Guide For Ergonomic Notations - ABS
Guide For Ergonomic Notations - ABS
Guide For Ergonomic Notations - ABS
GUIDE FOR
ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS
JULY 2013
Copyright 2013
American Bureau of Shipping
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060 USA
Foreword
Foreword
Ergonomics is defined as “the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among
humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods
to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance” (International Ergonomics
Association, 2011).
This Guide provides requirements for ABS ergonomic notations in the following areas:
• Ergonomic Topsides Design (ERGO TOP) notation is directed at assessing the human and topsides
structure fit and compatibility, including external ramps, ladders, platforms, and other topsides structures
(weather deck area) associated with crew mobility and task performance.
• Ergonomic Enclosed Space Design (ERGO ES) notation is directed at assessing the human and
compatibility of areas inside the skin of the vessel below the main deck (whether of a ship or offshore
structure). These include interior ramps, passageways, ramps hatches and scuttles, and other below-
decks structures associated with crew mobility and task performance.
• Ergonomic Valves Design (ERGO VALVE) notation is directed at assessing the access, orientation,
and use of operating and maintenance valves with regard to accessibility and ease of identification and
use.
• Ergonomic Maintenance Design (ERGO MAINT) notation is directed at assessing the access and use
of maintenance locations (spaces, platforms, access aids) with regard to maintenance safety and ease
of accessibility.
This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication.
Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of
this Guide is the most current.
We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to [email protected].
GUIDE FOR
ERGONOMIC NOTATIONS
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1
1 Scope and Application ........................................................................ 1
2 Using this Guide .................................................................................. 1
3 Terminology ........................................................................................ 2
4 Notations ............................................................................................. 4
5 Process for Obtaining a Notation ........................................................ 4
5.1 Design Compliance Verification....................................................... 4
5.2 Results ............................................................................................ 4
6 Surveys after Construction.................................................................. 4
6.1 Annual Surveys ............................................................................... 4
6.2 Requirements for Vessel Alterations ............................................... 5
7 Alternatives ......................................................................................... 5
7.1 General............................................................................................ 5
7.2 Other Regulations ........................................................................... 5
7.3 Departures from Criteria .................................................................. 5
SECTION 1 Introduction
TABLE 1
Requirements by Topic
Section 4 Requirements Requirements Topic
Subsection 1 Stairs
Subsection 2 Walkways and Ramps
Subsection 3 Vertical and Inclined Ladders
Subsection 4 Guard Rails and Climber Safety Devices
Subsection 5 Fall Protection from Secondary Fall Points
Subsection 6 Work Platforms
Subsection 7 Handles
Subsection 8 Hatches
Subsection 9 Doors and Scuttles
Subsection 10 Manual Valve Operation, Access, Location, and Orientation
Subsection 11 Maintenance Access
3 Terminology
Access Aid: A device that makes operation of, or access to, operating or maintenance components possible,
or more immediate. For example, a ladder to an access platform.
Accessibility: The ability for personnel to access equipment that requires maintenance, inspection,
removal, or replacement while wearing the appropriate clothing, including personal protective equipment,
and the ability to use all necessary tools and test equipment.
Active Protection: A safety design or device that actively (or directly) requires a person to take specific
actions before a potential loss, for example, donning a fall arrestor fitted to both the ladder and the climber.
Anthropometrics: The measurement of human variability of body dimensions and strength as a function of
gender, race, and regional origin.
Case: The part of equipment that encloses and protects the equipment from its surroundings and protects
the surroundings – including personnel – from the equipment.
Crew Member: Any person on board a vessel, including the Master, who is not a passenger. This term is
used interchangeably throughout this document with “seafarer”.
Design Load: The maximum intended load, being the total of all loads including the weight of the personnel,
materials, and equipment, including the means of access structure.
Enclosed Space: For the purpose of the ERGO ES notation, an enclosed space is defined as the interior
portions of a vessel where people work and live.
Guardrail or safety rail: Device for protection against accidental fall or accidental access to a hazardous
area, with which stairs, step ladders or landings, platforms and walkways, or deck edges/fall points may be
equipped.
Handrail: Top element designed to be grasped by the hand for body support which can be used individually
or as the upper part of a rail.
Maintainability: The ability to carry out maintenance tasks, such as testing, servicing, calibrating, adjusting,
removing, replacing or repairing rapidly and effectively in order to allow equipment and systems to achieve a
specified level of performance.
Maintenance: All activities necessary to keep equipment in, or restore it to, a specified level of performance.
Maintenance Item, Critical: Includes those maintenance actions which are system and safety critical, meaning
a system critical to the safe operation of the vessel cannot function without that aspect being functional,
and moderate to frequent maintenance actions are required. These are referred to as Category 1 maintenance
items for maintenance access criticality categorization purposes.
Maintenance Item, Non-Critical: Includes those maintenance actions which are not system critical as
defined above but are maintenance actions that are required frequently for the proper operation of the vessel.
These are referred to as Category 2 maintenance items for maintenance access criticality categorization
purposes.
Maintenance Item, Infrequently Used Non-Critical: Includes those maintenance actions which are considered to
be non-critical to system status and safety, and that do not require frequent access. These are referred to as
Category 3 maintenance items for maintenance access criticality categorization purposes.
Manual Valve: A valve that is manually opened by a human operator using a handwheel, lever, chain, extender,
or other hand-operated device.
Newton: SI unit of force. One Newton is equal to the amount of net force required to accelerate a mass of
one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared.
Newton-Meters (N-m): SI unit of torque. One Newton-meter is equal to the torque resulting from a force
of one Newton applied perpendicularly to a moment arm which is one meter long.
Operating Torque: The force an operator or maintainer exerts by pushing or pulling on a lever or turning a
handwheel.
Passive Protection: A safety design or device that requires a person to take no specific action prior to a potential
loss, for example, a safety cage permanently fitted to a ladder. See also “Active protection” above.
Pound Force: One pound force is equal to the gravitational force exerted on a mass of one pound on the
surface of the Earth.
Reach Rod: A rod for operating a remote valve that would otherwise not be accessible (for example, to
operate a valve below a deck grating).
