PERSPECTIVE MANAGEMENT

RONNIE KURIAKOSE

ALKESH DINESH MODI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

STUDIES

ROLLNO 42

CONTENTS

 CULTURE OF EGYPT WHICH BUILT PYRAMID

 GREEK CULTURE, BUILT EMPIRE FROM BRITIAN TO SYRIA
 KAUTILYA ARTHAHSASTRA
 MOHENJODARO & HARAPPA ANCIENT ARYAN CIVILIZATION
 BUDDHA ORDER & SANGHA
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Culture of Egypt

 Religion
Religion was very important to the Ancient Egyptians. Their religion was strongly
influenced by tradition, which caused them to resist change. "Egyptians did not
question the beliefs which had been handed down to them; they did not desire
change in their society. Due to their beliefs, the Pharaoh held an immense amount of
power. In addition, the priests in Ancient Egypt were also very powerful. Their
religion hosted about 700 different gods and goddesses. In addition, it was not
uncommon for deities to be combined to form a new deity. One of the more famous
aspects of the Egyptian religious beliefs was their ideas of the afterlife. They
believed the physical body had to be preserved to allow a place for their spirit to
dwell in the afterlife. Because of this, mummification was performed to preserve the
body. In addition, large pyramids were constructed as tombs for the pharaohs in the
Old Kingdom. Later, rock cut tombs were used to bury the pharaohs.

 Mathematics
The ancient Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to implement Mathematical
numbers. The traditional view of Ancient Egypt's 'additive' scholars reports that
Egyptians confined themselves to applications of practical arithmetic with many
problems addressing how a number of loaves can be divided equally between a
number of men.

 Medicine
Ancient Egyptian Medicine refers to the practices of healing common in Ancient
Egypt from c. 33rd century BC until the Persian invasion of 525 BC. This medicine
was highly advanced for the time, and included simple, non-invasive surgery, setting
of bones and an extensive set of pharmacopoeia. While ancient Egyptian remedies
are often characterized in modern culture by magical incantations and dubious
ingredients, research in biomedical Egyptology shows they were often effective and
sixty-seven percent of the known formulae complied with the 1973 British
Pharmaceutical Codex. Medical texts specified specific steps of examination,
diagnosis, prognosis and treatments that were often rational and appropriate.

 Technology
The characteristics of ancient Egyptian technology are indicated by a set of
artifacts and customs that lasted for thousands of years. The Egyptians invented and
used many basic machines, such as the ramp and the lever, to aid construction
 processes. They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships, unknown again until
modern engineering. Egyptian paper, made from papyrus, and pottery was mass
produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean basin. The wheel, however,
did not arrive until foreign invaders introduced the chariot in the 16th century B.C.
The Egyptians also played an important role in developing Mediterranean maritime
technology including ships and lighthouses.

 Language
The Egyptian language, which formed a separate branch among the family of Afro-
Asiatic languages, was among the first written languages. The "Koiné" dialect of the
Greek language was important in Hellenistic Alexandria, and was used in the
philosophy and science of that culture, and was later studied by Arabic scholars.
Arabic came to Egypt in the seventh century and Egyptian Arabic has since become
the modern speech of the country. Of the many [[varieties of Arabic, it is the most
widely spoken second dialect, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema
throughout the Arabic-speaking world.
 Culture of Greece
 Language The Greek language is the official language of the Hellenic Republic and has
a total of 15 million speakers worldwide; it is an Indo-European language. The history
of the language spans 3000 years. Greek has had enormous impact on other languages
both directly on the Romance languages, and indirectly through its influence on the
emerging Latin language during the early days of Rome. Signs of this influence, and its
many developments, can be seen throughout the family of Western European
languages.

 Literature Greece has a remarkably rich and resilient literary tradition, extending
over 2800 years and through several eras. The Classical era is that most
commonly associated with Greek Literature, beginning in 800 BCE and maintaining its
influence through to the beginnings of Byzantine period, whereafter the influence of
Christianity began to spawn a new development of the Greek written word. The many
elements of a millennia-old tradition are reflected in Modern Greek literature,
including the works of the Nobel laureates Odysseus Elytis and George Seferis.

 Religion The Greek population is composed of a 97% of Christian Orthodox. The rest
of the population is Muslim, Roman Catholic and Jewish. Greece (and the Greek
Islands) and Russia are the only countries to have such a great proportion of people
that belong to the Orthodox Church. The Orthodox Church forms the third largest
branch of Christianity after the Roman Catholics and the Protestants.

