Identifiers

Identifiers are the names given to the fundamental building blocks in a program.

These can be variables ,class ,object ,functions , lists , dictionaries etc.

There are certain rules defined for naming i.e., Identifiers.

I. An identifier is a long sequence of characters and numbers.

II.No special character except underscore ( _ ) can be used as an identifier.

III.Keyword should not be used as an identifier name.

IV.Python is case sensitive. So using case is significant.

V.First character of an identifier can be character, underscore ( _ ) but not digit.

Python Keywords
True False None and as

asset def class continue break

else finally elif del except

global for if from import

raise try or return pass

nonlocal in not is lambda

Assigning Values to Variables

counter = 100 # An integer assignment

miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
name = "John" # A string

print counter
print miles
print name
=====================================================================
======
Multiple Assignment

a=b=c=1
print a
print b
print a
output:
1
1
1
=====================================================================
a,b,c=1,'s',"d"
print a
print b
print c

output:
1
s
d

Python Literals

Literals can be defined as a data that is given in a variable or constant.

Python support the following literals:

I. String literals:

String literals can be formed by enclosing a text in the quotes. We can use both single as well as
double quotes for a String.

Eg:

"kala" , '12345'

Types of Strings:

There are two types of Strings supported in Python:

a).Single line String- Strings that are terminated within a single line are known as Single line
Strings.
 Eg:

1. >>> text1='hai'

b).Multi line String- A piece of text that is spread along multiple lines is known as Multiple line
String.

There are two ways to create Multiline Strings:

1). Adding black slash at the end of each line.

Eg:

text1='hello\
user'
print(text1)
'hellouser'

2).Using triple quotation marks:-

Eg:

str2='''welcome
to
SSSIT'''
print (str2 )
welcome
to
SSSIT
 II.Numeric literals:

Numeric Literals are immutable. Numeric literals can belong to following four different
numerical types.

Int(signed Long(long float(floating Complex(complex)

integers) integers) point)

Numbers( can Integers of Real numbers In the form of a+bj where a

be both positive unlimited size with both integer forms the real part and b
and negative) followed by and fractional forms the imaginary part of
with no lowercase or part eg: -26.2 complex number. eg: 3.14j
fractional uppercase L eg:
part.eg: 100 87032845L

III. Boolean literals:

A Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False.

IV. Special literals.

Python contains one special literal i.e., None.

None is used to specify to that field that is not created. It is also used for end of lists in Python.

Eg:

val1=10
val2=None
print(val2)
print(val2)
10
None
 V.Literal Collections.

Collections such as tuples, lists and Dictionary are used in Python.

List:

o List contain items of different data types. Lists are mutable i.e., modifiable.
o The values stored in List are separated by commas(,) and enclosed within a square
brackets([]). We can store different type of data in a List.
o Value stored in a List can be retrieved using the slice operator([] and [:]).
o The plus sign (+) is the list concatenation and asterisk(*) is the repetition operator.

Eg:

list=['sample',678,20.4,'data']
list1=[456,'myname']
print(list)
print(list[1:3])
print(list1+list)
print("xx",list1*2)]
ex:

Python List Example

data1=[1,2,3,4];
data2=['x','y','z'];
data3=[12.5,11.6];
data4=['sai','ram'];
data5=[];
data6=['jani',10,56.4,'a'];
print(data1[2:])

a) Adding Python Lists

In Python, lists can be added by using the concatenation operator(+) to join two lists.

Add lists Example 1

list1=[10,20]
list2=[30,40]
list3=list1+list2
 print list3

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40]

Note: '+'operator implies that both the operands passed must be list else error will be shown.

Add lists Example 2

list1=[10,20]
list1+30
print list1

Output:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "C:/Python27/lis.py", line 2, in <module>
list1+30

b) Python Replicating lists

Replicating means repeating, It can be performed by using '*' operator by a specific number of
time.

Python list Replication Example

list1=[10,20]
print list1*1

Output:

[10, 20]

c)Python List Slicing

A subpart of a list can be retrieved on the basis of index. This subpart is known as list slice. This
feature allows us to get sub-list of specified start and end index.

Python List Slicing Example

list1=[1,2,4,5,7]
print list1[0:2]
print list1[4]
list1[1]=9
print list1

Output:

[1, 2]
7
[1, 9, 4, 5, 7]

Note: If the index provided in the list slice is outside the list, then it raises an IndexError
exception.

Python List Other Operations

Apart from above operations various other functions can also be performed on List such as
Updating, Appending and Deleting elements from a List.

Python Updating List

To update or change the value of particular index of a list, assign the value to that particular
index of the List.

Python Updating List Example

data1=[5,10,15,20,25]
print "Values of list are: "
print data1
data1[2]="Multiple of 5"
print "Values of list are: "
print data1

Output:

Values of list are:

[5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
Values of list are:
[5, 10, 'Multiple of 5', 20, 25]

Appending Python List

append() method which is used to append

 i.e., add an element at the end of the existing elements.

Python Append List Example

list1=[10,"rahul",'z']
print "Elements of List are: "
print list1
list1.append(10.45)
print "List after appending: "
print list1

Output:

Elements of List are:

[10, 'rahul', 'z']
List after appending:
[10, 'rahul', 'z', 10.45]

Deleting Elements

In Python, del statement can be used to delete an element from the list. It can also be used to
delete all items from startIndex to endIndex.

Python delete List Example

list1=[10,'rahul',50.8,'a',20,30]
print list1
del list1[0]
print list1
del list1[0:3]
print list1

Output:

[10, 'rahul', 50.8, 'a', 20, 30]

['rahul', 50.8, 'a', 20, 30]
[20, 30]

Python lists Method

Python provides various Built-in functions and methods for Lists that we can apply on the list.

Following are the common list functions.

 Function Description

min(list) It returns the minimum value from the list given.

max(list) It returns the largest value from the given list.

len(list) It returns number of elements in a list.

cmp(list1,list2) It compares the two list.

list(sequence) It takes sequence types and converts them to lists.

Python List min() method Example

This method is used to get min value from the list.

list1=[101,981,66,5,6]

list2=[3,44,6,63]

print("Minimum value in List1: ",min(list1))

print("Minimum value in List2: ",min(list2))

Output:

Minimum value in List1: 5

Minimum value in List2: 3

Python List max() method Example

This method is used to get max value from the list.

list1=[101,981,'abcd','xyz','m']
list2=['aman','shekhar',100.45,98.2]
print "Maximum value in List : ",max(list1)
print "Maximum value in List : ",max(list2)

Output:
Maximum value in List : xyz
Maximum value in List : shekhar

Python List len() method Example

This method is used to get length of the the list.

list1=[101,981,'abcd','xyz','m']
list2=['aman','shekhar',100.45,98.2]
print "No. of elements in List1: ",len(list1)
print "No. of elements in List2: ",len(list2)

Output:

No. of elements in List1 : 5

No. of elements in List2 : 4

Python List cmp() method Example

If elements are of the same type, perform the comparison and return the result. If elements are
different types, check whether they are numbers.

o If numbers, perform comparison.

o If either element is a number, then the other element is returned.
o Otherwise, types are sorted alphabetically .

If we reached the end of one of the lists, the longer list is "larger." If both list are same it returns
0.

