A Jacobi Collocation Method For Solving Nonlinear Burgers-Type Equations
A Jacobi Collocation Method For Solving Nonlinear Burgers-Type Equations
A Jacobi Collocation Method For Solving Nonlinear Burgers-Type Equations
Research Article
A Jacobi Collocation Method for Solving Nonlinear
Burgers-Type Equations
Copyright © 2013 E. H. Doha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We solve three versions of nonlinear time-dependent Burgers-type equations. The Jacobi-Gauss-Lobatto points are used as
collocation nodes for spatial derivatives. This approach has the advantage of obtaining the solution in terms of the Jacobi parameters
𝛼 and 𝛽. In addition, the problem is reduced to the solution of the system of ordinary differential equations (SODEs) in time. This
system may be solved by any standard numerical techniques. Numerical solutions obtained by this method when compared with the
exact solutions reveal that the obtained solutions produce high-accurate results. Numerical results show that the proposed method
is of high accuracy and is efficient to solve the Burgers-type equation. Also the results demonstrate that the proposed method is a
powerful algorithm to solve the nonlinear partial differential equations.
with the Legendre spectral method to solve time-dependent the system of (𝑁 + 1) ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
partial differential equations and gave error estimates of the in time. This system can be solved by one of the possible
method. Tang and Ma [17] introduced the Legendre spectral methods of numerical analysis such as the Euler method,
method together with the Fourier approximation in spatial Midpoint method, and the Runge-Kutta method. Finally, the
for time-dependent first-order hyperbolic equations with accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by test
periodic boundary conditions. Recently, the author of [18] problems.
proposed an accurate numerical algorithm to solve the gen- The remainder of the paper is organized as follows.
eralized Fitzhugh-Nagumo equation with time-dependent In the next section, we introduce some properties of the
coefficients. Jacobi polynomials. In Section 3, the way of constructing
In [20], Bateman introduced the one-dimensional quasi- the Gauss-Lobatto collocation technique for nonlinear time-
linear parabolic partial differential equation, while Burgers dependent Burgers-type equations is described using the
[21] developed it as mathematical modeling of turbulence, Jacobi polynomials, and in Section 4 the proposed method
and it is referred as one-dimensional Burgers’ equation. is applied to three problems of nonlinear time-dependent
Many authors gave different solutions for Burgers’ equation Burgers-type equations. Finally, some concluding remarks
by using various methods. Kadalbajoo and Awasthi [22] are given in Section 5.
and Gülsu [23] used a finite-difference approach method to
find solutions of one-dimensional Burgers’ equation. Crank-
2. Some Properties of Jacobi Polynomials
Nicolson scheme for Burgers’ equation is developed by Kim,
[24]. Nguyen and Reynen [25, 26], Gardner et al. [27, 28] (𝛼,𝛽)
The standard Jacobi polynomials of degree 𝑘 (𝑃𝑘 (𝑥), 𝑘 =
and Kutluay et al. [29] used methods based on the Petrov- 0, 1, . . .) with the parameters 𝛼 > −1, 𝛽 > −1 are satisfying
Galerkin, Least-Squares finite-elements, and B-spline finite the following relations:
element methods to solve Burgers’ equation. A method
based on collocation of modified cubic B-splines over finite (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
𝑃𝑘 (−𝑥) = (−1)𝑘 𝑃𝑘 (𝑥) ,
elements has been investigated by Mittal and Jain in [30].