Readily or Immediately Accessible Valves: Valves that are:
• Located in a space that can be entered without requiring tools or keys
• Clear of obstructions, moving equipment and hot surfaces
• Within operator’s reach without requiring use of extenders, ladders, or other access aids.
Seafarer: Any person onboard a vessel, including the Master, who is not a passenger. This term is used
interchangeably throughout this document with “crew member”.
Shall: Expresses a provision that is mandatory.
Stair: One of a flight or series of steps for going from one level to another, as opposed to a ladder offering
two vertical, or nearly vertical, risers between which rungs forming a means of climbing up or down.
Toeboard: Solid lower part of a guard-rail on a landing to prevent the fall of objects from a floor level.
Topside: For the purposes of ERGO TOP notation, topsides are considered to be the weather deck and above,
and that are exposed to the elements.
Valve, Critical: Valves that require rapid and/or frequent access during normal operations or emergency
conditions. These are referred to as Category 1 Valves for valve criticality categorization purposes.
Valve, Non-Critical: Valves that are not critical for operations but that are required for routine maintenance.
These are referred to as Category 2 Valves for valve criticality categorization purposes.
Valve, Infrequently Used Non-Critical: Valves that are not critical for operations or routine maintenance
and that are infrequently used for particular tasks like commissioning, start-up, shutdown, or rarely performed
maintenance tasks. These are referred to as Category 3 Valves for valve criticality categorization purposes.
Workspaces: Areas allocated for work. Categories of workspaces include: navigation spaces, service spaces
(galley, laundry), and machinery spaces.
4 Notations
This Guide provides requirements for ABS notations in four separate areas, as follows:
• ERGO TOP notation is directed at assessing the human and topsides structures fit and compatibility,
including external ramps, ladders, platforms, and other topsides structures (weather deck area) associated
with crew safety and job performance.
• ERGO ES notation is directed at assessing the human fit and compatibility of areas inside the skin of
the vessel on or below the main deck (whether of a ship or an offshore structure) . These include interior
ramps, passageways, ramps hatches and scuttles, and other structures associated with crew safety and
job performance.
• ERGO VALVE notation is directed at assessing the access and use of operating and maintenance valves
with regard to accessibility and ease of identification and use.
• ERGO MAINT notation is directed at assessing the safety and ease of access to maintenance areas
(maintenance platforms, access aids such as ladders, and the size of the maintenance workspace).
5.2 Results
The ABS Engineering ergonomic assessment, and ABS Surveyor verification measurements, shall be reviewed
by the ABS Surveyor for determination of notation confirmation.
7 Alternatives
7.1 General
ABS will consider alternative arrangements or criteria which can be shown to meet the intent of criteria directly
cited or referred to in this Guide. The demonstration of an alternative’s acceptability can be made through
either the presentation of satisfactory service experience or systematic analysis based on valid engineering
principles.
SECTION 2 Documentation
SECTION 3 Notations
TABLE 1
Requirements for each ERGO Notation
ERGO VALVE
ERGO MAINT
Requirements for
ERGO TOP
Notations
ERGO ES
Requirements Topic
(See Section 4)
Subsection 1 Stairs x x
Subsection 2 Walkways and Ramps x x x(1)
Subsection 3 Vertical and Inclined Ladders x x x(1)
Subsection 4 Guard Rails and Climber Safety Devices x x x(1) x
Subsection 5 Fall Protection from Secondary Fall Points x x
Subsection 6 Work Platforms x x x(1) x
Subsection 7 Handles x x x(1) x
(1)
Subsection 8 Hatches x x x x
Subsection 9 Doors and Scuttles x x x(1) x
Subsection 10 Manual Valve Operation, Access, Location, and Orientation x x
Subsection 11 Maintenance Access x
Note:
1 Requirements imposed only when the ramp, ladder, platform, handles or other access is fitted for the purpose
of valve access.
1 Stairs
This Subsection contains requirements related to the design of stairs. The considerations listed below apply
to the design of stairs and are not represented in the following figure and tables.
1.1 General
Following are general requirements for stairs:
i) Stairs are appropriate means for changing from one walking surface to another when the change in
vertical elevation is greater than 600 mm (23.5 in.).
ii) Stairs shall be provided in lieu of ladders or ramps in accommodations spaces, office spaces, or to
the navigation bridge.
iii) The angle of inclination shall be sufficient to provide the riser height and tread depth that follows,
with a minimum angle of 38 degrees and maximum angle of 45 degrees.
iv) Stairs exposed to the elements shall have additional slip resistance due to potential exposure to water
and ice.
v) Stairs shall be used in living quarters instead of inclined ladders.
vi) No impediments or tripping hazards shall intrude into the climbing spaces of stairs (for example,
electrical boxes, valves, actuators, or piping).
vii) No impediments or tripping hazards shall impede access to stair landings (for example, piping runs
over the landing or coamings/retention barriers).
1.2 Landings
1.2.1 Clear Landing
A clear landing at least as wide as the tread width and a minimum of 915 mm (36 in.) long shall be
provided at the top and bottom of each stairway.
1.2.2 Intermediate Landing
An intermediate landing shall be provided at each deck level serviced by a stair, or a maximum of
every 3500 mm (140 in.) of vertical travel for stairs with a vertical rise of 6100 mm (240 in.).
1.2.3 Change in Climb Direction
Any change of direction in a stairway shall be accomplished by means of an intermediate landing
at least as wide as the tread width and a minimum of 915 mm (36 in.) long.
1.2.4 Maximum Angle of Inclination
Stairways shall have a maximum angle of inclination from the horizontal of 45 degrees.
1.2.5 Accommodating Stretchers
Where stairs change directions, intermediate landings along paths for evacuating personnel on
stretchers shall be 1525 mm (60 in.) or greater in length to accommodate rotating the stretcher.
FIGURE 1
Stair Step Riser and Tread Design
Dimension Requirements
A Tread Depth 280 mm (11.0 in.)
B Vertical distance between steps ≤ 230 mm (9.0 in.)
C Step overhang distance 25 mm (1.0 in.)
D Steps angle of inclination 38 to 45 degrees
Step
B C
Step
1.4 Headroom
Clear headroom (free height) maintained in all stairs shall be at least 2130 mm (84 in.).
