Thesis Chapter 2
Thesis Chapter 2
Thesis Chapter 2
This section presents the literature of the study collected from different
sources like books, journals, and the different online sources. This chapter
provides details for the study. The review of related literature provides support in
this study which discusses more facts, factors, and more information about
gender inequality and its many effects.
For the past years, Gender Inequality has been a growing problem in our
society, and it is still happening to this day. It happens everywhere. The reason it
still exists until today is because of the mentality of the people. They sometimes
don't realize it because some of these problems have been taught and applied to
them ever since they were young so they may have ended up growing
accustomed to it. “Men and women have roles – their roles are different, but their
rights are equal.” (Harri Holkeri).
People are taught about the different gender roles as kids, teaching them
what boys and girls can and can't do and what their limits are so that society can
accept them and look at them as normal. Like ow females are supposed to be
raised to be dainty and ladylike while men on the other hand, are raised to be
strong and never show weakness. Ever since the beginning, children are
socialized into playing a certain role in society. Girls are dressed in pink while
boys are dressed in blue, girls are supposed to play with dolls, play houses while
boys are supposed to play with cars and trucks. These simple things acts as
identification. Everyone around them automatically assumes the child's gender, in
the end, it affects the way that people look at the child. These leads to boys and
girls having to be raised with different beliefs. And the thing is, if the child went
against these kinds of mentality and does the opposite things of their gender,
they will be seen as someone who is weird and such but in some cases, the child
ends up getting bullied. Stereotypical expectations not only reflect existing
differences, but also impact the way men and women define themselves and are
treated by others (Annual review of psychology (2018), vol. 69:275-298)
Boys were taught to not to cry and not show too many emotions because
apparently it is unmanly. Girls were taught to not play roughly and that physical
sports were a major no. Its these kinds of things that prevent a child from
showing their full capabilities and to do what they want because they know that
there will be people who will judge them. In a study that was conducted in Lisbon,
Portugal by Maria do Mar Pereira, even girls who enjoyed sports often avoided
physical activity at school because they assume that it wasn't a very feminine
thing to do. They were worried that they may fail in such things and that they may
be mocked by their male peer for not being good enough. The male participants
all faced intense pressure to demonstrate the extent of their manliness. Gender
equality, historically had been predominantly a women's movement for women.
But I think the impact of gender inequality and how its affecting men hasn't
absolutely been addressed (Watson, E.)
It can be to the most basic things that people were taught at home like
how women should only stay at home and look after the house, the different
chores, and the children, while the men are supposedly the ones who are
working. There are also extreme cases that has some people got hurt, and not
just physically but also mentally and emotionally. It doesn't only affect adults, but
also the younger generations. Gender roles between men and women are pretty
normal but the thing is, if people take these roles way too seriously and
sometimes depend on it too much just because its tradition, then the inequality
starts there. A critical aspect of promoting gender equality is the empowerment of
women, with a focus on identifying and redressing power imbalances and giving
women more autonomy to manage their own lives. Experience has shown that
addressing gender equality and women's empowerment requires strategic
feminist organizational interventions at all levels of programming and policy
making (Kerr 1994).
There may have been people asking, where did gender inequality start?
When did it start? Why did these things happen? Is there any way to prevent and
to completely eradicate it from out growing society? A lot of questions that are a
bit hard to answer. But first, its better to find out about its roots first. Uzochukw
( 2017 ) mentioned that there are 5 main causes of gender inequality namely
culture and tradition, religion, lack of empowerment, mentality, and lack of proper
education. Culture and tradition. Culture can basically be characterized as the
lifestyle of a specific culture or ethnic group, and tradition is the custom or belief
of a general public. In many countries, men are supposedly the ones who are
capable of ruling and leading a certain country or community because it is what
they are ideally seen as.
There are only few female leaders out there because women are not really
seen as someone who can be a leader because they underestimate them on
what they can actually do. Religion. The fact that religion assumes essential part
in the life of each man, there need aid shortcomings done specific religion due to
some go about as cages on females. Take Islam for example, development of
massive numbers ladies will be confined not actually on consider involving
political positions. Best those wise, educated, rational, Also progressive ladies
that have a place with this religious bunch breakout starting with those
obstructions. It will be useful should have a place with a religious aggregation
what's more superior in you recognize the right thing should do likewise a unique
regardless for at whatever religious group. Lack of Empowerment. Women are
still seen as nothing in some parts of the world because there are not many
women who empowered. Despite the gains women have made, problems still
persist. Perhaps the major problem is a gender gap in income. Women have
earned less money than men eversince records started being kept (Reskin &
Padavic, 2002). Reskin, B., & Padavic, I. (2002). Women and men at work (2 nd
ed.). They put women in the shadow because they have developed a thinking
that women can't do the jobs that men can do. Even in politics, it is very rare to
see a woman that have a high mark or a high level in the political aspect. But the
thing is, women are capable of doing these things too, they just need proper
training, encouragement, and such to achieve the things that men can. Mentality.