In this work, we propose a J-GL-C method to numerically
(𝛼,𝛽) (−1)𝑘 Γ (𝑘 + 𝛽 + 1)
solve the following three nonlinear time-dependent Burgers’- 𝑃𝑘 (−1) = , (4)
type equations: 𝑘!Γ (𝛽 + 1)
respectively. Now, we introduce the following discrete inner and accordingly, (14) takes the form
product and norm:
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡)
𝑁
(𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
(𝑢, V)𝑤(𝛼,𝛽) = ∑ 𝑢 (𝑥𝑁,𝑗 ) V (𝑥𝑁,𝑗 ) 𝜛𝑁,𝑗 , 𝑁
1 𝑁 (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
𝑗=0 (8) = ∑( ∑𝑃 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 ) 𝜛𝑁,𝑖 𝑢 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 , 𝑡)) 𝑃𝑗 (𝑥) ,
𝑗=0 ℎ𝑗 𝑖=0 𝑗
‖𝑢‖𝑤(𝛼,𝛽) = (𝑢, 𝑢)1/2
𝑤(𝛼,𝛽)
. (15)
For 𝛼 = 𝛽, one recovers the ultraspherical polynomials or equivalently takes the form
(symmetric Jacobi polynomials) and for 𝛼 = 𝛽 = ∓1/2, 𝛼 =
𝛽 = 0, the Chebyshev of the first and second kinds 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡)
and the Legendre polynomials, respectively; and for the
nonsymmetric Jacobi polynomials, the two important special 𝑁 𝑁
1 (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
cases 𝛼 = −𝛽 = ±1/2 (the Chebyshev polynomials of the third = ∑ (∑ 𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 ) 𝑃𝑗 (𝑥) 𝜛𝑁,𝑖 ) 𝑢 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 , 𝑡) .
𝑖=0 ℎ
𝑗=0 𝑗
and fourth kinds) are also recovered.
(16)
3. Jacobi Spectral Collocation Method The spatial partial derivatives with respect to 𝑥 in (9) can be
computed at the J-GL-C points to give
Since the collocation method approximates the differential
equations in physical space, it is very easy to implement and (𝛼,𝛽)
be adaptable to various problems, including variable coeffi- 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥𝑁,𝑛 , 𝑡)
cient and nonlinear differential equations (see, for instance 𝑁 𝑁
[4, 6]). In this section, we develop the J-GL-C method to 1 (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
= ∑(∑ 𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 ) (𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑛 )) 𝜛𝑁,𝑖 )𝑢(𝑥𝑁,𝑖 , 𝑡)
numerically solve the Burgers-type equations. ℎ
𝑖=0 𝑗=0 𝑗
𝑁
3.1. (1 + 1)-Dimensional Burgers’ Equation. In 1939, Burg- (𝛼,𝛽)
ers has simplified the Navier-Stokes equation by dropping = ∑𝐴 𝑛𝑖 𝑢 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 , 𝑡) , 𝑛 = 0, 1, . . . , 𝑁,
𝑖=0
the pressure term to obtain his one-dimensional Burgers’
equation. This equation has many applications in applied (𝛼,𝛽)
𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑁,𝑛 , 𝑡)
mathematics, such as modeling of gas dynamics [36, 37],
modeling of fluid dynamics, turbulence, boundary layer 𝑁 𝑁
1 (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
behavior, shock wave formation, and traffic flow [38]. In this = ∑ (∑ 𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 ) (𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑛 )) 𝜛𝑁,𝑖 )𝑢(𝑥𝑁,𝑖 , 𝑡)
subsection, we derive a J-GL-C method to solve numerically 𝑖=0 ℎ
𝑗=0 𝑗
the (1 + 1)-dimensional Burgers’ model problem:
𝑁
(𝛼,𝛽)
𝑢𝑡 + ]𝑢𝑢𝑥 − 𝜇𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0; (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐷 × [0, 𝑇] , (9) = ∑𝐵𝑛𝑖 𝑢(𝑥𝑁,𝑖 , 𝑡) ,
𝑖=0
(17)
where
where
𝐷 = {𝑥 : −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} , (10)
𝑁
1 (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
subject to the boundary conditions 𝐴 𝑛𝑖 = ∑ 𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 ) (𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑛 )) 𝜛𝑁,𝑖 ,
𝑗=0 ℎ𝑗
𝑢 (−1, 𝑡) = 𝑔1 (𝑡) , 𝑢 (1, 𝑡) = 𝑔2 (𝑡) , 𝑡 ∈ [0, 𝑇] , (11) (18)
𝑁
1 (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽) (𝛼,𝛽)
and the initial condition 𝐵𝑛𝑖 = ∑ 𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑖 ) (𝑃𝑗 (𝑥𝑁,𝑛 )) 𝜛𝑁,𝑖 .