 Mathematics Greek mathematics, as that term is used in this article, is the

mathematics written in Greek, developed from the 6th century BC to the 4th century
AD around the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. Greek mathematicians lived in
cities spread over the entire Eastern Mediterranean, from Italy to North Africa, but
were united by culture and language. Greek mathematics of the period following
Alexander the Great is sometimes called Hellenistic mathematics. The word
"mathematics" itself derives from the ancient Greek μάθημα (mathema), meaning
"subject of instruction". The study of mathematics for its own sake and the use of
generalized mathematical theories and proofs is the key difference between Greek
mathematics and those of preceding civilizations.
 Medicine The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC.
Alcmaeon, author of the first anatomical work, worked at this school, and it was here
that the practice of observing patients was established. Ancient Greek medicine
centered around the theory of humours. The most important figure in ancient Greek
medicine is the physician Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Medicine", who
established his own medical school at Cos.[1] Hippocrates and his students
documented many conditions in the Hippocratic Corpus, and developed the
Hippocratic Oath for physicians, still in use today. The Greek Galen was one of the
greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations—
including brain and eye surgeries— that were not tried again for almost two
millennia. The writings of Hippocrates, Galen, and others had a lasting influence on
Medieval European medicine and Islamic medicine, until many of their finding
eventually became obsolete from the 14th century onwards.

 Technology Ancient Greek technology developed at an unprecedented speed

during the 5th century BC, continuing up to and including the Roman period, and
beyond. Inventions that are credited to the ancient Greeks such as the gear, screw,
rotary mills, screw press, bronze casting techniques, water clock, water organ, torsion
catapult and the use of steam to operate some experimental machines and toys and a
chart to find prime numbers. Many of these inventions occurred late in the Greek
period, often inspired by the need to improve weapons and tactics in war. However,
peaceful uses are shown by their early development of the watermill, a device which
pointed to further exploitation on a large scale under the Romans. They developed
surveying and mathematics to an advanced state, and many of their technical
advances were published by philosophers like Archimedes and Hero.
 Kautilya Arthasastra

Kautilya`s Arthasastra can be related with the sources of the Mauryan history. Besides being a very
important source, Kautilya`s Arthasastra is such an important treatise that it deserves a special and
separate mention and elaboration. With the help of Kautilya or Chanakya, Chandra Gupta ascended the
throne of Magadha after killing the Nanda king. It is on account of this that certain writers call him as
`king maker`. Kautilya`s Arthasastra is very important from the historical point of view. It is the earliest
treatise of such high value in the field of political theories and the actual organization of administrative
machinery.

"Arthasastra is a comprehensive work which deals not only with the political theories and the actual
organization of administrative machinery but also matters connected with state and society, which could
not form the subject matter of law, sociology and economics. At first these subjects were treated in a
section in the Dharmasutras and later in Acharangesutras. The Arthasastra is the earliest extent work of
this class, but it contains references to a large number of treatises that were regarded as authoritative
in. His days. Arthasastra gradually came to be regarded as the standard work on the subject and, as
often happens the previous works were cast into shade and completely lost by the pre eminence and
the well-deserved reputation of this masterly and comprehensive treatise."

`Arthasastra` is divided into 15 chapters dealing with different subjects of political and historical
significance. It also deals with the subjects such as the duties of the king, selection of the minister,
organization of the different departments of state, foreign policy justice, taxation, Education of the
princes etc. The scholars have regarded it as the `most valuable work` in the field of secular literature.
According toa great historian, "It is a unique work in the whole range of Indian literature, Kautilya may
be compared with Machiavellie because like him he tried to separate ethics and politics."
 Mohenjo-daro
Significance

Mohenjo-daro in ancient times was most likely one of the administrative centers of the ancient
Indus Valley Civilization. [9] It was the most developed and advanced city in South Asia, and
perhaps the world, during its peak. The planning and engineering showed the importance of the
city to the people of the Indus valley.[10]

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1700 BCE, flowered 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC,
was an ancient riverine civilization that flourished in the Indus river valley in ancient India (now
Pakistan and the present north-west India). Another name for this civilization is the "Harappan
Civilization."

The Indus culture blossomed over the centuries and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization
around 3000 BCE. The civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, but
suddenly went into decline around 1900 BCE. Indus Civilization settlements spread as far south
as the Arabian Sea coast of India in Gujarat, as far west as the Iranian border, with an outpost in
Bactria. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro,
as well as Lothal.

