International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 4641-4649

ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

IMPLEMENTATION OF SVPWM TECHNIQUE IN FOUR WIRE

INVERTER FOR UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
APPLICATIONS
1
Vidhya.M, 2 Senthil Kumar.R
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam,Erode,Tamilnadu,India
2
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology,Sathyamangalam,Erode,Tamilnadu,India
1 2
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: This paper proposes the performance among all the PWM techniques. Because of its
improvement of the power converters in superior performance characteristics, it has been
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) based on size finding wide spread application in recent years. A
reduction, efficiency improvement and power power electronic inverter is essentially a device for
quality. The traditional UPS consists of step up creating a variable ac frequency output from a DC
transformer or dc-dc chopper to boost the voltage input [1]. The output frequency of an inverter is
which decreases the efficiency, reduces the power determined by the rate at which the semiconductor
quality and leads to increase the cost of energy devices are switched on and off by the inverter
conversion. Many PWM techniques are available for control circuitry and consequently, an adjustable
inverter switching. This paper introduces the concept frequency ac output is readily provided. It is possible
of space vector modulation for four wire voltage to control the output voltage as well as optimize the
source inverters. The Space vector modulation harmonics by performing multiple switching within
scheme generates the inverter leg switching time the inverter with constant dc input voltage. The dc
from the sampled reference phase voltage power input to the inverter may be battery, fuel cell,
amplitudes. It involves sector identification and solar cell or other source. But in most industrial
lookup tables. The four wire inverters are used in applications it is fed by a rectifier.
many applications to handle the neutral current A voltage fed inverter (VFD) or Voltage
caused by the unbalanced and non-linear load. The source inverter (VSI), is one in which has stiff dc
Space Vector Modulation (SVM) for four wire voltage source at its input terminals. In many
voltage source inverter is simulated using industrial applications, it is often required to control
MATLAB/SIMULINK model for two level output the output voltage of the inverter to cope up with the
voltages. Further the results are analyzed for various variations of the DC input voltage, for voltage
loading conditions for two level output voltage regulation of the inverters and for the constant volt
waveform. /frequency control requirements [2]. In spite of the
Index Terms – Inverter, Space Vector Modulation, complexity involved in the SVM (many output
THD vectors) compared to carrier-based, it remains the
preferred one due to the reduced power losses by
I. INTRODUCTION minimizing the power electronic devices switching
frequency.
The space vector pulse width modulation This paper presents the state-of-the-art of
(SVPWM) method is an advanced, computation SVM technique and computer simulation works of
intensive PWM method and is possibly the best SVM scheme in four wire voltage source inverter. It