TABLE 1
Stair Handrail Arrangements
Arrangement Handrail Requirement
1120 mm (44 in.) or wider stair with bulkhead on Single tier handrail on both sides
both sides
Less than 1120 mm (44 in.) stair width with Single tier handrail on one side, preferably on the
bulkhead on both sides right side descending.
1120 mm (44 in.) or wider stair, one side exposed, Two tier handrail on exposed side, single tier on
one with bulkhead bulkhead side
Less than 1120 mm (44 in.) stair width, one side Two tier handrail on exposed side
exposed, one with bulkhead
All widths, both sides of stairs exposed Two tier handrail on both sides
1.6 Dimensions
i) Handrails shall be constructed with a circular cross section with a diameter of 40 mm (1.5 in.) to
50 mm (2.0 in.).
ii) Square or rectangular handrails shall not be fitted to stairs.
iii) The height of single tier handrails shall be 915 mm (36 in.) to 1000 mm (39 in.) from the top of
the top rail to the surface of the tread.
iv) Two-tier handrails shall be two equally-spaced courses of rail with the vertical height of the top of
the top rail 915 mm (36 in.) to 1000 mm (39 in.) above the tread at its nosing.
v) A minimum clearance of 75 mm (3 in.) shall be provided between the handrail and bulkhead or
other obstruction.
FIGURE 2
Walkway and Ramp Design(1)
Dimension Requirements
Notes:
1 Toeboard omitted for clarity.
2 The walkway width may be diminished to ≥ 500 mm around a walkway
structure web frames.
E
C D I
Nearest Obstruction
Behind Handrail
F
G
H
θ
3.1 General
This Subsection contains requirements related to the design of the different attributes of vertical ladders,
inclined ladders, and individual rung ladders. The requirements included in the figures and tables below
provides the design and dimension requirements. Requirements related to topside stairs are provided in
Subsection 4/1, “Stairs”.
The considerations listed below apply to the design of vertical and inclined ladders and are not represented
in the following figures.
Vertical ladders, inclined ladders or ramps shall be provided whenever operators or maintainers must change
elevation abruptly by more than 300 mm (12.0 in.). (Requirements relating to ramps are found in
Subsection 4/2, “Walkways and Ramps”.) These structures, or a simple step, shall also be used for passage
over low objects (e.g., pipes, lines, ridges).
Vertical ladders and inclined ladders hall be provided with skid/slip resistant on the rungs that shall have a
coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.6 or greater measured when wet.
See Section 4, Table 2, “Inclination of Ladders” for requirements on angle of inclination.
TABLE 2
Inclination of Ladders
Dimension Requirements
Inclined Ladders 45 to 60 degrees
Vertical Ladders 80 to 90 degrees
iii) Located so as not to interfere with the opening and closing of hatches, doors, gratings, or other
types of access.
iv) No impediments shall intrude into the climbing space (for examples, electrical boxes, valves,
actuators, or piping).
3.3.2 Clearances
i) Overhead clearance above vertical ladder platforms shall be a minimum of 2500 mm
(84.0 in.)
ii) There shall be at least 750 mm (29.5 in.) clearance in front of the ladder (climbing space).
iii) There shall be between 175 mm (7.0 in.) to 200 mm (8.0 in.) clearance behind the ladder
(toe space).
FIGURE 3
Vertical Ladders (General Criteria)
Dimension Requirements
A Overhead Clearance 2130 mm (84.0 in.)
Ladder distance (gap accommodating toe 175 mm (7.0 in.)
B
space) from surface (at 90 degrees) 200 mm (8.0 in.)
750 mm (29.5 in.) or
Horizontal Clearance
C 600 mm (23.5 in.)
(from ladder face and obstacles)
(in way of openings)
Distance between ladder attachments /securing
D 2.5 m (8.0 ft)
devices
E Ladder angle of inclination from the horizontal 80 to 90 degrees
Square bar
Rung Design – (Can be round or square bar; 25 mm (1.0 in.) 25 mm (1.0 in.)
F where square bar is fitted, orientation shall be
edge up) Round bar
25 mm (1.0 in.) diameter
Distance between ladder rungs (rungs evenly 275 mm (11.0 in.)
G
spaced throughout the full run of the ladder) 300 mm (12.0 in.)
H Skew angle 2 degrees
I Stringer separation 400 to 450 mm (16.0 to 18.0 in.)
Ladder height: Ladders over 6 m (19.7 ft)
J 6.0 m (19.5 ft)
require intermediate/linking platforms)
FIGURE 4
Staggered Vertical Ladder*
Dimension Requirements
A Stringer separation 400 to 450 mm (16.0 to 18.0 in.)
Horizontal separation between two vertical 225 mm (9 in.)
B
ladders, stringer to stringer 450 mm (18 in.)
Distance between ladder rungs (rungs evenly 275 mm (11.0 in.)
C
spaced throughout the full run of the ladder) 300 mm (12.0 in.)
Stringer height above landing or intermediate
D 1350 mm (53.0 in.)
platform
Square bar
Rung Design – (Can be round or square bar; 22 mm (0.9 in.) 22 mm (0.9 in.)
E where square bar is fitted, orientation shall be
edge up) Round bar
25 mm (1.0 in.) diameter
Horizontal separation between ladder and 150 mm (6.0 in.)
F
platform 300 mm (12.0 in.)
G Landing or intermediate platform width 925 mm (36.5 in.)
75 mm (3.0 in.)
H Platform ladder to Platform ledge
150 mm (6.0 in.)
FIGURE 5
Vertical Ladders to Landings (Side Mount)*
Dimension Requirements
A Platform depth 750 mm (29.5 in.)
B Platform width 925 mm (36.5 in.)
C Ladder distance from surface 175 mm (7.0 in.)
150 mm (6.0 in.) and
D Horizontal separation between ladder and platform
300 mm (12.0 in.)
FIGURE 6
Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder through Platform)*
Dimension Requirements
A Vertical ladder opening ≥ 750 mm (29.5 in.)