The Mohenjo-daro ruins were one of the major centers of this ancient society. At its peak, some
archaeologists opine that the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five
million.

To date, over a thousand cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the Indus River
valley in Pakistan and northwestern India.
 Sangha
Is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as "association" or "assembly," "company" or
"community" with common goal, vision or purpose.

Qualities of the Sangha

The Sangha: "The Sangha of the Blessed One's disciples (Savakas) is:

1. practising the good way

2. practising the upright way
3. practising the knowledgeable or logical way
4. practising the proper way;

that is, the four pairs of persons, the eight types of individuals - This Sangha of the Blessed
One's disciples is:

1. worthy of gifts
2. worthy of hospitality
3. worthy of offerings
4. worthy of reverential salutation
5. the unsurpassed field of merit for the world."

Monastic tradition

The Sangha of monks and the Sangha of nuns were originally established by Gautama Buddha in
the 5th century BCE in order to provide a means for those who wish to practise the Dhamma full
time, in a direct and highly disciplined way, free from the restrictions and responsibilities of the
household life. The Sangha also fulfils the function of preserving the Buddha’s original teachings
and of providing spiritual support for the Buddhist lay-community. Monks and nuns may own
only the barest minimum of possessions due to their samaya as renunciates (ideally, three
robes, an alms bowl, a cloth belt, a needle and thread, a razor for shaving the head, and a water
filter). In practice, they often have a few additional personal possessions. The idea that all
Buddhists, especially monks and nuns practice vegetarianism is a Western misperception. In
some Sanskrit sutras meat eating is strongly discouraged whilst in Pali Sutras the Buddha
specifically rejected a suggestion by a senior monk to impose vegetarianism on the Sangha he
Buddha himself is recorded as having consumed meat.
 Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution started in England around 1733 with the first cotton mill. A more
modern world had begun. As new inventions were being created, factories followed soon
thereafter. England wanted to keep its industrialization a secret, so they prohibited anyone who
had worked in a factory to leave the country. Meanwhile, Americans offered a significant
reward to anyone who could build a cotton-spinning machine in the United States. Samuel
Slater, who had been an apprentice in an English cotton factory, disguised himself and came to
America. Once here, he reconstructed a cotton-spinning machine from memory. He then
proceeded to build a factory of his own. The Industrial Revolution had arrived in the United
States.

The Industrial Revolution brought severe consequences to society. Factory owners, needing
cheap, unskilled labor, profited greatly by using children and women to run the machines. By
the age of 6, many children were already working 14 hours a day in factories! These kids had no
free time to do anything else and earned low wages. Some got sick and died because of the
toxic fumes, while others were severely injured and sometimes killed working at the dangerous
machines in factories. Obviously, the Industrial Revolution had both good and bad sides.

Charles Babbage, FRS (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) [2] was an English mathematician,
philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable
computer.[3] Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science
Museum. In 1991, a perfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from Babbage's
original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished
engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science
Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed for the difference engine, an
astonishingly complex device for the 19th century. Considered a "father of the computer", [4]
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more
complex designs.

Robert Owen (14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858), (born in Newtown, Montgomeryshire,
Wales), was a social reformer and one of the founders of socialism and the cooperative
movement. Owen's philosophy was based on three intellectual pillars.

First, no one was responsible for his will and his own actions because his whole character is
formed independently of himself; people are products of their environment, hence his support
for education and labour reform, rendering him a pioneer in human capital investment. Second,
all religions are based on the same ridiculous imagination, that make man a weak, imbecile
animal; a furious bigot and fanatic; or a miserable hypocrite; (though in his later years he
embraced Spiritualism) Third, support for the putting-out system instead of the factory system.

Charles Dupin Pierre Charles François Dupin (October 6, 1784 in Varzy, Nièvre – January 18,
1873 in Paris, France) was a French Catholic mathematician. He studied geometry with Monge
at the École Polytechnique and then became a naval engineer. In 1819 he was appointed
professor at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers; he kept this post until 1854. In 1822, he was
elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1826 he published a
thematic map showing the distribution of illiteracy in France, using shadings (from black to
white), the first known instance of what is called a choropleth map today. In addition, he had a
political career and was appointed to the Senate in 1852. His mathematical work was in
descriptive and differential geometry. He was the discoverer of conjugate tangents to a point on a
surface and of the Dupin indicatrix.