Python List cmp() method Example

This method returns -1 if x < y, returns 0 if x == y and 1 if x > y

list1=[101,981,'abcd','xyz','m']
list2=['aman','shekhar',100.45,98.2]
list3=[101,981,'abcd','xyz','m']
print cmp(list1,list2)
print cmp(list2,list1)
print cmp(list3,list1)

Output:
-1
1
0

Python List list(sequence) method Example

This method is used to form a list from the given sequence of elements.

seq=(145,"abcd",'a')
data=list(seq)
print "List formed is : ",data

Output:

>>>
List formed is : [145, 'abcd', 'a']
>>>

There are following built-in methods of List

Methods Description

index(object) It returns the index value of the object.

count(object) It returns the number of times an object is repeated in list.

pop()/pop(index) It returns the last object or the specified indexed object. It removes the popped objec

insert(index,object) It inserts an object at the given index.

extend(sequence) It adds the sequence to existing list.

remove(object) It removes the object from the given List.

reverse() It reverses the position of all the elements of a list.

sort() It is used to sort the elements of the List.

 Python List index() Method Example

1. data = [786,'abc','a',123.5]
2. print "Index of 123.5:", data.index(123.5)
3. print "Index of a is", data.index('a')

Output:

1. >>>
2. Index of 123.5 : 3
3. Index of a is 2
4. >>>

Python List count(object) Method Example

1. data = [786,'abc','a',123.5,786,'rahul','b',786]
2. print "Number of times 123.5 occured is", data.count(123.5)
3. print "Number of times 786 occured is", data.count(786)

Output:

1. >>>
2. Number of times 123.5 occured is 1
3. Number of times 786 occured is 3
4. >>>

Python List pop()/pop(int) Method Example

1. data = [786,'abc','a',123.5,786]
2. print "Last element is", data.pop()
3. print "2nd position element:", data.pop(1)
4. print data

Output:

1. >>>
2. Last element is 786
3. 2nd position element:abc
4. [786, 'a', 123.5]
5. >>>

Python List insert(index,object) Method Example

1. data=['abc',123,10.5,'a']
2. data.insert(2,'hello')
3. print data

Output:

data=['abc',123,10.5,'a']

mem=(int(input("Enter the mem:"))

val=(int(input("Enter the datas:"))

data.insert(mem,val)

print (data )

1. >>>
2. ['abc', 123, 'hello', 10.5, 'a']
3. >>>

Python List extend(sequence) Method Example

data1=['abc',123,10.5,'a']
data2=['ram',541]
data1.extend(data2)
print data1
print data2

Output:

1. >>>
2. ['abc', 123, 10.5, 'a', 'ram', 541]
3. ['ram', 541]
4. >>>

Python List remove(object) Method Example

1. data1=['abc',123,10.5,'a','xyz']
2. data2=['ram',541]
3. print data1
4. data1.remove('xyz')
5. print data1
6. print data2
7. data2.remove('ram')
8. print data2

Output:

1. >>>
2. ['abc', 123, 10.5, 'a', 'xyz']
3. ['abc', 123, 10.5, 'a']
4. ['ram', 541]
5. [541]
6. >>>

Python List reverse() Method Example

1. list1=[10,20,30,40,50]
2. list1.reverse()
3. print list1

Output:

1. >>>
2. [50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
3. >>>

Python List sort() Method Example

1. list1=[10,50,13,'rahul','aakash']
2. list1.sort()
3. print list1

Output:

1. >>>
2. [10, 13, 50, 'aakash', 'rahul']
3. >>>

Tuples:
o Tuple is another form of collection where different type of data can be stored.
 o It is similar to list where data is separated by commas. Only the difference is that list uses
square bracket and tuple uses parenthesis.
o Tuples are enclosed in parenthesis and cannot be changed.

>>> tuple=('rahul',100,60.4,'deepak')
>>> tuple1=('sanjay',10)
>>> tuple
('rahul', 100, 60.4, 'deepak')
>>> tuple[2:]
(60.4, 'deepak')
>>> tuple1[0]
'sanjay'
>>> tuple+tuple1
('rahul', 100, 60.4, 'deepak', 'sanjay', 10)
>>>

Python Tuple Example

1. >>> data=(10,20,'ram',56.8)
2. >>> data2="a",10,20.9
3. >>> data
4. (10, 20, 'ram', 56.8)
5. >>> data2
6. ('a', 10, 20.9)
7. >>>

NOTE: If Parenthesis is not given with a sequence, it is by default treated as Tuple.

There can be an empty Tuple also which contains no object.

Python Empty Tuple Example

1. tuple1=()

Python Single Object Tuple Example

For a single valued tuple, there must be a comma at the end of the value.

1. Tuple1=(10,)

Python Tuple of Tuples Example

 Tuples can also be nested, it means we can pass tuple as an element to create a new tuple. See,
the following example in which we have created a tuple that contains tuples an the object.

1. tupl1='a','mahesh',10.56
2. tupl2=tupl1,(10,20,30)
3. print tupl1
4. print tupl2

Output:

1. >>>
2. ('a', 'mahesh', 10.56)
3. (('a', 'mahesh', 10.56), (10, 20, 30))
4. >>>

Accessing Tuple

Accessing of tuple is prity easy, we can access tuple in the same way as List. See, the following
example.

Accessing Tuple Example

1. data1=(1,2,3,4)
2. data2=('x','y','z')
3. print data1[0]
4. print data1[0:2]
5. print data2[-3:-1]
6. print data1[0:]
7. print data2[:2]

Output:

1. >>>
2. 1
3. (1, 2)
4. ('x', 'y')
5. (1, 2, 3, 4)
6. ('x', 'y')
7. >>>

Elements in a Tuple

Data=(1,2,3,4,5,10,19,17)
1. Data[0]=1=Data[-8] , Data[1]=2=Data[-7] , Data[2]=3=Data[-6] ,
2. Data[3]=4=Data[-5] , Data[4]=5=Data[-4] , Data[5]=10=Data[-3],
3. Data[6]=19=Data[-2],Data[7]=17=Data[-1]

Python Tuple Operations

Python allows us to perform various operations on the tuple. Following are the common tuple
operations.

Adding Tuples Example

Tuple can be added by using the concatenation operator(+) to join two tuples.

1. data1=(1,2,3,4)
2. data2=('x','y','z')
3. data3=data1+data2
4. print data1
5. print data2
6. print data3

Output:

>>>
(1, 2, 3, 4)
('x', 'y', 'z')
(1, 2, 3, 4, 'x', 'y', 'z')
>>>

Note: The new sequence formed is a new Tuple.

Replicating Tuple Example

Replicating means repeating. It can be performed by using '*' operator by a specific number of
time.

1. tuple1=(10,20,30);
2. tuple2=(40,50,60);
3. print tuple1*2
4. print tuple2*3
 Output:

>>>
(10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30)
(40, 50, 60, 40, 50, 60, 40, 50, 60)
>>>

Python Tuple Slicing Example

A subpart of a tuple can be retrieved on the basis of index. This subpart is known as tuple slice.

1. data1=(1,2,4,5,7)
2. print data1[0:2]
3. print data1[4]
4. print data1[:-1]
5. print data1[-5:]
6. print data1

Output:

>>>
(1, 2)
7
(1, 2, 4, 5)
(1, 2, 4, 5, 7)
(1, 2, 4, 5, 7)
>>>

Note: If the index provided in the Tuple slice is outside the list, then it raises an IndexError
exception.

Python Tuple other Operations

Updating elements in a List

Elements of the Tuple cannot be updated. This is due to the fact that Tuples are immutable.
Whereas the Tuple can be used to form a new Tuple.