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

also compares the results of the two level in terms of Diode rectifier
DC Link
Inverter
L
Total harmonic distortion (THD) and loading D1 D3 D5
conditions. N1 S1 S3 S5
3 phase
AC source
AC
r
II. FOUR WIRE VOLTAGE SOURCE AC
R
y
Y LOAD
INVERTER AC N
B
b
N2 S4 S6 S2
n
D4 D6 D2
Four wire inverter is a way of providing a neutral
connection for three phase four wire unbalanced
systems using a four leg inverter topology by tying Ln
BATTERY
the neutral point to the midpoint of the fourth neutral
leg. Four leg inverter is utilized in high power UPS
for its advantage of feeding unbalanced load and the
higher dc voltage utilization. Conventional three Fig.2: Circuit diagram of three phase four leg inverter
phase three wire inverters are suitable for supplying
In four leg inverters the load neutral wire is
three phase balanced loads. For unbalanced three
connected to the fourth leg as shown in Fig 2. This
phase loads these four wire inverters able to provide
provides the flexibility to control the neutral voltage
a path for the neutral current, flexibility to control
and hence produces balanced voltage across each
the neutral voltage and hence produces balanced
phase is Vdc. The two additional power switches in
voltage across each phase.
four wire doubles the number of inverter output
states from 8(=23 ) to 16(=24 ). This improves the
The two main ways for neutral wire connection are
quality output waveform. There are sixteen switch
combinations possible in four leg inverters. The
 Inverter with split dc link capacitors
switching vectors are represented by states [S n , Sr,
 Inverter with fourth(neutral)leg[3][4][5]
Sy , Sn ] of the inverter legs. There are 14 non-zero
voltage vectors and two zero
 The first way is simplest one but it
vectors(1111),(0000).The three phase variables Kr,
generates the zero sequence harmonics and
Ky and Kb can be transferred as orthogonal
a high voltage ripple over supply capacitor
coordinates Kα,Kβ ,Kγ using eqn (1). Any three phase
is produced by neutral currents when the
sinusoidal set of quantities can be transformed to an
load is unbalanced or non-linear shown in
orthogonal reference.
fig 1.
 The second way requires additional power
switches and quite complex control Kα cosθ cos θ- 2π 3 cos θ- 4π 3 Kr
strategy. It offers different advantages, such K β = 2 3 sinθ sin θ- 2π 3 sin θ- 4π 3 Ky
…. (1)
as increased maximum output voltage Kγ 12 12 12 Kb
value, a reduction of neutral currents and
the possibility of neutral point voltage Where is the angle of orthogonal set α-β-γ with
control shown in fig 2. respect to arbitrary reference. If α-β-γ axes are
stationary and the -axis is aligned, then =0 at all
DC Link
Diode rectifier
L
Inverter times. Thus, we get
D1 D3 D5 1 1
S1 S3 S5 1 - -
3 phase C1 2 2
AC source Kα Kr
…. (2)
AC
r
R 3 3
AC
N
Y
y
LOAD Kβ = 2 3 0 - Ky
AC
B
b 2 2
S4 S6 S2
n Kγ Kb
D4 D6 D2
1 1 1
C2
2 2 2
The above matrix can be re-written as
Ln
BATTERY
1
Kα = 2K R -K Y -K B …. (3)
3
Fig.1: Circuit diagram of three phase four wire inverter 1
Kβ = K Y -K B …. (4)
3

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

1 placed at 120 degree with respect to each other. In

Kγ = K R +K Y +K B …. (5) this method the three phase quantities can be
3 transformed to their equivalent 2-phase quantity
When the leg is denoted by 1 the upper switch is either in synchronously rotating frame or stationary
closed when the leg is 0 the lower switch of the leg is reference frames
closed. The switch positions determine the phase to
neutral voltages, which are transformed to α-β-γ
coordinates. Table I shows the phase to neutral
voltages and transformed α-β-γ voltages for each
inverter switching state.

TABLE I: SWITCHING COMBINATION AND

Fig.3: Three Phase Quantities Transformed to
OUTPUT VOLTAGES FOR 4-WIRE 3 PHASE Two Phase
INVERTER
From this 2 Phase component the reference
SWITCH vector magnitude can be found and used for
ING Vrn Vyn Vbn Vα Vβ Vγ modulating the inverter output. Let the three
STATES
phase sinusoidal voltage component be,
0000 0 0 0 0 0 0

0001 0 0 Vdc -1/3Vdc -1/√3Vdc 1/3Vdc

Va=Vm sin wt

0010 0 Vdc 0 -1/3Vdc 1/√3Vdc 1/3Vdc Vb=Vm sin (wt -120)

0011 0 Vdc Vdc -2/3Vdc 0 2/3Vdc
Vc=Vm sin (wt +120)
0100 Vdc 0 0 2/3Vdc 0 1/3Vdc

0101 Vdc 0 Vdc 1/3Vdc -1/√3Vdc 2/3Vdc Equating the three phase machine quantities, we get
0110 Vdc Vdc 0 1/3Vdc 1/√3Vdc 2/3Vdc
Va+Vb+Vc=0 …. (6)
0111 Vdc Vdc Vdc 0 0 Vdc
Vd=-3/2(Vb ) +3/2(Vc) =3/2Vmcoswt …. (7)
1000 - Vdc - Vdc - Vdc 0 0 -Vdc