𝑗=0 ℎ𝑗
𝑢 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷. (12)
Making use of (17) and (18) enables one to rewrite (9) in the
Now we assume that form:
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
Using Equation (19) and using the two-point boundary and physics applications, gas dynamic, and traffic flow. The
conditions (11) generate a system of (𝑁 − 1) ODEs in time: Burger-Fisher equation can be written in the following form:
𝑁−1 𝑁−1
𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − ]𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝛾𝑢 (1 − 𝑢) ; (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐷 × [0, 𝑇] , (26)
𝑢̇𝑛 (𝑡) + ]𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) ∑ 𝐴 𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (𝑡) − 𝜇 ∑ 𝐵𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 (21) where
+]𝑑𝑛 (𝑡) − 𝜇𝑑̃𝑛 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑛 = 1, . . . , 𝑁 − 1,
𝐷 = {𝑥 : −1 < 𝑥 < 1} , (27)
where
subject to the boundary conditions
𝑑𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑛𝑜 𝑔1 (𝑡) + 𝐴 𝑛𝑁𝑔2 (𝑡) ,
(22) 𝑢 (−1, 𝑡) = 𝑔1 (𝑡) , 𝑢 (1, 𝑡) = 𝑔2 (𝑡) , (28)
𝑑̃𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝐵𝑛𝑜 𝑔1 (𝑡) + 𝐵𝑛𝑁𝑔2 (𝑡) .
and the initial condition
Then the problem (9)–(12) transforms to the SODEs:
𝑢 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷. (29)
𝑁−1 𝑁−1
𝑢̇𝑛 (𝑡) + ]𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) ∑ 𝐴 𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (𝑡) − 𝜇 ∑ 𝐵𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
The same procedure of Section 3.1 can be used to reduce
(23) (26)–(29) to the system of nonlinear differential equations
+ ]𝑑𝑛 (𝑡) − 𝜇𝑑̃𝑛 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑛 = 1, . . . , 𝑁 − 1, in the unknown expansion coefficients of the sought-for
semianalytical solution. This system is solved by using the
(𝛼,𝛽)
𝑢𝑛 (0) = 𝑓 (𝑥𝑁,𝑛 ) , implicit Runge-Kutta method.
which may be written in the following matrix form: 3.3. (1 + 1)-Dimensional Generalized Burgers-Huxley Equa-
tion. The Huxley equation is a nonlinear partial differential
u̇ (𝑡) = F (𝑡, 𝑢 (𝑡)) , equation of second order of the form
(24)
u (0) = f,
𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢 (𝑘 − 𝑢) (𝑢 − 1) = 0; 𝑘 ≠ 0. (30)
where
It is an evolution equation that describes the nerve propaga-
𝑇
u̇ (𝑡) = [𝑢̇1 (𝑡) , 𝑢̇2 (𝑡) , . . . , 𝑢̇𝑁−1 (𝑡)] , tion [47] in biology from which molecular CB properties can
be calculated. It also gives a phenomenological description of
𝑇
f = [𝑓 (𝑥𝑁,1 ) , 𝑓 (𝑥𝑁,2 ) , . . . , 𝑓 (𝑥𝑁,𝑁−1 )] , the behavior of the myosin heads II. In addition to this non-
linear evolution equation, combined forms of this equation
𝑇
F (𝑡, 𝑢 (𝑡)) = [𝐹1 (𝑡, 𝑢 (𝑡)) , 𝐹2 (𝑡, 𝑢 (𝑡)) , . . . , 𝐹𝑁−1 (𝑡, 𝑢 (𝑡))] , and Burgers’ equation will be investigated. It is interesting to
point out that this equation includes the convection term 𝑢𝑥
𝑁−1 𝑁−1
and the dissipation term 𝑢𝑥𝑥 in addition to other terms. In this
𝐹𝑛 (𝑡, 𝑢 (𝑡)) = −]𝑢𝑛 (𝑡) ∑ 𝐴 𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (𝑡) + 𝜇 ∑ 𝐵𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (𝑡) subsection, we derive J-GL-C method to solve numerically
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
the (1+1)-dimensional generalized Burgers-Huxley equation:
− ]𝑑𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝜇𝑑̃𝑛 (𝑡) , 𝑛 = 1, . . . , 𝑁 − 1.