Example

1. data=(10,20,30)
2. data[0]=100
3. print data
 Output:

>>>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Python27/t.py", line 2, in
data[0]=100
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>>

Creating Tuple from Existing Example

We can create a new tuple by assigning the existing tuple, see the following example.

1. data1=(10,20,30)
2. data2=(40,50,60)
3. data3=data1+data2
4. print data3

Output:

>>>
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60)
>>>

Python Tuple Deleting Example

Deleting individual element from a tuple is not supported. However the whole of the tuple can be
deleted using the del statement.

1. data=(10,20,'rahul',40.6,'z')
2. print data
3. del data #will delete the tuple data
4. print data #will show an error since tuple data is already deleted

Output:

>>>
(10, 20, 'rahul', 40.6, 'z')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Python27/t.py", line 4, in
print data
NameError: name 'data' is not defined
>>>
 Functions of Tuple

There are following in-built Type Functions

Function Description

min(tuple) It returns the minimum value from a tuple.

max(tuple) It returns the maximum value from the tuple.

len(tuple) It gives the length of a tuple

cmp(tuple1,tuple2) It compares the two Tuples.

tuple(sequence) It converts the sequence into tuple.

Python Tuple min(tuple) Method Example

This method is used to get min value from the sequence of tuple.

1. data=(10,20,'rahul',40.6,'z')
2. print min(data)

Output:

>>>
10
>>>

Python Tuple max(tuple) Method Example

This method is used to get max value from the sequence of tuple.

1. data=(10,20,'rahul',40.6,'z')
2. print max(data)

Output:

>>>
z
 >>>

Python Tuple len(tuple) Method Example

This method is used to get length of the tuple.

1. data=(10,20,'rahul',40.6,'z')
2. print len(data)

Output:

>>>
5
>>>

Python Tuple cmp(tuple1,tuple2) Method Example

This method is used to compare tuples.

Explanation:If elements are of the same type, perform the comparison and return the result. If
elements are different types, check whether they are numbers.

o If numbers, perform comparison.

o If either element is a number, then the other element is returned.
o Otherwise, types are sorted alphabetically .

If we reached the end of one of the lists, the longer list is "larger." If both list are same it returns
0.

1. data1=(10,20,'rahul',40.6,'z')
2. data2=(20,30,'sachin',50.2)
3. print cmp(data1,data2)
4. print cmp(data2,data1)
5. data3=(20,30,'sachin',50.2)
6. print cmp(data2,data3)

Output:

>>>
-1
1
0
>>>

5) tuple(sequence):
 Eg:

1. dat=[10,20,30,40]
2. data=tuple(dat)
3. print data

Output:

>>>
(10, 20, 30, 40)
>>>

Why should wee use Tuple? (Advantages of Tuple)

1. Processing of Tuples are faster than Lists.

2. It makes the data safe as Tuples are immutable and hence cannot be changed.
3. Tuples are used for String formatting.

====================================================================
======Dictionary:
o Dictionary is a collection which works on a key-value pair.
o It works like an associated array where no two keys can be same.
o Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({}) and values can be retrieved by square
bracket([])

>>> dictionary={'name':'charlie','id':100,'dept':'it'}
>>> dictionary
{'dept': 'it', 'name': 'charlie', 'id': 100}
>>> dictionary.keys()
['dept', 'name', 'id']
>>> dictionary.values()
['it', 'charlie', 100]
>>>

Python Dictionary

Dictionary is an unordered set of key and value pair. It is a container that contains data, enclosed
within curly braces.

The pair i.e., key and value is known as item. The key passed in the item must be unique.
 The key and the value is separated by a colon(:). This pair is known as item. Items are separated
from each other by a comma(,). Different items are enclosed within a curly brace and this forms
Dictionary.

Python Dictionary Example

1. data={100:'Ravi' ,101:'Vijay' ,102:'Rahul'}

2. print data

Output:

>>>
{100: 'Ravi', 101: 'Vijay', 102: 'Rahul'}
>>>
Note:

Dictionary is mutable i.e., value can be updated.

Key must be unique and immutable. Value is accessed by key. Value can be updated while key
cannot be changed.

Dictionary is known as Associative array since the Key works as Index and they are decided by
the user.

Python Dictionary Example

1. plant={}
2. plant[1]='Ravi'
3. plant[2]='Manoj'
4. plant['name']='Hari'
5. plant[4]='Om'
6. print plant[2]
7. print plant['name']
8. print plant[1]
9. print plant

Output:

>>>
Manoj
Hari
Ravi
{1: 'Ravi', 2: 'Manoj', 4: 'Om', 'name': 'Hari'}
>>>
 Accessing Dictionary Values

Since Index is not defined, a Dictionary values can be accessed by their keys only. It means, to
access dictionary elements we need to pass key, associated to the value.

Python Accessing Dictionary Element Syntax

1. <dictionary_name>[key]
2. </dictionary_name>

Accessing Elements Example

1. data1={'Id':100, 'Name':'Suresh', 'Profession':'Developer'}

2. data2={'Id':101, 'Name':'Ramesh', 'Profession':'Trainer'}
3. print "Id of 1st employer is",data1['Id']
4. print "Id of 2nd employer is",data2['Id']
5. print "Name of 1st employer:",data1['Name']
6. print "Profession of 2nd employer:",data2['Profession']

Output:

>>>
Id of 1st employer is 100
Id of 2nd employer is 101
Name of 1st employer is Suresh
Profession of 2nd employer is Trainer
>>>

Updating Python Dictionary Elements

The item i.e., key-value pair can be updated. Updating means new item can be added. The values
can be modified.

Example

1. data1={'Id':100, 'Name':'Suresh', 'Profession':'Developer'}

2. data2={'Id':101, 'Name':'Ramesh', 'Profession':'Trainer'}
3. data1['Profession']='Manager'
4. data2['Salary']=20000
5. data1['Salary']=15000
6. print data1
7. print data2

Output:
 >>>
{'Salary': 15000, 'Profession': 'Manager','Id': 100, 'Name': 'Suresh'}
{'Salary': 20000, 'Profession': 'Trainer', 'Id': 101, 'Name': 'Ramesh'}
>>>

Deleting Python Dictionary Elements Example

del statement is used for performing deletion operation.

An item can be deleted from a dictionary using the key only.

Delete Syntax

1. del <dictionary_name>[key]
2. </dictionary_name>

Whole of the dictionary can also be deleted using the del statement.

Example

1. data={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. del data[102]
3. print data
4. del data
5. print data #will show an error since dictionary is deleted.

Output:

>>>
{100: 'Ram', 101: 'Suraj'}

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "C:/Python27/dict.py", line 5, in
print data
NameError: name 'data' is not defined
>>>

Python Dictionary Functions and Methods

Python Dictionary supports the following Functions

Python Dictionary Functions

Functions Description

len(dictionary) It returns number of items in a dictionary.

cmp(dictionary1,dictionary2) It compares the two dictionaries.

str(dictionary) It gives the string representation of a string.

