Smart Power Grid
Smart Power Grid
Smart Power Grid
SMART POWER
GRID
SUBMITTED BY –
Manisha
B.Tech.(3rd yr-EE)
0905220016
INDEX
INTRODUCATION
WHAT IS SMART GRID
NEED OF SMART GRID
TECHNOLOGY
FEATURE
SMART METER
ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES &
FUTURE
REFERENCES
Introduction
Smart grid refers to the next generation electric power network that makes use of
IT and high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the
electric power network have not developed remarkably in terms of creating
innovative technologies. However, smart grid by revolutionizing the electric power
network and being almost as powerful as the internet, is attracting many attentions
among various industries.
Transmission Line
Substation
Distribution
System End User
POWER SYSTEM
How “smart” should a smart power grid
The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user hardware,
from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use that to better
balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage hours.
Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the
grid, the delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a smart
move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both electrical
utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.
A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms, it
also enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak
demand to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with
consumers who have “smart meters” to see exactly how much electricity is being used at
any particular time. This facilitates two-way communication between utility and
consumer. So they can cooperate in reducing peak demand in a way that it’s
advantageous to both. And it allow to the use of two way metering so that customer who
have a rooftop solar electric panel or their own windmill can sell surplus electricity back
to the utility.
1. Intelligent –
Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or minimize a
potential outage; of working autonomously when conditions required resolution faster
than humans can respond and co-operatively in aligning the goals of utilities, consumers
and regulators.
2. Efficient –
Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding
infrastructure.
3. Accommodating –
Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as easily
and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any and all better
ideas and technologies – energy storage technologies. For e.g.- as they are market
proven and ready to come online.
4. Motivating –
Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility, so consumer
can tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and
or environmental concerns.
5. Resilient –
Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more
decentralization and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.
6. Green –
Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement.
Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as
manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas
I. Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they
have been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most
cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection.
Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response,
distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy
management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-
line carrier communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will
allow for real time control, information and data exchange to optimize system
reliability, asset utilization, and security.
II. Sensing and measurement
core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring
equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support.
Technologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter
reading equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically
based on online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with Real
time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature
measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced
switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.
III. Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that
record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart grid-
enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times of
peak demand.
IV.
Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power
electronics, and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and
characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories include:
flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high voltage direct
current, first and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature
superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices,
composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.
Transformer losses
a) IRON LOSSES
The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer steel
core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
b) COPPER LOSSES
The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is called as
copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.
Cu losses = I12R1+ I22R2
Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets have a
view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses occurring in T&D
sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of losses in T&D system. So, it
is sole responsibility to reduce them.
Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. So, a
transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only electrical
losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer is high
around 95-98%.
Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in design and
material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase efficiency of system.
ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN
TRANSFORMER
OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER
The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61
billion K WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of
typical grid system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of
total transmission and distribution losses.
Amorphous transformer
1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce ‘R’ from this surely
the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR
conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.
AWRENESS IN CONSUMERS -
This is one of most important and useful/helpful for energy conservation. This can be
done by asking consumer to make use of energy efficient equipments, by giving seminar
about energy conservation and make them aware and understand about the happening and
there advantages and disadvantages etc.
SMART METERS
A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies
consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates that
information back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process known as
telemetering.
These meters includes additional functions to power measurement such as
communication, data storage, remote programming, and time-of-use rates , and are
intended to be deployed as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) solution. Smart
meters are the next generation of electricity and gas meters. smart meter will empower
customer to make choices on how much energy they use. Supplier will install two-way
communication system that display accurate real time information on energy use in the
home to the consumer and back to the energy supplier.
HACKER-
Not simply a single component .various technology components are used are
software, system integrators, the power generators.
Future –
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid from
every business to every home just like the internet.
Resources of information
Articles –
Websites:-
www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com