(25) 𝑢𝑡 + ]𝑢𝛿 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝜂𝑢 (1 − 𝑢𝛿 ) (𝑢𝛿 − 𝛾) = 0,
(31)
The SODEs (24) in time may be solved using any standard (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐷 × [0, 𝑇] ,
technique, like the implicit Runge-Kutta method.
where
3.2. (1 + 1)-Dimensional Burger-Fisher Equation. The Burger-
Fisher equation is a combined form of Fisher and Burgers’ 𝐷 = {𝑥 : −1 < 𝑥 < 1} , (32)
equations. The Fisher equation was firstly introduced by
Fisher in [39] to describe the propagation of a mutant subject to the boundary conditions:
gene. This equation has a wide range of applications in a
large number of the fields of chemical kinetics [40], logistic 𝑢 (−1, 𝑡) = 𝑔1 (𝑡) , 𝑢 (1, 𝑡) = 𝑔2 (𝑡) , (33)
population growth [41], flame propagation [42], population
in one-dimensional habitual [43], neutron population in a and the initial condition:
nuclear reaction [44], neurophysiology [45], autocatalytic
chemical reactions [19], branching the Brownian motion 𝑢 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷. (34)
processes [40], and nuclear reactor theory [46]. Moreover,
the Burger-Fisher equation has a wide range of applications in The same procedure of Sections 3.1 and 3.2 is used to solve
various fields of financial mathematics, applied mathematics numerically (30)–(34).
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5
[ −]𝛿 + 𝛿√] + 4𝜂 (1 + 𝛿) ]]
2
choices of the Jacobi parameters 𝛼 and 𝛽 reveals that the [𝛾 𝛾
present method is very effective and convenient for all choices = [ + tanh [𝑥𝛾 ]] ,
2 2 4 (𝛿 + 1)
of 𝛼 and 𝛽. We consider the following three examples. [ [ ]]
× (𝐴 − (]𝛾 (1+𝛿−𝛾) (√]2 +4𝜂 (1 + 𝛿)−])) where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) and 𝑢̃(𝑥, 𝑡), is the exact solution and the
approximate solution at the point (𝑥, 𝑡), respectively.
1/𝛿 In the cases of 𝛾 = 10−3 , ] = 𝜂 = 𝛿 = 1, and 𝑁 = 4,
−1 ]] Table 1 lists the comparison of absolute errors of problem
× (2(𝛿 + 1)2 ) 𝑡) ]] ,
(35) subject to (36) and (37) using the J-GL-C method for
]] different choices of 𝛼 and 𝛽 with references [19], in the
interval [0, 1]. Moreover in Tables 2 and 3, the absolute errors
𝑢 (𝐵, 𝑡)
of this problem with 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2 and various choices of
𝑥, 𝑡 for 𝛿 = 1 (3), in both intervals [0, 1] and [−1, 1], are
[𝛾 𝛾 given, respectively. In Table 4, maximum absolute errors with
=[ +
2 2 various choices of (𝛼, 𝛽) for both values of 𝛿 = 1, 3 are given
[ where ] = 𝛾 = 𝜂 = 0.001, in both intervals [0, 1] and [−1, 1].