Distance from front of vertical ladder to back of
B ≥ 750 mm (29.5 in.)
platform opening
Minimum clear standing area in front of ladder
C ≥ 750 mm (29.5 in.)
opening – Depth
Minimum clear standing area in front of ladder
D ≥ 925 mm (36.5 in.)
opening – Width
Additional platform width for intermediate
E ≥ 925 mm (36.5 in.)
landing (where present)
Horizontal separation between ladder and ≥ 150 mm (6.0 in.) and
F
platform ≤ 300 mm (12.0 in.)
E D
F
A B
Vertical ladder
up to next level
(where present)
FIGURE 7
Individual Rung Ladder Design
Dimension Requirements
400 mm (16.0 in.)
A Rung width
450 mm (18.0 in.)
175 mm (7.0 in.)
B Rung depth
200 mm (8.0 in.)
Square bar
Rung Design – (Can be round or square bar; 22 mm (0.9 in.) 22 mm (0.9 in.)
C where square bar is fitted, orientation shall be
edge up) Round bar
25 mm (1.0 in.) diameter
Distance between ladder rungs (rungs evenly 275 mm (11.0 in.)
D
spaced throughout the full run of the ladder) 300 mm (12.0 in.)
E Height of foot slip protection 50 mm (2.0 in.)
FIGURE 8
Inclined Ladders
Dimension Requirements
40 mm (1.5 in.) to
A Handrail/guardrail diameter
50 mm (2.0 in.)
Handrail/guardrail height (from 915 mm (36.0) and
B
leading edge of tread) 1000 mm (39.0 in.)
Tread/step spacing – equally spaced 200 mm (8.0 in.) and
C
along entire ladder 300 mm (12.0 in.)
Step depth
D 100 mm (4.0 in.)
Use of square bar is optional
450 mm (18.0 in.)
E Handrail/guardrail to handrail width
560 mm (22.0 in.)
F Angle of inclination 45 to 60 degrees
FIGURE 9
Inclined Ladders with Landings
Dimension ERGO TOP
A Overhead Clearance 2130 mm (84.0 in.)
B&C Maximum continuous height ≤ 6 m (19.7 ft)
D Deck to lower landing level ≥ 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
E Height of intermediate rail 535 mm (21.0 in.)
F Height of top rail 535 mm (21.0 in.)
See Section 4, Figure 10, “Inclined
G Landing/Platform dimensions
Ladder Landing/Platform”
Vertical obstruction height above
H 2030 mm (80 in.)
ladder
I Height of rail around platform 1070 mm (42.0 in.)
Stringer height (ladder) above
J ≥ 1350 mm (53.0 in.)
landing or intermediate platform
K Angle of inclination 45 to 60 degrees
B G
F
E
H
C
K J
I
FIGURE 10
Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform*
Dimension Requirements
A Minimum landing length 975 mm (38.5 in.)
600 mm (23.5 in.) for the last flight of inclined ladder.
Minimum landing If landing is used to access another inclined ladder flight,
B
width/depth then the landing width shall be at least twice the width of
the inclined ladder.
FIGURE 11
Handrail/Guardrail Dimensions with a Toeboard
Dimension Requirements
A Height of handrail/guardrail 1070 mm (42.0 in.)
B Height of intermediate rail above toeboard 425 mm (16.75 in.)
40 mm (1.5 in.) to
C Outside diameter of handrail
50 mm (2.0 in.)
D Height of toeboard 100 mm (4.0 in.)
E Gap between toeboard and surface 6 mm (0.25 in.)
B
D
Toeboard
E
FIGURE 12
Deck Edge and Elevated Walkway Rail Dimensions
Dimension Requirements
A Upper rail courses vertical separation ≤ 380 mm (15 in.)
B Lower rail course vertical separation ≤ 230 mm (9 in.)
C Vertical stanchion separation ≤ 1525 mm (60 in.)
D Rail height from deck to top of rail* ≥ 1070 mm (42 in.)
E Toeboard height 100 mm (4.0 in.)
A C
D
A
FIGURE 13
Arrangement for Climber Safety Cage of Vertical Ladder
Dimension Requirements*
Distance from centerline of ladder rung to point
A 350 mm (14.0 in.)
of radius of the safety cage horizontal guards
Horizontal guard at bottom of
cage – 425 mm (17.0 in.)
B Horizontal guard radius
All other horizontal guards –
350 mm (14.0 in.)
C Vertical separation of horizontal guard placement ≤ 1200 mm (47.0 in.)
Ladder
Ladder
Centerline
40°
C
40°
10° Vertical
Guards
FIGURE 14
Climber Safety Cage of Vertical Ladder – Side View
Dimension Requirements
≥ 2200 mm (87.0 in.)
A Distance above standing surface
≤ 2500 mm (98.0 in.)
≥ 1140 mm (45.0 in.)
B Vertical separation of horizontal guard placement
≤ 1220 mm (48.0 in.)
Ladder
Deck Level
FIGURE 15
Ladders with Climber Safety Rails or Cables(1)
Dimension Requirements(2)
≥ 900 mm (35.5 in.)
A Distance to bottom of climber safety rail
≤ 950 mm (37.5 in.)
225 mm (9.0 in.)
B Inside clearance(3) (ladder rungs)
250 mm (10.0 in.)
C Inside clearance(3) (upper hand rails) 380 mm (15.0 in.)
Top of climber safety rail and handrail height
D ≥ 1070 mm (42.0 in.)
above upper standing surface
≥ 175 mm (7.0 in.)
E Distance from opposing vertical surface
≤ 200 mm (8.0 in.)
Notes:
1 No safety cage provided.
2 Dimensions differ from other ladder types as the presence of the safety
rail and the wearing of climber harnesses changes the ergonomic
requirements imposed on the design.
3 Stringer separation increased to accommodate width of climber safety
device.
C C
Handrail
(side view)
Climber
Safety Rail D
Upper
Standing
Surface
A
Standing
Surface
B B
5.1 General
Vertical ladders shall not be located within 1.83 m (6 ft.) of other nearby potential fall points (including the
deck edge, cargo holds, and lower decks) without additional fall protection, such as guardrails.
