DEUTSCHE NORM March 1994

Non-destructive testing
Image quality of radiographs DIN
Image quality indicators (wire type) and determination of image quality value EN462
Part 1
English version of DIN EN 462 Part 1

European Standard EN 462-1 :1994 has the status of a DIN Standard.

A comma is used as the decimal marker.

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National foreword
This standard has been prepared by CENíTC 138.
The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuß Materialprüfung (Materials Testing
Standards Committee), Technical Committee 882 Durchstrahlungsprüfung und Strahlenschutz.

Standards referred to
See Normative references.

Previous editions
DIN 1914: 08.35; DIN 541 1O: 01.53, 04.54; DIN 54 1O9 Part 1: 10.64, 05.76, 10.87.

Amendments
In comparison with DIN 54 1O9 Part 1, October 1987 edition, the following amendments have been made:
a) Specifications requiring a declaration of conformity (see subclause 4.4) have been introduced.
b) The letter ‘W’ (for wire) has been used to denote image quality indicators and wire numbers, in order to distinguish
wire type image quality indicators from step/hole types of image quality indicators.

International Patent Classification

G O1 T
G O1 N 023/00

EN comprises 8 pages.

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 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 462-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPAISCHE N O R M January 1994

UDC 620.179.152:771.537:001.4

Descriptors: Non-destructive testing, industrial radiography, photographic images, quality, image quality indicators, dimen-
sions, designations, marking, use.

English version

Non-destructive testing
Image quality of radiographs
Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire type)
Determination of image quality value

Essais non destructifs; qualité d’image Zersiörungsfreie Prüfung; Bildgüte von

des radiogrammes. Partie 1: Indicateurs Durchstrahlungsaufnahmen. Teil 1: Bild-
de la qualité d’image (a fils), détermination güteprüfkörper (Drahtsteg); Ermittlung der
de l’indice de qualité BiIdgütezahI

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1994-01-14.

CEN membersare bound to comply with the CENLENELEC InternalRegulationswhich stipulate
the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any
alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be
obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in
any other language made by translation under the responsibilityof a CEN member into its own
language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the nationalstandards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stascart 36,B-1050 Brussels

O 1994. Copyright reserved to all CEN members. Ref. No. EN 462-1 : 1994 E

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EN 462-1 : 1994

Contents
Page
Foreword .................................................................. 2
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Normative references ..................................................... 3
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Specification for wire type image quality indicators ............................ 4
5 Use of image quality indicators ............................................. 7
6 Determination of image quality value ........................................ 8

Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 ‘Non-destructive testing’, the Secretariat of
which is held by ANFOR.
EN 462-1 is Part of a series of European Standards, the other Part being the following :
EN 462-2 Non-destructive testing; image quality of radiographs. Part 2: Image quality indicators (step/hole type); determina-
tion of image quality value
EN 462-3 Non-destructive testing; image quality of radiographs. Part 3: Image quality class for ferrous metals
EN 462-4 Non-destructive testing; image quality of radiographs. Part 4: Experimental evalutation of image quality values and
image quality tables
EN 462-5 Non-destructive testing; image quality of radigraphs. Part 5: Image quality indicators (duplex wire type). Determi-
nation of total image unsharpness value
This European Standard has been prepared under a madate given to GEN by the Commission of the European Communities
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of relevant EC Directive(s).
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by
endorsement, and conflicting national standards withdrawn, by July 1994 at the latest.
In accordance with the CENKENELEC Internal Regulations, the following countries are bound to implement this European
Standard:
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

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EN 462-1 : 1994

1 Scope
This P a r t o f t h i s European Standard s p e c i f i e s a device and a method f o r t h e de-
t e r m i n a t i o n o f the image q u a l i t y o f radiographs. Other devices a r e the s u b j e c t
o f P a r t s 2 and 5 o f t h e standard.

2 Normative references
T h i s European Standard i n c o r p o r a t e s by dated o r undated reference, p r o v i s i o n s
from o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s . These normative references a r e c i t e d a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
places i n t h e t e x t and t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e l i s t e d h e r e a f t e r . For dated r e f e r -
ences, subsequent amendments t o o r r e v i s i o n s o f any o f these p u b l i c a t i o n s apply
t o t h i s European Standard o n l y when i n c o r p o r a t e d i n i t by amendment o r r e v i s i o n .
F o r undated references t h e l a t e s t e d i t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o
applies.