Moreover, the absolute errors of problem (35) are shown in
[ −]𝛿 + 𝛿√] + 4𝜂 (1 + 𝛿)
2 Figures 1, 2, and 3 for 𝛿 = 1, 2, and 3 with values of parameters
× tanh [𝛾 listed in their captions, respectively, while in Figure 4, we
4 (𝛿 + 1)
[ plotted the approximate solution of this problem where 𝛼 = 0,
𝛽 = 1, ] = 𝜂 = 𝛾 = 10−3 , and 𝑁 = 12 for 𝛿 = 1. These
× (𝐵 − (]𝛾 (1+𝛿−𝛾) (√]2 +4𝜂 (1+𝛿)−])) figures demonstrate the good accuracy of this algorithm for
all choices of 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝑁 and moreover in any interval.
1/𝛿
Example 2. Consider the nonlinear time-dependent one
2 −1 ]]
× (2(𝛿 + 1) ) 𝑡) ]] , dimensional Burgers-type equation:
]]
(36) 𝑢𝑡 + ]𝑢𝑢𝑥 − 𝜇𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0; (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ [𝐴, 𝐵] × [0, 𝑇] , (40)
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis
Table 1: Comparison of absolute errors of Example 1 with results from different articles, where 𝑁 = 4, 𝛾 = 10−3 , and ] = 𝜂 = 𝛿 = 1.
Table 2: Absolute errors with 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2, 𝛿 = 1 and various choices of 𝑥, 𝑡 for Example 1.
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 𝐵 ] 𝛾 𝜂 𝑁 𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐸
0.0 0.1 0 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 12 7.04 × 10−12 −1 1 2.47 × 10−11
0.1 5.61 × 10−11 4.19 × 10−12
0.2 7.29 × 10−11 7.01 × 10−12
0.3 8.26 × 10−12 4.59 × 10−11
0.4 4.37 × 10−11 5.74 × 10−11
0.5 2.47 × 10−11 1.44 × 10−11
0.6 7.01 × 10−12 2.16 × 10−11
0.7 5.74 × 10−11 3.74 × 10−11
0.8 2.15 × 10−11 1.03 × 10−10
0.9 1.03 × 10−10 1.25 × 10−10
1 4.64 × 10−12 4.64 × 10−12
0.0 0.2 0 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 12 1.33 × 10−11 −1 1 4.92 × 10−11
0.1 1.11 × 10−10 8.33 × 10−12
0.2 1.46 × 10−10 1.42 × 10−11
0.3 1.65 × 10−11 9.20 × 10−11
0.4 8.74 × 10−11 1.15 × 10−10
0.5 4.92 × 10−11 2.87 × 10−11
0.6 1.42 × 10−11 4.30 × 10−11
0.7 1.14 × 10−10 7.49 × 10−11
0.8 4.30 × 10−11 2.05 × 10−10
0.9 2.05 × 10−10 2.51 × 10−10
1 1.09 × 10−11 1.09 × 10−11
subject to the boundary conditions If we apply the generalized tanh method [48], then we find
that the analytical solution of (40) is
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑢 (𝐴, 𝑡) = − tanh [ (𝐴 − 𝑐𝑡)] , 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − tanh [ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)] . (43)
] ] 2𝜇 ] ] 2𝜇
(41)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 In Table 5, the maximum absolute errors of (40) subject to
𝑢 (𝐵, 𝑡) = − tanh [ (𝐵 − 𝑐𝑡)] ,
] ] 2𝜇 (41) and (42) are introduced using the J-GL-C method, with
various choices of (𝛼, 𝛽) in both intervals [0, 1] and [−1, 1].
and the initial condition Absolute errors between exact and numerical solutions of this
problem are introduced in Table 6 using the J-GL-C method
for 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2 with 𝑁 = 20, and ] = 10, 𝜇 = 0.1 and
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 = 0.1 in both intervals [0, 1] and [−1, 1]. In Figures 5, 6,
𝑢 (𝑥, 0) = − tanh [ 𝑥] , 𝑥 ∈ [𝐴, 𝐵] . (42)
] ] 2𝜇 and 7, we displayed the absolute errors of problem (40) for
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7
Table 3: Absolute errors with 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2, 𝛿 = 3 and various choices of 𝑥, 𝑡 for Example 1.