Additional fall protection shall be provided for the ladder climber for the case:
i) If a vertical ladder (of any height) is located within 1.83 m (6 ft) of another and nearby potential
(secondary) fall point (for example overboard or to a lower deck or landing),
and
ii) If the potential fall distance is greater than 4.600 m (15 ft). (The potential fall distance is the height
of the ladder plus the height of the secondary fall),
and
iii) If no active fall protection is fitted to the ladder (a safety cage is not considered to provide active
protection),
then
iv) Additional fall protection to the ladder climber shall be provided, regardless of whether a climber
safety cage is fitted to the ladder, as described in 4/5.2.
Note: Passive Fall Protection is a safety design or device that requires a person to take no specific action prior to a potential
loss, for example, a safety cage permanently fitted to a ladder.
Active Fall Protection is a safety design or device that actively (or directly) requires a person to take specific actions
before a potential loss, for example, donning a fall arrestor fitted to both the ladder and the climber.
TABLE 3
Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages
or Climber Safety Rails/Cables
Dimension Requirement*
Height of vertical Height shall extend to within 760 mm (30 in.) of the top of the ladder.
guardrail
Width of vertical guardrail Protection shall be provided for a minimum of 1220 mm (48 in.) on each side of
the centerline of the ladder, space permitting.
Distance between A maximum of 460 mm (18 in.) shall be provided between guardrail courses or
guardrail courses or tiers tiers of the guardrail extension. The measurement shall be taken from the course
or tier’s outside diameter to outside diameter as shown in Section 4, Figure 16.
* Note: If the vertical ladder is movable (e.g., can rotate because it is mounted on the side of a crane cab), the height of
the vertical guardrail shall continue horizontally to a distance of 600 mm (23.5 in.) from each side of the
centerline of the movable object when it is at its travel limits.
FIGURE 16
Front View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders
without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables
Dimension Requirements*
A Horizontal spacing between ladder centerline and rail end 1220 mm (48.0 in.)
B Vertical distance from top of ladder to top of rail 760 mm (30.0 in.)
C Spacing between top rail and mid-rail 380 mm (15.0 in.)
D Height of toeboard 100 mm (4.0 in.)
FIGURE 17
Side View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders
without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables
Dimension Requirements
A Horizontal distance between ladder and rails ≤ 1830 mm (72.0 in.)
B Vertical distance from top of rail to top of ladder ≤ 760 mm (30 in.)
Safety
Riser
Vertical
Ladder
Guardrail
Stantion
5.2.2 Protection for Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails/Cables
i) Guardrail requirements are found in the following: Section 4, Table 4, “Guardrail
Requirements for Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails or
Cables”, provides requirements for guardrails near the base of the ladder.
ii) Section 4, Figure 18, “Front View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders with Safety
Cages and without Climber Safety Rails or Cables”, provides dimensions and graphical
representations. Note that Dimension A of Section 4, Figure 18 also applies to Guardrail
Requirements for Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails
or Cables.
Other designs and arrangements that serve to protect personnel from falls may also be deemed to
be acceptable.
TABLE 4
Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages
and without Climber Safety Rails or Cables
Dimension Requirement*
Height of vertical The height shall extend to within 760 mm (30 in.) of the lower edge of the safety
guardrail cage
Width of vertical Protection shall be provided for a minimum of 1220 mm (48 in.) on each side of
guardrail the centerline of the ladder, space permitting.
Distance between A maximum of 460 mm (18 in.) shall be provided between guardrails courses or
guardrail extension tiers of the guardrail extension. The measurement shall be taken from the course or
courses or tiers tier outside diameter to outside diameter as shown in Section 4, Figure 16.
Horizontal distance 1830 mm (72.0 in.) (Refer to Dimension A of Section 4, Figure 17, “Side View of
between ladder and rails Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages or Climber Safety
Rails/Cables”)
* Note: If the vertical ladder is movable (e.g., can rotate because it is mounted on the side of a crane cab), the
height of the vertical guardrail shall continue horizontally to a distance of 600 mm (23.5 in.) from each
side of the centerline of the movable object when it is at its travel limits.
FIGURE 18
Front View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders with
Safety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails/Cables*
Dimension Requirements
A Vertical distance between safety cage and rail 760 mm (30.0 in.)
B Vertical distance between the safety cage and platform 2130 mm (84.0 in.)
* Note: Assumes that the potential fall distance is greater than 4575 mm (15 ft.) where a
safety cage, but no climber safety rail or cable is present.
5.3 Use of Vertical Ladder Safety Gates or Bars versus Safety Chains
Safety gates or bars, rather than safety chains, shall be used to protect personnel near the opening at the top
of a vertical ladder.
Safety gates shall comply with the requirements of 4/4.8 “Safety Gates”:
6 Work Platforms
Work platforms shall be provided at locations where personnel must perform tasks that cannot be easily
accomplished by reaching from an existing standing surface.
Work platforms exposed to the elements shall have additional slip resistance due to potential exposure to
water and ice.
FIGURE 19
Work Platform Dimensions
Dimension Requirements
Work platform width ≥ 750 mm (29.5 in.)
A
Work platform width (if used for standing only) ≥ 380 mm (15.0 in.)
Work platform length ≥ 925 mm (37.0 in.)
B
Work platform length (if used for standing only) ≥ 450 mm (18.0 in.)
Work
A
Platform
7 Handles
This Subsection contains requirements related to the design of handles. The considerations listed below
apply to the design and placement of handles and are not represented in the following figures.
7.1 General
i) Handles shall be designed to accommodate personnel wearing either lightweight and medium weight
gloves or cold weather gloves and mittens. (See Section 4, Figure 20, “Handle Dimensions”).
ii) Handles shall be constructed of round bar.
iii) Handles are particularly useful where a vertical ladder comes up to a manhole from the deck below
where the ladder does not extend through the platform (see Section 4, Figure 21, “Handle Placement
(Ladder not Extending Through Platform)” or while passing through access hatches (see Section 4,
Figure 22, “Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch)”).
iv) Handles shall be accessible at all stages during climbing or traversing through access hatches
(embarking and disembarking) and within reach of the shortest (e.g., 5th percentile female) user.
v) To provide for safe ascending and descending, while stepping onto or from ladders, individual ladder
rungs or steps and through hatches or lightening holes, suitably located handles or handgrabs shall
be provided. See Section 4, Figure 23, “Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder)”.