Python Dictionary Methods

Methods Description

keys() It returns all the keys element of a dictionary.

values() It returns all the values element of a dictionary.

items() It returns all the items(key-value pair) of a dictionary.

update(dictionary2) It is used to add items of dictionary2 to first dictionary.

clear() It is used to remove all items of a dictionary. It returns an empty dictio

fromkeys(sequence,value1)/ It is used to create a new dictionary from the sequence where se

fromkeys(sequence) elements forms the key and all keys share the values ?value1?.
value1 is not give, it set the values of keys to be none.

copy() It returns an ordered copy of the data.

has_key(key) It returns a boolean value. True in case if key is present in the dic
,else false.

get(key) It returns the value of the given key. If key is not present it returns non
 Python Dictionary len(dictionary) Example

It returns length of the dictionary.

1. data={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. print data
3. print len(data)

Output:

>>>
{100: 'Ram', 101: 'Suraj', 102: 'Alok'}
3
>>>

Python Dictionary cmp(dictionary1,dictionary2) Example

The comparison is done on the basis of key and value.

1. If, dictionary1 == dictionary2, returns 0.

2. dictionary1 < dictionary2, returns -1.
3. dictionary1 > dictionary2, returns 1.
1. data1={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}
2. data2={103:'abc', 104:'xyz', 105:'mno'}
3. data3={'Id':10, 'First':'Aman','Second':'Sharma'}
4. data4={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}
5. print cmp(data1,data2)
6. print cmp(data1,data4)
7. print cmp(data3,data2)

Output:

>>>
-1
0
1
>>>

Python Dictionary str(dictionary) Example

This method returns string formation of the value.

1. data1={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. print str(data1)
 Output:

>>>
{100: 'Ram', 101: 'Suraj', 102: 'Alok'}
>>>

Python Dictionary keys() Method Example

This method returns all the keys element of a dictionary.

1. data1={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. print data1.keys()

Output:

>>>
[100, 101, 102]
>>>

Python Dictionary values() Method Example

This method returns all the values element of a dictionary.

1. data1={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. print data1.values()

Output:

>>>
['Ram', 'Suraj', 'Alok']
>>>

Python Dictionary items() Method Example

This method returns all the items(key-value pair) of a dictionary.

1. data1={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. print data1.items()

Output:

>>>
[(100, 'Ram'), (101, 'Suraj'), (102, 'Alok')]
>>>
 Python Dictionary update(dictionary2) Method Example

This method is used to add items of dictionary2 to first dictionary.

1. data1={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. data2={103:'Sanjay'}
3. data1.update(data2)
4. print data1
5. print data2

Output:

>>>
{100: 'Ram', 101: 'Suraj', 102: 'Alok', 103: 'Sanjay'}
{103: 'Sanjay'}
>>>

Python Dictionary clear() Method Example

It returns an ordered copy of the data.

1. data1={100:'Ram', 101:'Suraj', 102:'Alok'}

2. print data1
3. data1.clear()
4. print data1

Output:

>>>
{100: 'Ram', 101: 'Suraj', 102: 'Alok'}
{}
>>>

Python Dictionary fromkeys(sequence)/ fromkeys(seq,value) Method Example

This method is used to create a new dictionary from the sequence where sequence elements
forms the key and all keys share the values ?value1?. In case value1 is not give, it set the values
of keys to be none.

1. sequence=('Id' , 'Number' , 'Email')

2. data={}
3. data1={}
4. data=data.fromkeys(sequence)
5. print data
6. data1=data1.fromkeys(sequence,100)
7. print data1

Output:

>>>
{'Email': None, 'Id': None, 'Number': None}
{'Email': 100, 'Id': 100, 'Number': 100}
>>>

Python Dictionary copy() Method Example

This method returns an ordered copy of the data.

1. data={'Id':100 , 'Name':'Aakash' , 'Age':23}

2. data1=data.copy()
3. print data1

Output:

>>>
{'Age': 23, 'Id': 100, 'Name': 'Aakash'}
>>>

Python Dictionary has_key(key) Method Example

It returns a boolean value. True in case if key is present in the dictionary, else false.

1. data={'Id':100 , 'Name':'Aakash' , 'Age':23}

2. print data.has_key('Age')
3. print data.has_key('Email')

Output:

>>>
True
False
>>>

Python Dictionary get(key) Method Example

This method returns the value of the given key. If key is not present it returns none.

1. data={'Id':100 , 'Name':'Aakash' , 'Age':23}

2. print data.get('Age')
3. print data.get('Email')
Output:

>>>
23
None
>>>

==========================================================

Python Operators

Types of Operators

Python supports the following operators

1. Arithmetic Operators.
2. Relational Operators.
3. Assignment Operators.
4. Logical Operators.
5. Membership Operators.
6. Identity Operators.
7. Bitwise Operators.

Arithmetic Operators

The following table contains the arithmetic operators that are used to perform arithmetic
operations.

Operators Description

// Perform Floor division(gives integer value after division)

+ To perform addition

- To perform subtraction

* To perform multiplication
 / To perform division

% To return remainder after division(Modulus)

** Perform exponent(raise to power)

Example

1. >>> 10+20
2. 30
3. >>> 20-10
4. 10
5. >>> 10*2
6. 20
7. >>> 10/2
8. 5
9. >>> 10%3
10. 1
11. >>> 2**3
12. 8
13. >>> 10//3
14. 3
15. >>>

Relational Operators

The following table contains the relational operators that are used to check relations.

Operators Description

< Less than

> Greater than

 <= Less than or equal to

>= Greater than or equal to

== Equal to

!= Not equal to

<> Not equal to(similar to !=)

eg:

1. >>> 10<20
2. True
3. >>> 10>20
4. False
5. >>> 10<=10
6. True
7. >>> 20>=15
8. True
9. >>> 5==6
10. False
11. >>> 5!=6
12. True
13. >>> 10<>2
14. True
15. >>>

Assignment Operators

The following table contains the assignment operators that are used to assign values to the
variables.

Operators Description
 = Assignment

/= Divide and Assign

+= Add and assign

-= Subtract and Assign

*= Multiply and assign

%= Modulus and assign

**= Exponent and assign

//= Floor division and assign

Example

1. >>> c=10
2. >>> c
3. 10
4. >>> c+=5
5. >>> c
6. 15
7. >>> c-=5
8. >>> c
9. 10
10. >>> c*=2
11. >>> c
12. 20
13. >>> c/=2
14. >>> c
15. 10
16. >>> c%=3
17. >>> c
18. 1
19. >>> c=5
20. >>> c**=2
21. >>> c
22. 25
23. >>> c//=2
24. >>> c
25. 12
26. >>>

Logical Operators

The following table contains the arithmetic operators that are used to perform arithmetic
operations.

Operators Description

and Logical AND(When both conditions are true output will be true)

or Logical OR (If any one condition is true output will be true)

not Logical NOT(Compliment the condition i.e., reverse)

Example

1. a=5>4 and 3>2

2. print a
3. b=5>4 or 3<2
4. print b
5. c=not(5>4)
6. print c

Output:

1. >>>
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. >>>
 Membership Operators

The following table contains the membership operators.

Operators Description

in Returns true if a variable is in sequence of another variable, else false.

not in Returns true if a variable is not in sequence of another variable, else false.

Example

1. a=10
2. b=20
3. list=[10,20,30,40,50];
4. if (a in list):
5. print "a is in given list"
6. else:
7. print "a is not in given list"
8. if(b not in list):
9. print "b is not given in list"
10. else:
11. print "b is given in list"

Output:

1. >>>
2. a is in given list
3. b is given in list
4. >>>

Identity Operators

The following table contains the identity operators.

 Operators Description

is Returns true if identity of two operands are same, else false

is not Returns true if identity of two operands are not same, else false.