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 𝐵 ] 𝛾 𝜂 𝑁 𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐸
0.0 0.1 0 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 12 5.62 × 10−8 −1 1 8.32 × 10−9
0.1 6.50 × 10−6 2.99 × 10−6
0.2 4.67 × 10−6 1.65 × 10−6
0.3 3.08 × 10−6 2.44 × 10−6
0.4 1.65 × 10−6 3.09 × 10−6
0.5 8.33 × 10−9 1.97 × 10−6
0.6 1.65 × 10−6 4.67 × 10−6
0.7 3.09 × 10−6 3.79 × 10−6
0.8 4.67 × 10−6 6.53 × 10−6
0.9 6.53 × 10−6 35.32 × 10−6
1 5.66 × 10−8 5.66 × 10−8
0.0 0.2 0 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 12 2.27 × 10−7 −1 1 2.54 × 10−8
0.1 12.98 × 10−6 5.97 × 10−6
0.2 9.32 × 10−6 3.32 × 10−6
0.3 6.16 × 10−6 4.89 × 10−6
0.4 3.30 × 10−6 6.21 × 10−6
0.5 2.54 × 10−8 3.93 × 10−6
0.6 3.32 × 10−6 9.36 × 10−6
0.7 6.21 × 10−6 7.58 × 10−6
0.8 9.36 × 10−6 13.10 × 10−6
0.9 13.10 × 10−6 70.74 × 10−6
1 2.27 × 10−7 2.27 × 10−7
Table 4: Maximum absolute errors with various choices of (𝛼, 𝛽) for both values of 𝛿 = 1, 3 Example 3.
𝛼 𝛽 𝐴 𝐵 ] 𝛾 𝜂 𝛿 𝑁 𝑀𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝑀𝐸
different numbers of collation points and different choices Example 3. Consider the nonlinear time-dependent one-
of 𝛼 and 𝛽 in interval [0, 1] with values of parameters being dimensional generalized Burger-Fisher-type equation:
listed in their captions. Moreover, in Figure 8, we see that,
the approximate solution and the exact solution are almost
coincided for different values of 𝑡 (0, 0.5 and 0.9) of problem
(40) where ] = 10, 𝜇 = 0.1, 𝑐 = 0.1, 𝛼 = 𝛽 = −0.5, and 𝑁 = 20 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − ]𝑢𝛿 𝑢𝑥 + 𝛾𝑢 (1 − 𝑢𝛿 ) ; (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ [𝐴, 𝐵] × [0, 𝑇] ,
in interval [−1, 1]. (44)
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis
×10−7 0.00050005
8
10
̃ (x, t)
6 1.0 0.00050000
E 4
u
0.00049995
2
0 −10 5 t
0.0 0.5 t −5
0
x
0.5 5
x 10
0
0.0
1.0 Figure 4: The approximate solution of problem (35) where 𝛼 = 0,
𝛽 = 1, ] = 𝜂 = 𝛾 = 10−3 , and 𝑁 = 12 for 𝛿 = 1.
Figure 1: The absolute error of problem (35) where 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0,
] = 𝜂 = 𝛾 = 10−3 , and 𝑁 = 4 for 𝛿 = 1.