1001 - Vdc - Vdc 0 -1/3Vdc -1/√3Vdc -2/3Vdc Vq=Va-Vb/ 2-Vc/2=3/2Vmsin wt. .... (8)
1010 - Vdc 0 - Vdc -1/3Vdc 1/√3Vdc -2/3Vdc
Rotating vector, Vref=Vd =Vq=3/2e^ (jwt) …. (9)
1011 - Vdc 0 0 -2/3Vdc 0 -1/3Vdc

1100 0 - Vdc -Vdc 2/3Vdc 0 -2/3Vdc From equation (9) it can be seen that the space vector
1101 0 - Vdc 0 1/3Vdc -1/√3Vdc -1/3Vdc
moves with a constant angular velocity and constant
amplitude. In case of non sinusoidal quantities, the
1110 0 0 - Vdc 1/3Vdc 1/√3Vdc -1/3Vdc space vectors will not necessarily move with
1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 constant amplitude or constant angular velocity. The
output of the inverters which are usually used in
III.SPACE VECTOR MODULATION various applications are not perfectly sinusoidal .It
contains appreciable amount of harmonics . So, the
space vector of the stator voltages in these cases is of
A different approach to PWM is based on the
space vector representation of the voltages in the d-q amplitude Vdc moving in steps and not with a
constant angular velocity. In space vector
plane. The technique of space vector modulation
modulation, a reference vector of the stator voltages
involves the concept of space vector [6]. In any three
phase machine, the stator coils are distributed in is generated , which is made to move in the d-q
space in a symmetrical manner i.e. each coil is

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

plane in small steps so that it appears to move

smoothly, as in the case with a sinusoidal supply.
The space vector modulation is based on the
space vector representation of voltages in d-q plane. S1 S3 S5
After the transformation to the two phase quantities,
the power as well as the impedance remains
unchanged. In space vector modulation we try to VDC
A B C
generate a voltage reference vector at any point of
time and the voltage reference vector Vref is
S4 S6 S2
sampled which is approximated by a time sequence
of three well defined switching state vector nearest to
the reference vector. This is done by sampling the
switching state vectors in such a way that the total
volt seconds generated by these vectors over an
interval Ts equals the volt seconds generated by the
reference vector Ts.
The space vector modulation technique is a Fig. 4: Simplified T wo Level Inverter
PWM technique that is relatively recent. It is
amenable to digital implementation. This method has Consider the simplified three phase inverter in
the advantage that it yields a higher value of the figure (4). At any time only one switch in each
fundamental voltage as compared to the other PWM leg of the inverter is on. When the top of any leg of
techniques. As a result, it produces less harmonic the inverter is turned on .The voltage at the midpoint
distortion in the critical range where the ratio of of that leg with respect to the dc centre tap is
switching frequency to fundamental frequency is Vdc/2.Let the former state be represented by +, the
low. It is possible to implement this technique in a latter state by -.
simple manner and with a variety of switching
devices. This method can also be used for high
switching frequency. The space vector modulation
technique differs from other SPWM technique in that
there are not separate modulators used for each of
the three phases. Instead, the complex reference
voltage is processed as a whole.
The space vector concept is used for deriving
the switching instants for a two level PWM inverters.
The PWM control is performed according to the
space vector modulation technique. The controlling
variables of a space vector modulator are the
components of the stator voltage vector, referred to
as the reference vector Vref in polar coordinates. The
space vector modulation strategy approximates the
reference vector during a sampling interval by a
sequence of three nearest switching state vectors.
The circuit of a three phase bridge inverter
consists of three half-bridges, which are mutually
phase shifted by 2π/3 angle to generate a three phase
voltage waves.