Example

1. a=20
2. b=20
3. if( a is b):
4. print a,b have same identity
5. else:
6. print a, b are different
7. b=10
8. if( a is not b):
9. print a,b have different identity
10. else:
11. print a,b have same identity

Output

1. >>>
2. a,b have same identity
3. a,b have different identity
4. >>>

Python Comments

Python supports two types of comments:

1) Single lined comment:

In case user wants to specify a single line comment, then comment must start with ?#?

Eg:

1. # This is single line comment.

2) Multi lined Comment:

 Multi lined comment can be given inside triple quotes.

eg:

1. ''''' This
2. Is
3. Multipline comment'''

eg:

1. #single line comment

2. print "Hello Python"
3. '''''This is
4. multiline comment'''

Python if:

o if statement
o if-else statement
o nested if statement

a=10
if a==10:
print "Welcome to Python"

year=2000
if year%4==0:
print "Year is Leap"
else:
print "Year is not Leap"

Output:

Year is Leap

a=10
if a>=20:
print "Condition is True"
else:
if a>=15:
print "Checking second value"
 else:
print "All Conditions are false"

Output:

All Conditions are false.

Python for:

num=2
for a in range (1,6):
print num * a

Output:

10

Nested for:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range (1,i+1):
print i,
print

>>>
1
22
333
4444
55555
>>>

for i in range (1,6):

 for j in range (5,i-1,-1):
print "*",
print

>>>
*****
****
***
**
*

Python While Loop

a=10
while a>0:
print "Value of a is",a
a=a-2

Output:

>>>
Value of a is 10
Value of a is 8
Value of a is 6
Value of a is 4
Value of a is 2
Loop is Completed
>>>

Python Break
for i in [1,2,3,4,5]:
if i==4:
print "Element found"
break
print i,

Output:

1. >>>
2. 1 2 3 Element found
3. >>>
=============================

for letter in 'Python3':

if letter == 'o':
break
print (letter)

Output:

P
y
t
h
Python Continue Statement
a=0
while a<=5:
a=a+1
if a%2==0:
continue
print a
print "End of Loop"

Output:

>>>
1
3
5
End of Loop
Python Pass
It means, when we don't want to execute code, the pass can be used to execute empty.

Python Pass Example

for i in [1,2,3,4,5]:
if i==3:
pass
print "Pass when value is",i
print i,

Output:
 >>>
1 2 Pass when value is 3
345
>>>
======================================

Accessing Python Strings

o In Python, Strings are stored as individual characters in a contiguous memory location.

o The benefit of using String is that it can be accessed from both the directions (forward
and backward).
o Both forward as well as backward indexing are provided using Strings in Python.
o Forward indexing starts with 0,1,2,3,....
o Backward indexing starts with -1,-2,-3,-4,....

Example

1. str[0]='P'=str[-6] , str[1]='Y' = str[-5] , str[2] = 'T' = str[-4] , str[3] = 'H' = str[-3]

2. str[4] = 'O' = str[-2] , str[5] = 'N' = str[-1].

Python String Example

Here, we are creating a simple program to retrieve String in reverse as well as normal form.

1. name="Rajat"
2. length=len(name)
3. i=0
4. for n in range(-1,(-length-1),-1):
5. print name[i],"\t",name[n]
6. i+=1

Output:

>>>
R t
a a
j j
a a
t R
>>>
Python Strings Operators

To perform operation on string, Python provides basically 3 types of Operators that are given
below.

1. Basic Operators.
2. Membership Operators.
3. Relational Operators.

Python String Basic Operators

There are two types of basic operators in String "+" and "*".

String Concatenation Operator (+)

The concatenation operator (+) concatenates two Strings and creates a new String.

Python String Concatenation Example

>>> "ratan" + "jaiswal"

Output:

'ratanjaiswal'
>>>

Expression Output

'10' + '20' '1020'

"s" + "007" 's007'

'abcd123' + 'xyz4' 'abcd123xyz4'

NOTE: Both the operands passed for concatenation must be of same type, else it will show an
error.

Eg:
 'abc' + 3
>>>

output:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in
'abc' + 3
TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
>>>

Python String Replication Operator (*)

Replication operator uses two parameters for operation, One is the integer value and the other
one is the String argument.

The Replication operator is used to repeat a string number of times. The string will be repeated
the number of times which is given by the integer value.

Python String Replication Example

1. >>> 5*"Vimal"

Output:

'VimalVimalVimalVimalVimal'

Expression Output

"soono"*2 'soonosoono'

3*'1' '111'

'$'*5 '$$$$$'

NOTE: We can use Replication operator in any way i.e., int * string or string * int. Both the
parameters passed cannot be of same type.
 Python String Membership Operators

Membership Operators are already discussed in the Operators section. Let see with context of
String.

There are two types of Membership operators

1) in:"in" operator returns true if a character or the entire substring is present in the specified
string, otherwise false.

2) not in:"not in" operator returns true if a character or entire substring does not exist in the
specified string, otherwise false.

Python String membership operator Example

1. >>> str1="javatpoint"
2. >>> str2='sssit'
3. >>> str3="seomount"
4. >>> str4='java'
5. >>> st5="it"
6. >>> str6="seo"
7. >>> str4 in str1
8. True
9. >>> str5 in str2
10. >>> st5 in str2
11. True
12. >>> str6 in str3
13. True
14. >>> str4 not in str1
15. False
16. >>> str1 not in str4
17. True

Python Relational Operators

All the comparison (relational) operators i.e., (<,><=,>=,==,!=,<>) are also applicable for
strings. The Strings are compared based on the ASCII value or Unicode(i.e., dictionary Order).

Python Relational Operators Example

1. >>> "RAJAT"=="RAJAT"
2. True
3. >>> "afsha">='Afsha'
4. True
5. >>> "Z"<>"z"
6. True

Explanation:

The ASCII value of a is 97, b is 98, c is 99 and so on. The ASCII value of A is 65,B is 66,C is 67
and so on. The comparison between strings are done on the basis on ASCII value.

Python String Slice Notation

Python String slice can be defined as a substring which is the part of the string. Therefore further
substring can be obtained from a string.

There can be many forms to slice a string, as string can be accessed or indexed from both the
direction and hence string can also be sliced from both the directions.

Python String Slice Syntax

1. <string_name>[startIndex:endIndex],
2. <string_name>[:endIndex],
3. <string_name>[startIndex:]
Python String Slice Example 1
1. >>> str="Nikhil"
2. >>> str[0:6]
3. 'Nikhil'
4. >>> str[0:3]
5. 'Nik'
6. >>> str[2:5]
7. 'khi'
8. >>> str[:6]
9. 'Nikhil'
10. >>> str[3:]
11. 'hil'

Note: startIndex in String slice is inclusive whereas endIndex is exclusive.

String slice can also be used with Concatenation operator to get whole string.

Python String Slice Example 2

1. >>> str="Mahesh"
2. >>> str[:6]+str[6:]
3. 'Mahesh'

Python String Functions and Methods

Python String capitalize() Method Example

This method capitalizes the first character of the String.

1. >>> 'abc'.capitalize()

Output:

'Abc'

Python String count(string) Method Example

This method counts number of times substring occurs in a String between begin and end index.

1. msg = "welcome to sssit";

2. substr1 = "o";
3. print msg.count(substr1, 4, 16)
4. substr2 = "t";
5. print msg.count(substr2)

Output:

>>>
2
2
>>>

Python String endswith(string) Method Example

This method returns a Boolean value if the string terminates with given suffix between begin and
end.

