existing building stock in Kuwait. Three
levels of energy retrofit are evaluated in this report. It is found that a basic retrofit level
(i.e., level-1 energy efficiency retrofit program) consisting of improving energy efficiency
level of lighting and air conditioning systems can pay for itself through elimination of the
capital costs needed for new electrical power plants.
3- Gradually reduce energy and water subsidies to ensure that deeper energy retrofit of
existing building stock can become cost-effective even for building owners. Without any
reduction in subsidies, level-2 and level-3 energy efficiency retrofit programs are now cost-
effective for the Kuwaiti government, but not for the end users, due to the avoided costs of
the subsidies as a result of the implementation of the measures. When the level of subsidies
decreases, the measures become less cost effective for the government but more cost
effective for the end users.
In addition to the significant economical and environmental benefits for improving the energy
efficiency of both new and existing buildings in Kuwait, the energy retrofit program can create
significant number of jobs in Kuwait (up to 127000 job years can created if all the building stock
is retrofitted).
The mandatory building energy efficiency retrofit program can be applied not only in Kuwait but
in any GCC country that provides high energy subsidies. Similar economical and environmental
benefits found for Kuwait can be obtained for other GCC countries.
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Table A-1: Requirements of 1983 Code of Practice for Building Energy Conservation
Requirements Value
Maximum Lighting power 15 W/m2 (1.39 W/ft2)
Maximum DX Power 65 W/m2 (6.04 W/ft2)
2 kW/RT at 48oC
Maximum power rating for A/C system
(COP is about 2 at 35oC)
WWR Window type
0 ‐ 10 Any type
Type of double glazing is left to designer
More than 15 and building owner to obtain required
W/m2
Wall Roof
Table A-2: Maximum U-values for Walls and Roofs in Kuwait using 2010 Code of
Practice
Construction Type* Umax for Exterior Walls Umax for Roofs
W/m2.oC (Btu/hr.ft2.oF) W/m2.oC (Btu/hr.ft2.oF)
Heavy Construction with medium‐light external Color 0.568 (0.100) 0.397 (0.070)
Heavy Construction with dark external Color 0.426 (0.075) 0.256 (0.045)
Medium Construction with medium‐light external Color 0.483 (0.085) 0.341 (0.060)
Medium Construction with dark external Color 0.426 (0.075) 0.199 (0.035)
Medium Construction with medium‐light external Color 0.426 (0.075) 0.284 (0.050)
Medium Construction with dark external Color 0.369 (0.065) 0.170 (0.030)
2 2
* constructions are classified by their mass per unit area as follow: heavy (above 485 kg/m for walls and above 245 kg/m for roofs), medium
2 2 2 2
(between 245 and 480 kg/m for walls and between 125 and 240 kg/m ), and light (below 240 kg/m for walls and below 120 kg/m for roofs)
Table A-3: Maximum Window-to-Wall Ratio for Glazing Types in Kuwaiti Buildings for
2010 Code of Practice
Glazing SHGC Tv U‐value Window‐to‐Wall Ratio (WWR)
Type* (6‐mm) (W/m2.oC) East West South North
Single‐Clear 0.72 0.80 6.21 < 5 < 3 < 4 < 5
Single‐Reflective 0.31‐0.37 0.16‐0.27 6.41‐6.44 6‐10 3‐10 4‐10 6‐10
Double‐Tinted 0.36‐0.40 0.30‐0.57 3.42‐3.44 11‐15 10 10 11‐15
Double‐Reflective 0.245 0.228 3.38 16‐50 10‐45 10‐45 16‐50
Double‐Selective 0.230 0.530 1.71 51‐100 45‐75 45‐75 51‐100
*Properties for glazing include: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Visible Transmittance (Tv), and Heat Transmission U‐value
Table A-4: Lighting and Air-Conditioning Power Density Requirements for Kuwaiti
Buildings for 2010 Code of Practice
