6 Biomaterials 1
6 Biomaterials 1
6 Biomaterials 1
Stainless steel
Longest history among metallic materials being used
for implants.
Highly corrosion resistance due to the dense film of
Cr2O3 (Cr content >11%) on the surface.
Ferritic (BCC)
Relatively cheap, less corrosion resistant, less ductile
than Austenitic SS.
Austenitic (FCC)
High in Ni (FCC) and low C content.
Highest corrosion resistance, used for endosseus
implants.
Martensitic (BCT)
Contain relatively high C content (1%)
Formed through rapid cooling
High strength, high hardness, used as medical surgery
tools (knives, clips, etc.)
Composition Map of SS
The first ever used contained 18%Cr and 8%Ni (SS type 302).
Later add small amount of Mo & Si (SS type 316).
Mo enhances resistance when Cl ion is present (body
fluids).
C content is further reduced from 0.08wt% to 0.03wt% (SS
type 316L) in order to further improve corrosion resistance.
Type Fe C Cr Ni Mo Mn
302 bal 0.15 18 9 - 2
304 bal 0.08 19 9 - 2
316 bal 0.08 17 12 2.5 2
316L bal 0.03 17 12 2.5 2
Microstructure of 316L
Two main features that affect performance are:
Grain size (< 100μm)
Shape
Equiaxed in annealed condition (isotropic)
Titanium is polymorphic
α-Ti (HCP) at low temp.
β-Ti (BCC) at high
temperature.
α stabilising elements – Al, O,
N, Ga.
β stabilising elements – Mo, V,
W, Ta.
At RT, can have 3 different Ti:
α single phase, α+β dual
phase, β single phase.
Chemical composition
CP Titanium (interstitial elements) is commonly used because
most corrosion resistant.
Ti-6Al-4V ELI is also widely used due to its strength.
Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V
Biomedical Polymers
Categories
Natural
Used because similar structure to human tissues.
Biodegradable.
E.g.: Collagen, Alginate, Chitin & Chitosan.
Synthetic
Non-degradable.
Used as implants, drug delivery, tissue scaffolds.
E.g.: PE, PMMA, Polyester, PC, Polyamides, PU,
Polysulfones, PEEK.
Polyethylene
O C O
O C N
Schematic of pacemaker system
Excellent fatigue resistance. (top) and a pacemaker set
Used as blood contacting materials – (bottom).
totally implantable artificial heart, left
Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs),
pacemaker lead insulators.
Biomedical Ceramics
Categories
Bioactive
Calcium Phosphate.
Calcium phosphate grown in an organic matrix. The sample is highly porous and the walls
between the pores are composed of ~ 50 nm sized subunits.
Bioinert
Al2O3, Si3N4.
Alumina Ball
Calcium-phosphate
Only two are stable at body fluid &
temp.: Dental implant
made of Brushite
Brushite:
CaHPO.2H2O at pH < 4.2
Hydroxyapatite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
> 4.2
Composition of Bone:
Mineral Phase (70%) Mineral – HA 95%, Mg, Na,
Organic Phase (20%)
K, Fl, Cl.
Water (10%)
Organic – Matrix, Collagen,
Proteins.
Water.
Synthesis of HA powder
or
Hydrolysis
Require low T (< 100OC)
Hydrolysis of other CaP (DCPD, DCP, TCP, ACP, CaCO3, etc.)
Produce Ca deficient HA which is more soluble in bone.
Highly non-stoichiometric, hydrolysis at low T require longer time period
(hours, days).
Or