Handles exposed to the elements shall have additional slip resistance due to potential exposure to water
and ice.
FIGURE 20
Handle Dimensions
Dimension Requirements
300 mm (12.0 in.)
A Handle width
350 mm (14.0 in.)
B Handle height 100 mm (4.0 in.)
C Radius (bend) 25 mm (1.0 in.)
D Round bar diameter 25 mm (1.0 in.)
FIGURE 21
Handle Placement (Ladder not Extending through Platform)
Dimension Requirements*
Four Horizontal Handles
Handle height above top of ladder 275 mm (11.0 in.)
A
and between handles 300 mm (12.0 in.)
E Round Bar Diameter 25 mm (1.0 in.)
Two Vertical Handles
B Height from top deck to handle 200 mm (8.0 in.)
C Clearance between handles 400 mm (16.0 in.)
D Height of handles 1000 mm (39.5 in.)
E Round Bar Diameter 25 mm (1.0 in.)
FIGURE 22
Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch)*
Dimension Requirements
A Handle height (above top of opening) 100 mm (4.0 in.)
B Distance between lower and upper edge of the hatch 1000 mm (39.5 in.)
C Height required for a step > 600 mm (23.5 in.)
D Handle width (no upper limit in this case) 300 mm (12.0 in.)
E Step height One half of dimension C
800 mm (31.5 in.) or
F Step width, hatch width
Hatch width
275 mm (11.0 in.)
G Step depth (not shown in figure)
300 mm (12.0 in.)
* Note: Handles and steps are provided on both sides of the hatch.
FIGURE 23
Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder)(1, 2)
Dimension Requirements
A Length of handle 300 mm (12.0 in.)
Handle starting height above landing or
B 1270 mm (50.0 in.)
platform
C Ladder stringer height above platform 1350 mm (53.25 in.)
Horizontal separation between vertical 150 mm (6.0 in.)
D
ladders and platform 300 mm (12.0 in.)
Horizontal separation between vertical 225 mm (9.0 in.)
E
ladder and handle 450 mm (18.0 in.)
Notes:
1 Vertical ladder requirements apply (See 4/3.2, “Vertical Ladders”).
2 Toeboard not shown.
8 Hatches
8.1 General
This Subsection contains requirements related to the design of hatches. The requirements included in the
figures and tables below provide the design attributes for ERGO notations.
FIGURE 24
Hatch Design
Dimension Requirements
A Access – vertical height ≥ 1000 mm (39.50 in.)
B Access – horizontal width ≥ 800 mm (31.50 in.)
C* Height above deck or stepping tread ≤ 600 mm (23.5 in.)
* Note: If a vertical opening is at a height of more than 600 mm, steps and
handgrips shall be provided.
R300 mm (11.8")
A B
FIGURE 25
Hatch Design (Alternative Arrangement)
Dimension Requirements
A Access – vertical height 1000 mm (39.4 in.)
B Access – horizontal width 800 mm (31.50 in.)
C* Height above deck or stepping tread 600 mm (23.5 in.)
* Note: If a vertical opening is at a height of more than 600 mm, steps and
handgrips shall be provided. For more guidance, see Section 4,
Figure 22, “Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch)”.
FIGURE 26
Ladder Distance from Hatch Coaming
Dimension Requirements
175 mm (7.0 in.) and
A Distance from ladder to hatch coaming
200 mm (8.0 in.)
A
Cargo Hatch Coaming
Deck
FIGURE 27
Access Hatch Heights of 900 mm (35.5 in.)
Dimension Requirements
A Distance from step to access hatch 600 mm (23.5 in.)
275 mm (11.0 in.)
B Step depth
300 mm (12.0 in.)
C* Step height 300 mm (12.0 in.)
D Height to require steps along with the ladder 900 mm (35.5 in.)
E Dimension inside of hatch without obstruction 750 mm (29.5 in.)
* Note: The limiting height is dimension ‘A’. This height is set by the crotch height of
the 5th percentile female. Once ‘D’ exceeds 900 mm (35.5 in.), a step is needed.
Therefore, ‘C’ could be anything from 25 mm (1 in.) up to 300 mm (12 in.).
FIGURE 28
Horizontal Hatch Access through a Deck
Dimension Requirements
Dimension of Opening (Circular or
A ≥ 810 mm (32 in.)
rectangular)
B Ladder to edge of opening separation ≤ 50 mm (2 in.)
9.1 General
This Subsection contains requirements related to the design of door and scuttles. The requirements presented
below provide the design attribute (application) for ERGO notations.
10.1 General
The requirements in this Subsection apply to the manual operation of valves, including those operated by
handwheels, levers, or extenders, or operated locally or remotely with motor operators while deployed at sea.
10.3 Principles
10.3.1 General Access
For valves required by function or design to be readily accessible, the valve, or its control, shall be:
i) Located according to its criticality, with more critical valves being more readily accessible
than less critical valves (Category 1 and 2)
ii) Located in a space normally entered without using tools or requiring keys (Category 1 and 2)
iii) Clear of, and protected from, obstructions, moving equipment, and hot surfaces that may
prevent or delay operation or maintenance (Category 1 and 2)
Within arm’s reach without requiring use of extenders, portable ladders, or other portable access
aids. (See 4/10.4, “Valve Mounting Heights and Orientation”) (Category 1, 2, and 3).
Valves shall be located so the operator or maintainer does not have to stand on nearby pipes, cable
trays, handrails, equipment, or any object not meant specifically to be used as a working surface for
the operation, maintenance, repair, or replacement of any valve (Category 1, 2, and 3).
Valves shall not be mounted in positions where stems on handwheels or levers will extend into normal
walking or climbing areas (Category 1, 2, and 3).
Valves exposed to the elements shall be provided means of deicing (Category 1 and 2).
All valve handles, handwheels, levers or other grasp areas shall be located to provide at least 75 mm
(3 in.) of clearance from obstructions during valve operation for all points of travel of the valve
actuator (Category 1, 2, and 3).
10.3.2 Emergency Access
Valves used for emergency operations shall not be located below deck gratings or behind covers.