Building Lighting Air Conditioning Systems (W/m2)
Type (W/m2) Direct Air‐Cooled Water‐Cooled Chillers
Expansion Chillers < 250 RT 250 <RT<500 >500 T
Residential Buildings (Villas
or Apartments) 10 60 71 53 46 44
Office Buildings 20 70 82 62 54 51
Clinics and Hospitals 20 85 100 75 65 63
Schools 20 100 118 88 76 74
Mosques (Prayer Rooms) 20 115 135 101 88 85
Fast Food Restaurants
‐ Standalone 20 145 171 128 111 107
‐ In Malls 20 120 141 106 92 88
Shopping Malls 40 70 82 62 54 51
Standalone Shops 40 80 94 71 61 59
Theaters, Dinning Halls, and 20 115 135 101 88 85
Community Halls
Show Rooms 40 115 135 101 88 85
Table A-5: Occupancy Density and Outdoor Air Ventilation Requirements for Kuwaiti
Buildings (Source: ASHRAE Standard 62-2001)
Building Occupancy per Outdoor Air Ventilation Requirements
Type 100 m2 of floor Occupancy‐Based Floor Area‐Based
area CFM/person L/s.person CFM/ft2 L/s.m2
Residential Buildings
‐ Living areas 15 7.5
‐ Kitchen 25 12
‐ Bathrooms and toilets 20 10
Office Buildings
‐ Office spaces 7 20 10
‐ Reception areas 60 15 8
‐ Conference rooms 50 20 10
Schools
‐ Classrooms 50 15 8
‐ Laboratory spaces 30 20 10
‐ Libraries 20 15 8
‐ Auditorium spaces 150 15 8
Hotels
‐ Bedrooms 30/room 15/room
‐ Living rooms 30/room 15/room
‐ Bathrooms and toilets 35/room 18/room
‐ Lobby areas 30 15 8
‐ Conference rooms 50 20 10
Assembly Halls 120 15 8
Dormitories 20 15 8
Eating and Drinking Spaces
‐ Dining rooms 70 20 10
‐ Cafeteria and fast‐food areas 100 20 10
‐ Kitchen and cooking areas 20 15 8
Hospitals
‐ Patient Rooms 10 25 13
‐ Operating Rooms 20 30 15
‐ ICU and recovery rooms 20 15 8
Garages and Warehouses
‐ Enclosed parking spaces 1.5 7.5
‐ Auto repair rooms 1.5 7.5
‐ Warehouses 5 0.05 0.25
‐ Factory areas 0.10 0.50
Sports and Amusement Buildings
‐ Spectator areas 150 15 8
‐ Game rooms 70 25 13
‐ Swimming pools/deck areas 0.5 2.5
‐ Gymnasium areas 30 20 10
‐ Ballrooms 100 25 13
‐ Bowling alleys 75 25 13
Table A-6: Minimal Values for Power Factor and Efficiency Allowed for Electrical
Motors and Lighting Fixtures for 2010 Code of Practice
Type of Electrical Motor and Lighting Fixture Minimum Value for Full‐ Minimum Value for Full‐
Load Power Factor Load Motor Efficiency
(%)
Single‐Phase Motors (240 V; 1450 rpm; 50 Hz) 0.80 35‐80
Three‐Phase Motors (415 V; 1500 rpm; 50 Hz)
‐ 15 HP < Capacity < 50 HP 0.83 86‐89
‐ 50 HP < Capacity < 100 HP 0.85 89‐90
‐ 100 HP < Capacity < 200 HP 0.87 90‐91
‐ 200 HP < Capacity < 400 HP 0.88 93‐94
‐ Capacity > 400 HP 0.89 >94
Fluorescent and discharge Lamps 0.90 ‐
Table A-7: Maximum Values for Power Rating Allowed for Air-Conditioning (A/C)
Systems based on 2010 Code of Practice
A/C System Capacity Power Rating (kW/RT)
(RT) Chiller Cooling Condenser Chiller Air Total A/C
Tower Water Water Handling System
Fan Pump Pump Fan
Ducted split
and packaged all 1.70
units
Air‐cooled all 1.60 0.05 0.35 2.00
Water‐cooled
< 250 0.95 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.38 1.50
250‐500 0.75 1.30
>500 0.70 1.25
ndix B: Cost-Effectiv
Appen veness of O
Optimal Energy Effiicient Desiigns for Residences
R
ait
in Kuwa
1.1
1
LCCcase/LCCbaseline
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Source energy saving [%]
Baseline 100% 200%
Figure B-2: Life cycle cost ratio as a function of source energy savings for Kuwait as a
function of increase level of utility rates for five selected cities in the GCC
1
LCCcase/LCCbasecase
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Source energy saving [%]
-60% 0% 60%
Figure B-3: Life cycle cost ratio as a function of source energy savings for a residential
building in Kuwait and the cost of energy-efficient measure increase.