1. string1="Welcome to SSSIT";
2. substring1="SSSIT";
3. substring2="to";
4. substring3="of";
5. print string1.endswith(substring1);
6. print string1.endswith(substring2,2,16);
7. print string1.endswith(substring3,2,19);
8. print string1.endswith(substring3);

Output:

>>>
True
False
False
False
>>>

Python String find(string) Method Example

This method returns the index value of the string where substring is found between begin index
and end index.

1. str="Welcome to SSSIT";
2. substr1="come";
3. substr2="to";
4. print str.find(substr1);
5. print str.find(substr2);
6. print str.find(substr1,3,10);
7. print str.find(substr2,19);

Output:

>>>
3
8
3
-1
>>>

Python String index() Method Example

This method returns the index value of the string where substring is found between begin index
and end index.

1. str="Welcome to world of SSSIT";

2. substr1="come";
3. substr2="of";
4. print str.index(substr1);
5. print str.index(substr2);
6. print str.index(substr1,3,10);
7. print str.index(substr2,19);

Output:

>>>
3
17
3
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Python27/fin.py", line 7, in
print str.index(substr2,19);
ValueError: substring not found
>>>

Python String isalnum() Method Example

This method returns True if characters in the string are alphanumeric i.e., alphabets or numbers
and there is at least 1 character. Otherwise it returns False.

1. str="Welcome to sssit";
2. print str.isalnum();
3. str1="Python47";
4. print str1.isalnum();

Output:

>>>
False
True
>>>

Python String isalpha() Method Example

It returns True when all the characters are alphabets and there is at least one character, otherwise
False.

1. string1="HelloPython"; # Even space is not allowed

2. print string1.isalpha();
3. string2="This is Python2.7.4"
4. print string2.isalpha();

Output:

>>>
True
 False
>>>

Python String isdigit() Method Example

This method returns True if all the characters are digit and there is at least one character,
otherwise False.

1. string1="HelloPython";
2. print string1.isdigit();
3. string2="98564738"
4. print string2.isdigit();

Output:

>>>
False
True
>>>

Python String islower() Method Example

This method returns True if the characters of a string are in lower case, otherwise False.

1. string1="Hello Python";
2. print string1.islower();
3. string2="welcome to "
4. print string2.islower();

Output:

>>>
False
True
>>>

Python String isupper() Method Example

This method returns False if characters of a string are in Upper case, otherwise False.

1. string1="Hello Python";
2. print string1.isupper();
3. string2="WELCOME TO"
4. print string2.isupper();
 Output:

>>>
False
True
>>>

Python String isspace() Method Example

This method returns True if the characters of a string are whitespace, otherwise false.

1. string1=" ";
2. print string1.isspace();
3. string2="WELCOME TO WORLD OF PYT"
4. print string2.isspace();

Output:

>>>
True
False
>>>

Python String len(string) Method Example

This method returns the length of a string.

1. string1=" ";
2. print len(string1);
3. string2="WELCOME TO SSSIT"
4. print len(string2);

Output:

>>>
4
16
>>>

Python String lower() Method Example

It converts all the characters of a string to Lower case.

1. string1="Hello Python";
2. print string1.lower();
3. string2="WELCOME TO SSSIT"
4. print string2.lower();

Output:

>>>
hello python
welcome to sssit
>>>

Python String upper() Method Example

This method converts all the characters of a string to upper case.

1. string1="Hello Python";
2. print string1.upper();
3. string2="welcome to SSSIT"
4. print string2.upper();

Output:

>>>
HELLO PYTHON
WELCOME TO SSSIT
>>>

Python String startswith(string) Method Example

This method returns a Boolean value if the string starts with given str between begin and end.

1. string1="Hello Python";
2. print string1.startswith('Hello');
3. string2="welcome to SSSIT"
4. print string2.startswith('come',3,7);

Output:

>>>
True
True
>>>

Python String swapcase() Method Example

It inverts case of all characters in a string.

1. string1="Hello Python";
2. print string1.swapcase();
3. string2="welcome to SSSIT"
4. print string2.swapcase();

Output:

>>>
hELLO pYTHON
WELCOME TO sssit
>>>

Python String lstrip() Method Example

It removes all leading whitespace of a string and can also be used to remove particular character
from leading.

1. string1=" Hello Python";

2. print string1.lstrip();
3. string2="@@@@@@@@welcome to SSSIT"
4. print string2.lstrip('@');

Output:

>>>
Hello Python
welcome to world to SSSIT
>>>

Python String rstrip() Method Example

It removes all trailing whitespace of a string and can also be used to remove particular character
from trailing.

1. string1=" Hello Python ";

2. print string1.rstrip();
3. string2="@welcome to SSSIT!!!"
4. print string2.rstrip('!');

Output:

>>>
Hello Python
@welcome to SSSIT
>>>
Defining a Function

A Function defined in Python should follow the following format:

1) Keyword def is used to start and declare a function. Def specifies the starting of function
block.

2) def is followed by function-name followed by parenthesis.

3) Parameters are passed inside the parenthesis. At the end a colon is marked.

def sum(x,y):
"Going to add x and y"
s=x+y
print "Sum of two numbers is"
print s
#Calling the sum Function
sum(10,20)
sum(20,30)

Output:

>>>
Sum of two numbers is
30
Sum of two numbers is
50
>>>

Python Function return Statement

return[expression] is used to return response to the caller function. We can use expression with
the return keyword. send back the control to the caller with the expression.

In case no expression is given after return it will return None.

In other words return statement is used to exit the function definition.

 Python Function return Example
1. def sum(a,b):
2. "Adding the two values"
3. print "Printing within Function"
4. print a+b
5. return a+b
6. def msg():
7. print "Hello"
8. return
9.
10. total=sum(10,20)
11. print ?Printing Outside: ?,total
12. msg()
13. print "Rest of code"

Output:

1. >>>
2. Printing within Function
3. 30
4. Printing outside: 30
5. Hello
6. Rest of code
7. >>>

Python Function Argument and Parameter

There can be two types of data passed in the function.

1) The First type of data is the data passed in the function call. This data is called ?arguments?.

2) The second type of data is the data received in the function definition. This data is called
?parameters?.

Arguments can be literals, variables and expressions. Parameters must be variable to hold
incoming values.

Alternatively, arguments can be called as actual parameters or actual arguments and parameters
can be called as formal parameters or formal arguments.

Python Function Example

1. def addition(x,y):
2. print x+y
3. x=15
4. addition(x ,10)
5. addition(x,x)
6. y=20
7. addition(x,y)

Output:

1. >>>
2. 25
3. 30
4. 35
5. >>>

Passing Parameters

Apart from matching the parameters, there are other ways of matching the parameters.

Python supports following types of formal argument:

1) Positional argument (Required argument).

2) Default argument.

3) Keyword argument (Named argument)

Positional/Required Arguments:

When the function call statement must match the number and order of arguments as defined in
the function definition. It is Positional Argument matching.

Python Function Positional Argument Example

1. #Function definition of sum

2. def sum(a,b):
3. "Function having two parameters"
4. c=a+b
5. print c
6.
7. sum(10,20)
8. sum(20)

Output:
1. >>>
2. 30
3.
4. Traceback (most recent call last):
5. File "C:/Python27/su.py", line 8, in <module>
6. sum(20)
7. TypeError: sum() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given)
8. >>>
9. </module>

Explanation:

1) In the first case, when sum() function is called passing two values i.e., 10 and 20 it matches
with function definition parameter and hence 10 and 20 is assigned to a and b respectively. The
sum is calculated and printed.