There are still many people that have this outdated mentality that women are
weak and cannot do the things that men can and that men are the superior ones
overall.
This mentality is one of the key causes of the less respect given to women
in some societies. And also, this gives women the mentality that they are not
capable of doing these things and that they should stick to the traditional things
that women do like stay at home and take care of the house and children. It
gives pressure to the men too because if they are not doing these rules that the
old customs say, they are seen as weak and unmanly. These mentalities should
be put to stop because it prevents or society from moving forward. Lack of proper
Education. In some countries, families are not paying that much attention to their
female children, they focus more on their male children because they know that
they will be the breadwinner of the family in the future. According to the Gender
Institutions and Development Data Base ( GID-DB ), 67 percent of the female
gender in Africa undergo primary education behind the 72.6 of the male gender.
Women are supposedly just there to be married off, to be a wife and take care of
the house and children. This is one of the reasons why the percentage of
educated men is more than females in certain countries. Governments of all
countries should understand the importance of education to nations for both men
and women and not just limiting it to one gender. These factors are the reason
why gender inequality still happens until today.
They are seen to be more immature than girls and are more prone in
causing all kinds of trouble when the truth is, not all of them are like that. “The
situation will not change unless teachers and parents encourage girls and boys
to choose more atypical fields like STEM for girls, and education and welfare for
boys. The classroom should be an environment that challenges gender
stereotypes and breaks them down. Unfortunately, it often works in the opposite
direction by reinforcing traditional ideas about what girls and boys can or should
do and thus limiting their potential (Virginija Langbakk).
First class schools are mishandling their energy by making it harder for
ladies get in to school than men, rather than giving them the equivalent
opportunity that they merit. Gender discrimination persists on restricting access
to school and retention, influencing the advancement and social fate of men and
women. Gender inequality upgrades the efficiency of the present age and
enhances improvement results for the following. One of the primary instruments
of advancement that emerges from gender equality is the change in training that
moves as an inseparable unit with gender equality. Gender inequality in
education has a positive effect in education in a long time and has potential effect
on children under 5 mortality rates. Young men have a higher disappointment
rate than young ladies for all subjects. Math was customarily observed as
something for young men, while young ladies will probably bring home financial
aspects, French, Spanish, and business examiners.
Extracurricular Activities. There are numerous young ladies that vibe as
though they are not being regarded or treated similarly like their counterparts. The
observation that young ladies are the weaker sex continues. It is somewhat uncalled-for in
light the fact that young women are conceived with a label and don't get the chance to
indicate what they can truly do. By 2009-10, young men still dis proportionality more
than athletic open doors than young ladies in all group settings. Open doors for young
ladies to take part in secondary schools sports expanded in mid 1990s, advance towards
sexual orientation value moderated and maybe even turned around course toward the
2000s.
According to the Girl guiding, a poll of 2 000 young people in the UK said
that they didn't feel they could talk openly on account of their gender. “Society
needs to understand that gender stereotypes aren’t just harmful but a barrier to
progress.” said Sophie Wallace, a member of Girl guiding’s. Gender stereotyping
presents a serious obstacle to the achievement of real gender equality and feeds
into gender discrimination. Gender stereotypes are preconceived ideas whereby
males and females are arbitrarily assigned characteristics and roles determined
and limited by their sex.
Sex stereotyping can limit the development of the natural talents and
abilities of boys and girls, women and men, their educational and professional
experiences as well as life opportunities in general. Stereotypes about women
both result from and are the cause of deeply ingrained attitudes, values, norms
and prejudices against women. They are used to justifying and maintain the
historical relations of power of men over women as well as sexist attitudes which
are holding back the advancement of women. Gender stereotypes are simplistic
generalization about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals
and/or groups. Stereotypes can be positive or negative. Androgyny which is the
blending of feminine and masculine attributes in the same individual.
Gender Bias. The gender pay gap hole keeps on existing with genuine
outcomes for women and the families that rely upon their income. Women are
never again limited in just local work employment. Women have made incredible
walks in instruction and profession opportunity determinations since the passage
of the Equal Pay Act in 1963. The UN has assessed more than 200 000 ladies
and young ladies have been subjected to sexual viciousness in the DCR (vote
based republic of the Congo) since 1998. In any case, there may have been
ladies encountering this shameful acts that are excessively frightened, making it
impossible to approach, this singular stones like Elise's (the young lady in the
story) are lost. The world financial gathering says, “Balance in withdraw.” In 2017,
we ought not see improvement towards sexual orientation on this move into
switch. Sex imbalance is both a good and financial goal,” said Saadia Zahidi.
Working environment disparity situated in sex, and additionally separation in view
of other secured qualities, endures not withstanding a very long while of anti
discrimination laws.