EN 462-2 Non-destructive t e s t i n g - Image q u a l i t y o f radiographs - P a r t 2 :

Image q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r s ( s t e p / h o l e t y p e ) , d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f image
qual it y v a l uesl )

EN 462-4 Non-destructive t e s t i n g -
Image q u a l i t y o f radiographs - P a r t 4:
Experimental e v a l u a t i o n o f image q u a l i t y values and image q u a l i t y
tables')

EN 462-5 Non-destructive t e s t i n g - Image q u a l i t y o f radiographs - P a r t 5:

Image q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r s (Duplex w i r e type) - Determination o f image
unsharpness v a l u e l )

EN 25 580 Non-destructive t e s t i n g - I n d u s t r i a l r a d i o g r a p h i c i l l u m i n a t o r s -
Minimum requirements (IS0 5580:1985)

EN 45 014 General c r i t e r i a f o r s u p p l i e r s , d e c l a r a t i o n o f c o n f o r m i t y

3 Definitions
For t h e purposes o f t h i s standard, t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n s apply:

3.1 Image q u a l l t y

That c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a r a d i o g r a p h i c image which determines t h e degree of de-

t a i l which i t shows.

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3.2 Image q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r (IQI)

A device comprising a s e r l e s o f elements o f graded dimensions which enable a

measure o f t h e image q u a l i t y t o be obtained. The elements o f IQI
a r e comnonly
w i r e s o r steps w i t h holes.

3.3 Image quallty value

A measure o f t h e image q u a l i t y r e q u i r e d o r achieved and i s equal t o t h e w i r e

number g i v e n i n t a b l e 1 f o r t h e t h i n n e s t w i r e which can be d e t e c t e d on t h e r a -
d i og raph .
a ) I n preparation

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EN 462-1 : 1994

4 S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r w i r e type image q u a l l t y l n d l c a t o r t

4.1 Dimension, designation

Figure 1 represents a wire-type image q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r .

Dimensions i n m i l l i m e t e r

al

a ) Space f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n marking

Figure 1: Image q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r ( w i r e type)

The IQI system i s based on a s e r i e s o f 19 wires o f d i f f e r e n t diameters which

a r e s p e c i f i e d i n t a b l e 1 together w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t tolerances and the w i r e
numbers. This s e r i e s o f w i r e s has been subdivided i n t o f o u r overlapping ranges
o f 7 consecutive w i r e numbers, viz. U1 t o W7, W6 t o W12, U10 t a U16 and W13 t o
W19. The 7 w i r e s i n an I Q I a r e arranged p a r a l l e l t o each other. The lengtns o f
t h e wires, 1, a r e 10 m, 25 mn o r 50 mn.

The w r i t t e n designation o f an image q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r s h a l l g i v e the symbol IQI,

t h e number o f t h i s standard, the w i r e number o f the t h i c k e s t w i r e as s p e c i f i e d
i n t a b l e 1 (e. g. W l o ) , the symbol denoting the w i r e m a t e r i a l (e. g. FE) and
t h e l e n g t h (e. g. 25):

EXAMPLE 1: IQI EN 462 - W 10 FE-25

The f u l l designation may be abbreviated t o the w i r e number o f t h e t h i c k e s t w i r e

of the IQI (e. g. W 10) and t h e w i r e m a t e r i a l (e. 9. FE) where reference t o
t h i s standard i s clear.

EXAMPLE 2: U 10 FE

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4.2 Materlal

A l l t h e w i r e s o f an IQI s h a l l c o n s i s t o f t h e same m a t e r i a l and s h a l l be embedded

i n a p r o t e c t i v e covering o f a m a t e r i a l which s h a l l n o t a f f e c t t h e image q u a l i t y
value. See t a b l e 2 f o r usual w i r e m a t e r i a l s .

4.3 Marking o f I Q I
The marking a p p l i e d on the IQI (see f i g u r e 1) s h a l l g i v e the f o l l o w i n g
in f o m a t ion :

a) The number o f t h e t h i c k e s t w i r e (1, 6, 10 o r 13);

t h i s i s l o c a t e d a t t h e s i d e of t h e t h i c k e s t wire.

b) The symbol i d e n t i f y i n g t h e w i r e m a t e r i a l used, e. g. FE.

c ) The EN symbol, example: 10 FE EN.

The radiographic image o f t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s h a l l n o t cause g l a r e when t h e f i l m

i s viewed. I t i s recomnended t h a t t h e absorption o f the marking i s n o t more than
t w i c e t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f t h e t h i c k e s t wire.

4.4 Declaration o f conformity

Each IQI s h a l l be d e l i v e r e d w i t h a d e c l a r a t i o n o f conformity according t o

EN 45 014 o r from an a c c r e d i t e d l a b o r a t o r y which confirms t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c -
a t i o n s o f t h i s standard a r e f u l f i l l e d . F o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , t h e 101 s h a l l be
numbered and marked by t h e producer.

NOTE: E x i s t i n g I Q I ' s which conform t o t h e dimensions i n 4.1 may be used

u n t i l 1995.