2) In the second case, when sum() function is called passing a single value i.e., 20 , it is passed to
function definition. Function definition accepts two parameters whereas only one value is being
passed, hence it will show an error.

Python Function Default Arguments

Default Argument is the argument which provides the default values to the parameters passed in
the function definition, in case value is not provided in the function call default value is used.

Python Function Default Argument Example

1. #Function Definition
2. def msg(Id,Name,Age=21):
3. "Printing the passed value"
4. print Id
5. print Name
6. print Age
7. return
8. #Function call
9. msg(Id=100,Name='Ravi',Age=20)
10. msg(Id=101,Name='Ratan')

Output:

1. >>>
2. 100
3. Ravi
4. 20
5. 101
6. Ratan
7. 21
8. >>>

Explanation:

1) In first case, when msg() function is called passing three different values i.e., 100 , Ravi and
20, these values will be assigned to respective parameters and thus respective values will be
printed.

2) In second case, when msg() function is called passing two values i.e., 101 and Ratan, these
values will be assigned to Id and Name respectively. No value is assigned for third argument via
function call and hence it will retain its default value i.e, 21.

Python Keyword Arguments

Using the Keyword Argument, the argument passed in function call is matched with function
definition on the basis of the name of the parameter.

Python keyword Argument Example

1. def msg(id,name):
2. "Printing passed value"
3. print id
4. print name
5. return
6. msg(id=100,name='Raj')
7. msg(name='Rahul',id=101)

Output:

1. >>>
2. 100
3. Raj
4. 101
5. Rahul
6. >>>

Explanation:

1) In the first case, when msg() function is called passing two values i.e., id and name the
position of parameter passed is same as that of function definition and hence values are
 initialized to respective parameters in function definition. This is done on the basis of the name
of the parameter.

2) In second case, when msg() function is called passing two values i.e., name and id, although
the position of two parameters is different it initialize the value of id in Function call to id in
Function Definition. same with name parameter. Hence, values are initialized on the basis of
name of the parameter.

Python Anonymous Function

Anonymous Functions are the functions that are not bond to name. It means anonymous function
does not has a name.

Anonymous Functions are created by using a keyword "lambda".

Lambda takes any number of arguments and returns an evaluated expression.

Lambda is created without using the def keyword.

Python Anonymous Function Syntax

1. lambda arg1,args2,args3,?,argsn :expression

Python Anonymous Function Example

1. #Function Definiton
2. square=lambda x1: x1*x1
3.
4. #Calling square as a function
5. print "Square of number is",square(10)

Output:

1. >>>
2. Square of number is 100
3. >>>

Difference between Normal Functions and Anonymous Function:

Have a look over two examples:

Example:

Normal function:
1. #Function Definiton
2. def square(x):
3. return x*x
4.
5. #Calling square function
6. print "Square of number is",square(10)

Anonymous function:

1. #Function Definiton
2. square=lambda x1: x1*x1
3.
4. #Calling square as a function
5. print "Square of number is",square(10)

Explanation:

Anonymous is created without using def keyword.

lambda keyword is used to create anonymous function.

It returns the evaluated expression.

Scope of Variable:

Scope of a variable can be determined by the part in which variable is defined. Each variable
cannot be accessed in each part of a program. There are two types of variables based on Scope:

1) Local Variable.

2) Global Variable.

1) Python Local Variables

Variables declared inside a function body is known as Local Variable. These have a local access
thus these variables cannot be accessed outside the function body in which they are declared.

Python Local Variables Example

1. def msg():
2. a=10
3. print "Value of a is",a
4. return
5.
6. msg()
7. print a #it will show error since variable is local

Output:

1. >>>
2. Value of a is 10
3.
4. Traceback (most recent call last):
5. File "C:/Python27/lam.py", line 7, in <module>
6. print a #it will show error since variable is local
7. NameError: name 'a' is not defined
8. >>>
9. </module>

b) Python Global Variable

Variable defined outside the function is called Global Variable. Global variable is accessed all
over program thus global variable have widest accessibility.

Python Global Variable Example

1. b=20
2. def msg():
3. a=10
4. print "Value of a is",a
5. print "Value of b is",b
6. return
7.
8. msg()
9. print b

Output:

1. >>>
2. Value of a is 10
3. Value of b is 20
4. 20
5. >>>
 Python Input And Output

Python provides methods that can be used to read and write data. Python also provides supports
of reading and writing data to Files.

Python "print" Statement

"print" statement is used to print the output on the screen.

print statement is used to take string as input and place that string to standard output.

Whatever you want to display on output place that expression inside the inverted commas. The
expression whose value is to printed place it without inverted commas.

Syntax:

1. print "expression" or print expression.

Exampple

1. a=10
2. print "Welcome to the world of Python"
3. print a

Output:

1. >>>
2. Welcome to the world of Python
3. 10
4. >>>

Input from Keyboard:

Python offers two built-in functions for taking input from user, given below:

1) input()

2) raw_input()

1) input() functioninput() function is used to take input from the user. Whatever expression is
given by the user, it is evaluated and result is returned back.

Python input() Syntax:

1. input("Expression")
 Python input() Function Example

1. n=input("Enter your expression ");

2. print "The evaluated expression is ", n

Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter your expression 10*2
3. The evaluated expression is 20
4. >>>

Python raw_input()

2) raw_input()raw_input() function is used to take input from the user. It takes the input from
the Standard input in the form of a string and reads the data from a line at once.

Syntax:

1. raw_input(?statement?)

Python raw_input() Example

1. n=raw_input("Enter your name ");

2. print "Welcome ", n

Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter your name Rajat
3. Welcome Rajat
4. >>>

raw_input() function returns a string. Hence in case an expression is to be evaluated, then it has
to be type casted to its following data type. Some of the examples are given below:

Program to calculate Simple Interest.

1. prn=int(raw_input("Enter Principal"))
2. r=int(raw_input("Enter Rate"))
3. t=int(raw_input("Enter Time"))
4. si=(prn*r*t)/100
5. print "Simple Interest is ",si
 Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter Principal1000
3. Enter Rate10
4. Enter Time2
5. Simple Interest is 200
6. >>>

Program to enter details of an user and print them.

1. name=raw_input("Enter your name ")

2. math=float(raw_input("Enter your marks in Math"))
3. physics=float(raw_input("Enter your marks in Physics"))
4. chemistry=float(raw_input("Enter your marks in Chemistry"))
5. rollno=int(raw_input("Enter your Roll no"))
6. print "Welcome ",name
7. print "Your Roll no is ",rollno
8. print "Marks in Maths is ",math
9. print "Marks in Physics is ",physics
10. print "Marks in Chemistry is ",chemistry
11. print "Average marks is ",(math+physics+chemistry)/3

Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter your name rajat
3. Enter your marks in Math76.8
4. Enter your marks in Physics71.4
5. Enter your marks in Chemistry88.4
6. Enter your Roll no0987645672
7. Welcome rajat
8. Your Roll no is 987645672
9. Marks in Maths is 76.8
10. Marks in Physics is 71.4
11. Marks in Chemistry is 88.4
12. Average marks is 78.8666666667
13. >>>

next>><<prev
 Python Input And Output

Python provides methods that can be used to read and write data. Python also provides
supports of reading and writing data to Files.