Fig .5: Inverter Switching States

There are 8 possible states with the inverter. The

line-line stator voltage will be:

Vab =Vao -Vbo , Vbc=Vbo -Vco , Vca=Vco -Vao .The line to

neutral voltages are Van =1/3(Vab -Vca), Vbn=1/3(Vbc-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Vab ), Vcn =1/3 (Vca-Vbc). The phasors for each state of for time T1, V2 for time T2 and V0 and V7 for time
inverter also called the switching state vectors can be To/2 each such that
drawn as shown in figure (6). The vector of the
inverter output voltage Vk can assume only seven Vref.Ts = VO*To/2 +V7*To/2 +V1*T1+V2*T2 (10)
different locations in the complex plane which are
called the switching state vectors [7]. Ts = To + T1 + T2 ….. (11)

Vk = {(2/3) Vdc e^ (k*pi/3) k=1, 2… From equations (10) and (11) T1 and T2 and To can
be obtained. Considering the projection of V1, V2
{0 k=0 and Vref on dq axis T1=Ts.m.sin (60-γ),
T2=Ts.m.sin(γ),To=Ts-(T1+T2) where m=Vref/Vdc,
the modulation index and V1+V2+Vdc.The
Q-Axis implementation of SVM involves generation of the
gating pulses to each of the six devices of the
V3(010) V2(110)
inverter for the correct intervals so that the
appropriate time intervals given by the three
2 equations. Based on the sector in which the reference
Vref
3 T2
vector is present at any sampling interval, V1and V2
1
V1(100)
may be any of the six switching state vectors.V1 is
V0(000)
V4(011)
V7(111)
T1
D-Axis
active for time T1, V2 for T2 and V0 and V7 for To
4 6 /2 each.
5

V6(101)
V5(001)

Fig 6: Space Vector Representation of Two Level Inverter

In the space vector modulation, the space

phasor of the stator voltage is approximated by a
reference phasor Vref which moves in the dq plane
with smooth motion as in the case when a balanced
three voltage is supplied to the stator. This is
achieved by sampling the switching state vector in
such a way that the time average over a sampling
interval Ts equals the time average of Vref over Ts.
Consider a 60 degree sector figure(7)described by a
successive switching state vectors and two zero state Fig .8: Optimum Pulse Pattern of Space Vector PWM
vectors.
During the sampling interval the desired reference
v2 vector is approximated in an average sense, and not
the same as reference vector .So there is a voltage
ripple. The ripple and there by the harmonic current
can be reduced to some extent by switching as
mentioned above. Also, by keeping the sampling
vref frequency very high compared to supply frequency,
the ripple current can be reduced. The vector PWM
gives a higher voltage output while still in
modulation, by a factor of 2/3 or 15% more output
v0 v1 without going to over modulation. The optimum
PWM modulation is possible if only the three
switching states adjacent to the reference vector are
Fig .7: Determination of Switching States
used and the cycle wherein the average voltage
vector becomes equal to the reference vector consists
The sampling time, Ts=1/fs, where fs=switching of three successive switching states only. The
frequency. The switching state vector V1 is sampled redundancy of the zero switching states is used to

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

minimize the number of commutations in switching

sequences.

III. SIMULINK IMPLEMENTATION

The proposed three phase four wire inverter

is tested on online UPS system simulated using
Matlab/Simulink implementation. The Fig (9) shows
the open loop circuit of the 4 wire inverter. Here a
LC filter is connected in the output side to get a pure
sinusoidal waveform and to reduce harmonics.
Neutral inductance can reduce the current flowing Fig.12: Pulse Pattern for T wo Level Voltages
through the neutral leg. 800

600

Voltage magnitude(volt)
400

200

-200

-400

-600

-800
6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600 7800 8000
Time(ms)

Fig.13: Output Phase Voltage at switching frequency 7200HZ, at

250W

0.3

Fig. 9: Simulink Implementation of SVM based T wo Level

0.2

Inverter
0.1
Current magnitude(Amps)

590 0

580
-0.1

570
Voltage magnitude(volt)

-0.2

560

-0.3

550

-0.4
6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600 7800 8000
540
Time(ms)