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EN 462-1 : 1994

Table 1: Wire numbers, diameters and limit deviations

(Dimensions in millimeter)

Image quality indicator wire

i ncl udi ng wire
nomi na1 centre1 ine
wire spacing
wire number a

7,5+)j

w 3 2,oo 6 'i
1,60

1,25

U 6 l,oo -4- 0,02

U 7 0,80
0,63

0,50
w 10 0,40

w
u
W 13

W 14

w
11
12

15
1- 0,32

0.16

0,125 1
-+ 0,Ol
5 '1

W 16 o, 100
W 17 O , 080 + 0,005

u 18 0,063 I
w 19 0,050 I

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5 Use o f image q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r s

5.1 Selection

The c r i t e r i a f o r s e l e c t i n g the IQI

t o be used s h a l l be t h e m a t e r i a l under t e s t
and t h e image q u a l i t y value expected o r required.

The w i r e m a t e r i a l s h a l l have a c o e f f i c i e n t o f absorption as close as p o s s i b l e t o

t h a t o f the m a t e r i a l under t e s t . Where IQIs as l i s t e d i n t a b l e 2 a r e used f o r
m a t e r i a l s o t h e r than those l i s t e d in t h i s t a b l e r e f e r t o EN 462-4. I n such
cases, t h e w i r e m a t e r i a l s h a l l have the next lowest c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n t o
t h a t o f t h e o b j e c t under t e s t . I f t h i s i s n o t f e a s i b l e because t h e d i f f e r e n c e s
i n a b s o r p t i o n a r e t o o g r e a t , IQIs made o f the same type o f m a t e r i a l as the ob-
j e c t under t e s t s h a l l be used.

Table 2: Types o f IQIand w i r e m a t e r i a l s used f o r

selected groups o f m a t e r i a l s

Image q u a l i t y Wire number W i re material Sui t a b l e f o r t e s t &

indicator the following
materials
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w 1 CU w 1 to W 7 Copper Copper, z i n c ,
W 6CU W 6 to W 12 t i n and t h e i r
w 10 CU W 10 to W 16 a l 1oys
W 13 CU W 13 to W 19

W 1 FE w 1toW 7 Steel Ferrous m a t e r i a l s

W 6 FE W 6 t o W 12 (low a l l o y e d )
W 10 FE W 10 t o W 16
W 13 FE W 13 t o W 19

W 1TI w 1to W 7 T i t a n i um T i t a n i u m and

W 6 TI W 6 to W 12 t h e i r al 1oys
W 10 T I W 10 t o U 16
W 13 T I U 13 t o W 19

U 1 AL w 1to W 7 Aluminium Aluminium

W 6AL W 6 to W 12 and t h e i r
W 10 AL W 10 t o W 16 a l 1oys
W 13 AL U 13 t o W 19

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5.2 Arrangement

When t h e radiograph i s taken, the 101 s h a l l be placed on the s i d e o f t h e section

under t e s t f a c i n g the source o f r a d i a t i o n and remote f r o m the f i l m .

I f t h i s i s n o t possible, the IQI may be placed adjacent t o the side o f t h e sect-

i o n under t e s t nearest t h e f i l m . To i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s arrangement has been
used, t h e image o f a lead l e t t e r F s h a l l be v i s i b l e on the radiograph near t o
the IQI marking.

The IQI s h a l l be placed on the o b j e c t i n an area where the thickness i s as u n i -

form as possible.

Other special arrangements may be s p e c i f i e d i n a p p l i c a t i o n standards.

6 Determination o f image q u a l i t y value

I n determining the image q u a l i t y value, the c o n d i t i o n s f o r viewing radiographs

s p e c i f i e d i n EN 25 580 s h a l l be observed. l h e number o f the t h i n n e s t w i r e which
is v i s i b l e on the radiograph s h a l l be taken as the image q u a l i t y value. The
image o f a w i r e i s accepted i f a continuous l e n g t h o f a t l e a s t 10 mn is c l e a r l y
v i s i b l e i n a region o f u n i f o r m o p t i c a l density.

I n general, the image q u a l i t y value s h a l l be determined f o r every radiograph f o r

which a v e r i f i c a t i o n o f image q u a l i t y i s required.

I f steps have been taken t o guarantee t h a t radiographs o f s i m i l a r t e s t o b j e c t s

and regions a r e produced w i t h i d e n t i c a l exposure and processing techniques and
no d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e image q u a l i t y value a r e l i k e l y , the image q u a l i t y need
n o t be v e r i f i e d f o r every radiograph, t h e extent o f image q u a l i t y v e r i f i c a t i o n
being subject t o agreement between t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s .

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