×10−9
−7 1.5
×10
4 1.0
1
3 1.0 E
5
E 2
1 0
0.0 0.5
0 t
0.5 t
0.2
0.5
0.4 x
x 0.6
0.0
0.8 1.0
0.0
Figure 5: The absolute error of problem (40) where ] = 10, 𝜇 = 0.1,
Figure 2: The absolute error of problem (35) where 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2,
𝑐 = 0.1, −𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2, and 𝑁 = 12.
] = 𝜂 = 𝛾 = 10−3 , and 𝑁 = 4 for 𝛿 = 2.
×10−10
×10−6
4
2 3 1.0
1.0
E 1 E 2
1
0 0
0.5 0.0 0.5 t
0.2 t
0.4
0.5
x 0.6 x
0.8
0.0 0.0
1.0 1.0
Figure 3: The absolute error of problem (35) where −𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2, Figure 6: The absolute error of problem (40) where ] = 10, 𝜇 = 0.1,
] = 𝜂 = 𝛾 = 10−3 , and 𝑁 = 4 for 𝛿 = 3. 𝑐 = 0.1, 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2, and 𝑁 = 20.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9
Table 5: Maximum absolute errors with various choices of (𝛼, 𝛽) for Table 6: Absolute errors with 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2 and various choices of
Example 2. 𝑥, 𝑡 for Example 2.
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 𝐵 𝜇 ] 𝑁 𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐸
𝛼 𝛽 𝐴 𝐵 𝜇 ] 𝑁 𝑀𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝑀𝐸
0.0 0.1 0 1 0.1 10 20 1.34 × 10−12 −1 1 9.21 × 10−11
0 0 0 1 0.1 10 4 1.49 × 10−6 −1 1 5.62 × 10−7 0.1 8.71 × 10−11 8.70 × 10−11
−10
0.2 1.07 × 10 8.16 × 10−11
1/2 1/2 2.45 × 10−6 8.25 × 10−7 0.3 1.07 × 10−10
7.61 × 10−11
−1/2 −1/2 6.51 × 10−7 6.51 × 10−7 0.4 1.01 × 10−10 7.01 × 10−11
−11
0.5 9.21 × 10 6.38 × 10−11
−1/2 1/2 3.84 × 10−6 4.67 × 10−7 0.6 8.16 × 10−11
5.70 × 10−11
−11
1/2 −1/2 1.20 × 10−6 1.20 × 10−6 0.7 7.01 × 10 4.88 × 10−11
−11
0.8 5.70 × 10 3.85 × 10−11
0 0 0 1 0.1 10 16 1.43 × 10−9 −1 1 1.06 × 10−9 0.9 3.85 × 10−11
2.30 × 10−11
−12
1 1.34 × 10 1.34 × 10−12
1/2 1/2 1.62 × 10−9 1.18 × 10−9 −12
0.0 0.2 0 1 0.1 10 20 1.77 × 10 −1 1 3.35 × 10−10
−1/2 −1/2 6.70 × 10−10 4.45 × 10−10 0.1 2.71 × 10−10 3.17 × 10−10
−10
−1/2 1/2 6.68 × 10−10 4.49 × 10−10 0.2 3.61 × 10 2.98 × 10−10
−10
0.3 3.78 × 10 2.77 × 10−10
1/2 −1/2 6.67 × 10−10 4.23 × 10−10 0.4 3.64 × 10−10
2.55 × 10−10
−10
0.5 3.34 × 10 2.31 × 10−10
−10
0.6 2.98 × 10 2.03 × 10−10
−10
0.7 2.55 × 10 1.71 × 10−10
−10
0.8 2.02 × 10 1.30 × 10−10
0.9 1.30 × 10−10 7.70 × 10−11
−12
×10−9 1 1.77 × 10 1.77 × 10−12
1.5 1.0
1
E 0.5 and the initial condition
0 1/𝛿
0.5 1 1 ]𝛿
0.0 t 𝑢 (𝑥, 0) = [ − tanh [ (𝑥)]] , 𝑥 ∈ [𝐴, 𝐵] .