(Category 1 and 2)
If it is absolutely necessary to locate valves behind covers (e.g., to meet a regulatory requirement),
the cover shall be capable of being opened without requiring any tools or the removal of any securing
fasteners. The cover shall be labeled to identify the valve. (Category 1 and 2)
10.3.3 Valve Operators and Indicators
Valves shall close with a right hand (clockwise) motion of the handwheel or lever when facing the
end of the stem, or where left-handed valves are provided, direction or turn to close the valve shall
be indicated on the valve, its label, or on the handwheel itself. (Category 1 and 2)
Valve position indicators shall be installed on each valve. (Valves where the position of the stem
(i.e. rising stem valves) or the position of the handle (i.e., ball valve) provides a direct indicator of
the valve position do not require an additional “valve position indicator”). (Category 1, 2, and 3)
Valve position indicators shall be directly visible to the operator or maintainer from the normal body
position required to open or close the valve. (Category 1 and 2)
Valves shall be capable of being operated without mechanical extenders such as a reach rod or chain
operators. (Category 1)
For valves fitted for remote control (mechanically operated from another location):
i) An independent indicator showing the position of the valve (open, closed, or midway) shall
be provided at the control. (Category 1 and 2)
ii) An independent indicator showing the position of the valve (open, closed, or midway) shall
be provided at the physical location of the valve. (Category 1 and 2)
iii) Category 1 valves shall be provided redundant controls located near or on the valve body
itself (for the cases where remote means of operation is not working).
10.3.4 Labeling, Marking, and Coding
i) Labels shall be provided to identify manual valves. (Category 1 and 2)
ii) Labels, markings and coding shall be visible to the operator from the normal body position
required to open or close the valve. (Category 1 and 2)
10.3.5 Clearances
i) Clearance of at least 300 (12 in.) for wrenches shall be provided adjacent to flanged
connections for valves and equipment where bolts can be accessed from one side only.
(Category 1 and 2)
ii) Clearance of at least 760 mm (30 in.) shall be maintained on both sides of pipe where access
for working must be provided, or where accessing bolts from both sides of a pipe with a
diameter greater than 300 mm (12 in.) pipe. (Category 1 and 2)
iii) A 75 mm (3 in.) clearance shall be maintained all around valve handwheels, except that
40 mm (1.5 in.) and smaller valves where operation is by hand or wrist motion may have
less clearance, minimum 40 mm (1.5 in.) finger clearance. (Category 1 and 2)
FIGURE 29
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves with Vertical Stems
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
150 (6")
FIGURE 30
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves with Horizontal Stems
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Category 1
Category 2
Category 2
150 (6")
FIGURE 31
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves with Angled Stems
150 (6")
FIGURE 32
Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves with Vertical Stems
Lever-operated valves oriented with the stem in a horizontal position shall be provided when the lever is
located between 150 mm (6 in.) and 760 mm (30 in.), or more than 1270 mm (50 in.) above the standing
surface, as shown in Section 4, Figure 33, “Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves with Horizontal
Stems”. The maximum height above the standing surface to the lever tip shall not exceed 1900 mm (75 in.).
(Category 1 and 2)
Horizontal stem valves shall not be located overhead in working areas. (Category 1 and 2)
FIGURE 33
Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves with Horizontal Stems
Max height to top of handle
when handle rotates UP:
Max height 1900 mm (75”)
Standing
FIGURE 34
Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible from One Side Only
FIGURE 35
Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position
FIGURE 36
Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface
Standing Surface
TABLE 5
Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers
and Handwheels Oriented Parallel to the Standing Surface
Valve Handle Deck Opening Size
Depth Below Deck
(Diameter or Length) (square or diameter)
Handwheel
150 - 255 mm 180 mm
(6 - 10 in.) (7 in.)
130 mm (5 in.) or less
Greater than 255 mm 215 mm
(10 in.) (8.5 in.)
The diameter of the handwheel
150 mm (6 in.) to
130 mm (5 in.) or more plus 150 mm (6 in.) with a
510 mm (20 in.)
minimum of 360 mm (14 in.)
Lever
Lever Length greater than
Any Lever Length Any Depth
50 mm (2 in.)
FIGURE 37
Orientation and Reach for Ladder Parallel to Valve Levers
Ladder
FIGURE 38
Orientation and Reach for Ladder Perpendicular to Valve Levers
Lever shall not rotate
away from ladder
600 mm
(23.5 in.) Max
FIGURE 39
Operating Lever Valves from a Ladder
PARALLEL TO PERPENDICULAR TO
LADDER FACE LADDER FACE
MAX MAX
1220 mm 760 mm
(48 in) ( 30 in)
11.2 Principles
11.2.1 General Access
Structural components (e.g., stiffeners, stairs, pedestals, etc.) shall not prevent access to, or removal
of, maintained equipment. (Category 1 and 2)
Maintenance items that need to remain accessible shall not be blocked by removal of panel cases
and covers. (Category 1 and 2)
Maintenance items that are exposed to the external environment shall be provided with means of
deicing. (Category 1 and 2)
11.2.3 Equipment Design
Design shall include identification (such as labels), orientation, and alignment of components and
subassemblies (including cables and connectors). (Category 1 and 2)
Skids (generators, air compressors, etc.) shall provide direct means of access to doors and removable
panels to provide access to internal components for maintenance. (Category 1 and 2)
TABLE 6
E
Seated,
A
Forward Reach – Both Arms
C D
Dimensions
TABLE 7
Cross-Legged Seated,
E
A Forward Reach – Both Arms
C
D
Dimensions
E
A
TABLE 8
Standing,
Forward Reach – Both Arms
C
D
Dimensions
TABLE 9
Standing,
E
A
Single Arm Forward Reach
C
D
Dimensions
E
TABLE 10
A Standing,
Single Arm Lateral Reach
C D
Dimension
TABLE 11
Squatting, Kneeling Space Dimensions
B C D
KA
O
P E
F
TABLE 12
Opening Dimensions for Single Hand Access with Tools
Minimum Dimensions
Description of Opening mm (in.) Task Description
A B
TABLE 13
Opening Dimensions for Single Hand Access without Tools
Minimum Dimensions
Description of Opening mm (in.) Task Description
A B
A Bare 125 100
Hand (5.0) (3.75)
Empty hand
Clenched fist extended to wrist
B 150 115
Gloved
(6.0) (4.5)
A Bare 100 60
B Hand (4.0) (2.25)
Empty hand
Hand flat extended to wrist
150 100
Gloved
(6.0) (4.0)
TABLE 14
Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools
Minimum Dimensions Dimension
Description of Clothing Type
mm (in.) Description
100 mm (4.0 in.) × 115 mm (4.5 in.)