530

520

Fig.14: Output Phase Current at switching frequency 7200HZ, at

510

500
7000 7100 7200 7300 7400 7500 7600 7700 7800
Time(ms)
7900 8000
250W

Fig.10: Output voltage from Rectifier

6

5.5

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
4
x 10

Fig .11: Sector Identification

Fig.15: T otal Harmonic Distortion of Phase Voltage at Switching

Frequency=7200HZ, MI=0.87 at 250W

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

compensation for neutral current, since it

compensate neutral current directly. The fourth leg
of the topology makes the inverter have the ability of
handling unbalanced loads. The inductor of the
fourth leg weakens the ability to handle unbalance
loads, but it is necessary for the purpose of
dramatically reducing the current through the fourth
leg.
Four wire inverter over comes the Power
Fig.16: T otal Harmonic Distortion of Phase Current at Switching quality issues during unbalanced load conditions.
The proposed scheme has got the advantage of
Frequency=7200HZ, MI=0.87 at 250W
reduction in the device switching frequency for the
Table II: measurement of various same sampling rate which is essential when working
with low frequency high power devices like GTOs.
parameters for different loading conditions

INPUT LOAD OUTPUT OUTPUT

VOLTAG E (kW) VOLTAG E THD (% )
REFERENCES
(V) (V)
VOLTAG E CURRENT
[1]Muhammad H Rashid, "Power Electronics,
Circuits, Devices and Applications".
415 0.25 600 0.45 0.79 [2]Bimal.K.Bose,"Modern Power Electronics and
415 0.5 600 0.42 0.76 AC Drives”.
415 0.75 600 0.39 0.73 [3]Armando Bellini and Stefano Bifaretti
“Modulation Techniques for Three-Phase Four-Leg
415 1.0 600 0.36 0.70 Inverters” Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS
415 1.5 600 0.26 0.58 International Conference on Power Systems, Lisbon,
Portugal, September 22-24, 2006.
[4]Richard Zhang, V. Himamshu Prasad, Dus han
Boroyevich and Fred C.Le “Three-Dimensional
space Vector Modulation for Four –Leg Voltage-
Source Converters” IEEE Trans Power Electron,
vol.17, no.3,May 2002.
[5]Salem M. Ali Marian and P. Kazmierkowski
“PWM Voltage and Current Control of Four-Leg
VSI”IEEE 1998
[6]Analysis and Realization of a Pulse width
Modulator Based on Voltage Space VectorsHenz
Willi Van Broeck, Hans-Christoph Skudelny, IEEE
Transaction on Industrial Applications, vol24, no.1,
January 1988
[7]H Pinheiro,F Botteron,C Rech,L Shuch,R F
Camarg,H A Grundling, J R Pinherio, “Space Vector
Modulation for Voltage Source Inverter: A unified
Approach, IEEE Annual Conference ,vol.1, pp 23-
29, 2002
Fig.17:Load vs Voltage and Current T HD
[8]Alexandru Savulescu, “The Analysis and
Simulation of the SVM Generator used for the
Control of Electric Drives with Asynchronous
IV. CONCLUSION Motors”, 6 th International Conference on
The Space Vector Modulation scheme is easy to Electromechanical and Power Systems, October
implement using digital techniques. This four wire 2007
inverter is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK
software. The performance of the two-level inverter
was analysed.It shows that as the load, switching
frequency and modulation index increases THD
decreases. The four-leg converter has advantage to

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

BIOGRAPHIES

Vidhya.M was born on 19th April, 1988 in Tamilnadu,

India. Shshe received her B.E degree in Electrical and
Electronics from Anna University, Chennai, in 2009. she
received her M .E degree in Power Electronics and drives
from Anna University, Coimbatore, in 2012. At Present,
she is working as Assistant Professor in EEE department
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Dr. S enthil Kumar.R was born in Tamilnadu, India, on

November 2, 1966. He received the B.E degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering from M adurai
Kamaraj University, in 1989. He received his M .E (Power
systems) from Annamalai University, in 1991. He has 25
yrs of teaching experience. At present he is working as
Professor in EEE department, Bannari Amman Institute of
Technology, Sathyamanglam. Currently he is doing
research in the field of power converters for Renewable
Energy Sources

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