2 2 2 (𝛿 + 1)
0.5 (46)
x
0.0 The exact solution of (44) is
1.0
Figure 7: The absolute error of problem (40) where ] = 10, 𝜇 = 0.1, 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡)
𝑐 = 0.1, 𝛼 = 𝛽 = −1/2, and 𝑁 = 16. 1/𝛿
1 1 ]𝛿 ] 𝛾 (𝛿+1)
= [ − tanh [ (𝑥−( + ) 𝑡)]] .
2 2 2 (𝛿+1) 𝛿+1 ]
subject to the boundary conditions (47)
Table 7: Comparison of absolute errors of Example 3 with results from [19], where 𝑁 = 4, 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0, and various choices of 𝑥, 𝑡.
𝑥 𝑡 𝛾 ] 𝛿 [19] 𝐸 𝑥 𝑡 𝛾 ] 𝛿 [19] 𝐸
0.1 0.005 0.001 0.001 1 9.69 × 10−6 1.85 × 10−6 0.1 0.0005 1 1 2 1.40 × 10−3 3.83 × 10−5
0.001 1.94 × 10−6 3.72 × 10−7 0.0001 2.80 × 10−4 3.88 × 10−5
0.01 1.94 × 10−5 3.72 × 10−6 0.001 2.80 × 10−3 3.76 × 10−5
0.5 0.005 9.69 × 10−6 7.04 × 10−6 0.5 0.0005 1.35 × 10−3 2.32 × 10−5
0.001 1.94 × 10−6 1.41 × 10−6 0.0001 2.69 × 10−4 2.38 × 10−5
0.01 1.94 × 10−5 1.41 × 10−5 0.001 2.69 × 10−3 2.25 × 10−5
0.9 0.005 9.69 × 10−6 3.21 × 10−6 0.9 0.0005 1.28 × 10−3 1.58 × 10−5
0.001 1.94 × 10−6 6.42 × 10−7 0.0001 2.55 × 10−4 1.55 × 10−5
0.01 1.94 × 10−5 6.42 × 10−6 0.001 2.55 × 10−3 1.61 × 10−5
0.1 0.1
0.2 4.28 × 10−9 0.2 1.96 × 10−10
0.0010
0.3 4.66 × 10−9 0.3 3.52 × 10−10
0.4 4.93 × 10−9 0.4 5.62 × 10−10
0.009
0.5 5.05 × 10−9 0.5 7.31 × 10−10
0.6 4.93 × 10−9 0.6 7.87 × 10−10
0.008
−0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 4.49 × 10−9 0.7 8.23 × 10−10
x 0.8 3.61 × 10−9 0.8 8.17 × 10−10
0.9 2.26 × 10−9 0.9 8.05 × 10−10
u(x, 0.0) ̃ (x, 0.5)
u
̃ (x, 0.0)
u u(x, 0.9) 1.0 1.13 × 10−11 1.0 1.09 × 10−11
u(x, 0.5) ̃ (x, 0.9)
u
×10−10
8
6 1.0
4
E
2
0
−1.0 0.5 t
−0.5
0.0
x
×10−10 0.5
0.0
6 1.0
1.0
4
Figure 10: The absolute error of problem (44) where 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 1/2
E 2
and ] = 𝛾 = 10−2 at 𝑁 = 20.
0
−1.0 0.5
t
−0.5
0.0
5. Conclusion
x
0.5 An efficient and accurate numerical scheme based on the J-
0.0 GL-C spectral method is proposed to solve nonlinear time-
1.0
dependent Burgers-type equations. The problem is reduced
Figure 9: The absolute error of problem (44) where 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0 and to the solution of a SODEs in the expansion coefficient of
] = 𝛾 = 10−2 at 𝑁 = 20. the solution. Numerical examples were given to demonstrate
Abstract and Applied Analysis 11
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