Light Clothing
or 115 mm (4.5 in.) diameter
Arm to Elbow
Cold Weather
180 mm (7.0 in.) square or diameter
Clothing
TABLE 15
Opening Dimensions for Two Hand Access
Minimum Dimensions
Description of Opening mm (in.) Task Description
A B
W Bare W+75 125
A
B Hand (W+3.0) (5.0*) Grasping large objects with two hands,
with hand extended through openings
W+130 180 up to fingers
Gloved
(W+5.25) (7.0)
11.3.4 Hatches
Round, square, or rectangular hatches shall be sized as shown in Section 4, Table 16, “Hatch Shapes
and Dimensions”. (Category 1 and 2).
Hatch covers above 11 kg (25 lbs)] shall be provided aids for lifting or handling the hatch cover.
(Category 1 and 2)
TABLE 16
Hatch Shapes and Dimensions
A B D
E
F
Access – Shape and Dimension Minimum
Side Access
Round – A 685 mm (27 in.)
Square 660 mm (26 in.)
Rectangle – B 660 mm (26 in.)
– C 760 mm (30 in.)
Top or Bottom Access
Round – D 635 mm (25 in.)
Square 580 mm (23 in.)
Rectangle – E 330 mm (13 in.)
– F 610 mm (24 in.)
TABLE 17
Minimum Dimensions for Crawlways
A
E
B
APPENDIX 1 References
American Bureau of Shipping. ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels. Houston, TX: Author
American Bureau of Shipping. ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels Under 90 Meters (295 Feet) in
Length. Houston, TX: Author
American Bureau of Shipping. ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels for Service on Rivers and
Intracoastal Waterways. Houston, TX: Author
American Bureau of Shipping. Guidance Notes for the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems. Houston,
TX: Author
American Bureau of Shipping. Guide for Crew Habitability on Ships. Houston, TX: Author
American Bureau of Shipping. Guide for Crew Habitability on Workboats. Houston, TX: Author
American Bureau of Shipping. Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection. Houston, TX: Author
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2006). Standard practice for human engineering design for marine
systems, equipment and facilities (ASTM F 1166 – 2006). West Conshohocken, PA: Author.
International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 90 – Ship Structure Access Manual –
IACS, (October 2005)
International Association of Classification Societies, Unified Interpretations (UI) SC [191] for the application of
amended SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6 (resolution MSC.151 (78)) and revised Technical provisions for means of
access for inspections (resolution MSC.158 (78))
International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee Resolution MSC. 158(78) (adopted 20 May 2004),
Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections
International Maritime Organization, Maritime Safety Committee Resolution MSC.134(76) Adoption of Amendments
to the International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea
International Maritime Organization, Maritime Safety Committee Resolution MSC.834(76). Guidelines for Engine
Room Layout, Design, and Arrangement
International Maritime Organization. (1997). International Convention of the Safety of Life at Sea: Means of escape
(Chapter II-2, Regulation 28). London: Author.
International Maritime Organization. Maritime Safety Committee Resolution MSC.151(78) (adopted on 20 May 2004),
Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended
International Standard Organization. (2011). ISO 14122-2: Safety of Machinery - Permanent Means of Access to
Machinery - Part 2: Working Platforms and Walkways
Norwegian Oil Industry Association and The Federation of Norwegian Engineering Industries (NORSOK). (2006).
Architectural Components and Equipment (C-002). Oslo: Author
Norwegian Oil Industry Association and The Federation of Norwegian Engineering Industries (NORSOK). (2004).
Working environment (S-002). Oslo: Author
U.K. Department of Trade. (1998). Adultdata, the handbook of adult anthropometric and strength measurements –
Data for design safety. Nottingham: Department of Trade.
U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Marine Safety. (1990). Load Line Technical Manual, Report Number USCG-M-1-90.
Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Labor (2000). Code of Federal Regulation, 29 CFR 1910. 23. Subpart D – Walking-Working
Surfaces – Guarding floor and wall openings and holes. Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Labor (2000). Code of Federal Regulation, 29 CFR 1910. 24. Subpart D – Walking-Working
Surfaces – Fixed industrial stairs. Washington, DC: Author.
1.1 Analysis
An analysis of maintenance tasks is to be performed for the purpose of sizing and outfitting maintenance
workspaces. The analysis addresses concerns such as: design of maintenance platforms; work surfaces; work
envelopes; tools, spare parts and spent part stowage; and consumables storage at a maintenance site during
planned or corrective maintenance.
The analysis is also intended to identify requirements for lifting and carrying devices for heavy or awkward
loads; and to facilitate maintenance action work flow.
This analysis is required for all Category 1 and 2 maintenance actions.
1.2.4
Identify and allocate or fit any requirements for storage surfaces for procedural materials, or ready
access to consumables.
1.2.5
Identify requirements for parts and materials carts (for deck level access to maintenance areas), or
lifting supports (including overhead crane, chain falls, padeyes, I-beams, etc.) for very heavy
components or when in the presence of ramps or stairs to gain maintenance access or transfer.
This also requires lifting from one engine room/deck level to another. (For example, from the one
engine room deck to another shop level above or below, or from an engine room deck lifting to a
maintenance pedestal or platform.
1.2.6
Special space accommodation shall be made for access to, and use of, PPE.
1.2.7
Identify locations of pre-positioned items (such as tools, special tools, consumables) that can be
located with the equipment to be maintained.
1.2.8
Develop maintenance area workspace concepts and drawings, considering the above sizing
requirements and each maintenance action’s activity sequence. This includes provision of suitable
space in areas around a piece of equipment (e.g., behind the equipment near a bulkhead) that is
needed to remove internal parts, motors, shafts, or attached equipment and the personnel/equipment
required to accomplish these tasks.
1.2.9
Refine the concepts and drawings and prepare them as part of build-to packages.