Python "print" Statement

"print" statement is used to print the output on the screen.

print statement is used to take string as input and place that string to standard output.

Whatever you want to display on output place that expression inside the inverted commas.
The expression whose value is to printed place it without inverted commas.

Syntax:

1. print "expression" or print expression.

Exampple

1. a=10
2. print "Welcome to the world of Python"
3. print a

Output:

1. >>>
2. Welcome to the world of Python
3. 10
4. >>>

Input from Keyboard:

Python offers two built-in functions for taking input from user, given below:

1) input()

2) raw_input()

1) input() functioninput() function is used to take input from the user. Whatever expression is
given by the user, it is evaluated and result is returned back.
 Python input() Syntax:

1. input("Expression")

Python input() Function Example

1. n=input("Enter your expression ");

2. print "The evaluated expression is ", n

Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter your expression 10*2
3. The evaluated expression is 20
4. >>>

Python raw_input()

2) raw_input()raw_input() function is used to take input from the user. It takes the input from
the Standard input in the form of a string and reads the data from a line at once.

Syntax:

1. raw_input(?statement?)

Python raw_input() Example

1. n=raw_input("Enter your name ");

2. print "Welcome ", n

Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter your name Rajat
3. Welcome Rajat
4. >>>

raw_input() function returns a string. Hence in case an expression is to be evaluated, then it

has to be type casted to its following data type. Some of the examples are given below:
 Program to calculate Simple Interest.

1. prn=int(raw_input("Enter Principal"))
2. r=int(raw_input("Enter Rate"))
3. t=int(raw_input("Enter Time"))
4. si=(prn*r*t)/100
5. print "Simple Interest is ",si

Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter Principal1000
3. Enter Rate10
4. Enter Time2
5. Simple Interest is 200
6. >>>

Program to enter details of an user and print them.

1. name=raw_input("Enter your name ")

2. math=float(raw_input("Enter your marks in Math"))
3. physics=float(raw_input("Enter your marks in Physics"))
4. chemistry=float(raw_input("Enter your marks in Chemistry"))
5. rollno=int(raw_input("Enter your Roll no"))
6. print "Welcome ",name
7. print "Your Roll no is ",rollno
8. print "Marks in Maths is ",math
9. print "Marks in Physics is ",physics
10. print "Marks in Chemistry is ",chemistry
11. print "Average marks is ",(math+physics+chemistry)/3

Output:

1. >>>
2. Enter your name rajat
3. Enter your marks in Math76.8
4. Enter your marks in Physics71.4
5. Enter your marks in Chemistry88.4
6. Enter your Roll no0987645672
7. Welcome rajat
8. Your Roll no is 987645672
9. Marks in Maths is 76.8
10. Marks in Physics is 71.4
11. Marks in Chemistry is 88.4
12. Average marks is 78.8666666667
13. >>>

Python File Handling

Python provides the facility of working on Files. A File is an external storage on hard disk
from where data can be stored and retrieved.

Operations on Files:

1) Opening a File: Before working with Files you have to open the File. To open a File,
Python built in function open() is used. It returns an object of File which is used with other
functions. Having opened the file now you can perform read, write, etc. operations on the File.

Syntax:

1. obj=open(filename , mode , buffer)

here,

filename:It is the name of the file which you want to access.

mode:It specifies the mode in which File is to be opened.There are many types of mode.
Mode depends the operation to be performed on File. Default access mode is read.

2) Closing a File:Once you are finished with the operations on File at the end you need to
close the file. It is done by the close() method. close() method is used to close a File.

Syntax:

1. fileobject.close()

3) Writing to a File:write() method is used to write a string into a file.

Syntax:

1. fileobject.write(string str)
 4) Reading from a File:read() method is used to read data from the File.

Syntax:

1. fileobject.read(value)

here, value is the number of bytes to be read. In case, no value is given it reads till end of file
is reached.

Program to read and write data from a file.

1. obj=open("abcd.txt","w")
2. obj.write("Welcome to the world of Python")
3. obj.close()
4. obj1=open("abcd.txt","r")
5. s=obj1.read()
6. print s
7. obj1.close()
8. obj2=open("abcd.txt","r")
9. s1=obj2.read(20)
10. print s1
11. obj2.close()

Output:

1. >>>
2. Welcome to the world of Python
3. Welcome to the world
4. >>>

Attributes of File:

There are following File attributes.

Attribute Description

Name Returns the name of the file.

 Mode Returns the mode in which file is being opened.

Closed Returns Boolean value. True, in case if file is closed else false.

Example

1. obj = open("data.txt", "w")

2. print obj.name
3. print obj.mode
4. print obj.closed

Output:

1. >>>
2. data.txt
3. w
4. False
5. >>>

Modes of File:

There are different modes of file in which it can be opened. They are mentioned in the
following table.

A File can be opened in two modes:

1) Text Mode.

2) Binary Mode.

Mode Description

R It opens in Reading mode. It is default mode of File. Pointer is at beginning of the file.

rb It opens in Reading mode for binary format. It is the default mode. Pointer is at beginning of file
 r+ Opens file for reading and writing. Pointer is at beginning of file.

rb+ Opens file for reading and writing in binary format. Pointer is at beginning of file.

W Opens file in Writing mode. If file already exists, then overwrite the file else create a new file.

wb Opens file in Writing mode in binary format. If file already exists, then overwrite the file else c
file.

w+ Opens file for reading and writing. If file already exists, then overwrite the file else create a new

wb+ Opens file for reading and writing in binary format. If file already exists, then overwrite the file
a new file.

a Opens file in Appending mode. If file already exists, then append the data at the end of existi
create a new file.

ab Opens file in Appending mode in binary format. If file already exists, then append the data a
existing file, else create a new file.

a+ Opens file in reading and appending mode. If file already exists, then append the data at the end
file, else create a new file.

ab+ Opens file in reading and appending mode in binary format. If file already exists, then append
the end of existing file, else create a new file.

Methods:

There are many methods related to File Handling. They are given in the following table:

There is a module "os" defined in Python that provides various functions which are used to
perform various operations on Files. To use these functions 'os' needs to be imported.
 Method Description

rename() It is used to rename a file. It takes two arguments, existing_file_name and new_file_name.

remove() It is used to delete a file. It takes one argument. Pass the name of the file which is to be de
argument of method.

mkdir() It is used to create a directory. A directory contains the files. It takes one argument which
of the directory.

chdir() It is used to change the current working directory. It takes one argument which is the n
directory.

getcwd() It gives the current working directory.

rmdir() It is used to delete a directory. It takes one argument which is the name of the directory.

tell() It is used to get the exact position in the file.

1) rename():

Syntax:

1. os.rename(existing_file_name, new_file_name)

eg:

1. import os
2. os.rename('mno.txt','pqr.txt')

2) remove():

Syntax:

1. os.remove(file_name)

eg:
1. import os
2. os.remove('mno.txt')

3) mkdir()

Syntax:

os.mkdir("file_name")

eg:

1. import os
2. os.mkdir("new")

4) chdir()

Syntax:

os.chdir("file_name")

Example

1. import os
2. os.chdir("new")

5) getcwd()

Syntax:

os.getcwd()

Example

1. import os
2. print os.getcwd()

6) rmdir()

Syntax:

os.rmdir("directory_name)

Example
1. import os
2. os.rmdir("new")