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    Symplectic Geometry

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    Rahul Saha
    Symplectic geometry is a branch of differential geometry that studies manifolds equipped with a closed, nondegenerate 2-form called a symplectic form. The symplectic form allows the measurement of areas in the manifold analogous to how the metric tensor measures lengths in Riemannian geometry. Examples of symplectic manifolds include classical mechanical systems in phase space. While symplectic manifolds share some properties with Riemannian manifolds, they have no local invariants like curvature and admit almost complex structures rather than integrable complex structures. Pseudoholomorphic curves also play a fundamental role in symplectic geometry analogous to geodesics in Riemannian geometry.

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    Symplectic Geometry

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Saha
    176 views4 pages
    Symplectic geometry is a branch of differential geometry that studies manifolds equipped with a closed, nondegenerate 2-form called a symplectic form. The symplectic form allows the measurement of areas in the manifold analogous to how the metric tensor measures lengths in Riemannian geometry. Examples of symplectic manifolds include classical mechanical systems in phase space. While symplectic manifolds share some properties with Riemannian manifolds, they have no local invariants like curvature and admit almost complex structures rather than integrable complex structures. Pseudoholomorphic curves also play a fundamental role in symplectic geometry analogous to geodesics in Riemannian geometry.

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    Geometry sympletic

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    Symplectic geometry is a branch of differential geometry that studies manifolds equipped with a closed, nondegenerate 2-form called a symplectic form. The symplectic form allows the measurement of areas in the manifold analogous to how the metric tensor measures lengths in Riemannian geometry. Examples of symplectic manifolds include classical mechanical systems in phase space. While symplectic manifolds share some properties with Riemannian manifolds, they have no local invariants like curvature and admit almost complex structures rather than integrable complex structures. Pseudoholomorphic curves also play a fundamental role in symplectic geometry analogous to geodesics in Riemannian geometry.

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    176 views4 pages

    Symplectic Geometry

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Saha
    Symplectic geometry is a branch of differential geometry that studies manifolds equipped with a closed, nondegenerate 2-form called a symplectic form. The symplectic form allows the measurement of areas in the manifold analogous to how the metric tensor measures lengths in Riemannian geometry. Examples of symplectic manifolds include classical mechanical systems in phase space. While symplectic manifolds share some properties with Riemannian manifolds, they have no local invariants like curvature and admit almost complex structures rather than integrable complex structures. Pseudoholomorphic curves also play a fundamental role in symplectic geometry analogous to geodesics in Riemannian geometry.

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    Symplectic geometry

    Phase portrait of the Van der Pol oscillator S in the plane through integration:
    4

    3
    ∫
    2 A= ω.
    S
    1
    The area is important because as conservative dynamical
    xdot

    0
    systems evolve in time, this area is invariant.[2]
    -1
    Higher dimensional symplectic geometries are defined
    -2 analogously. A 2n-dimensional symplectic geometry is
    formed of pairs of directions
    -3

    -4
    -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
    x
    ((x1 , x2 ), (x3 , x4 ), . . . (x2n−1 , x2n ))

    Phase portrait of the Van der Pol oscillator, a one-dimensional in a 2n-dimensional manifold along with a symplectic
    system. Phase space was the original object of study in symplectic form
    geometry.

    Symplectic geometry is a branch of differential geome- ω = dx1 ∧ dx2 + dx3 ∧ dx4 + · · · + dx2n−1 ∧ dx2n .
    try and differential topology that studies symplectic man-
    ifolds; that is, differentiable manifolds equipped with a This symplectic form yields the size of a 2n-dimensional
    closed, nondegenerate 2-form. Symplectic geometry has region V in the space as the sum of the areas of the pro-
    its origins in the Hamiltonian formulation of classical me- jections of V onto each of the planes formed by the pairs
    chanics where the phase space of certain classical systems of directions[2]
    takes on the structure of a symplectic manifold.[1]
    ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
    A= ω= dx1 ∧dx2 + dx3 ∧dx4 +· · ·+ dx2n−1 ∧dx2n .
    1 Introduction V V V V

    A symplectic geometry is defined on a smooth even- 2 Comparison with Riemannian


    dimensional space that is a differentiable manifold. On
    this space is defined a geometric object, the symplectic geometry
    form, that allows for the measurement of sizes of two-
    dimensional objects in the space. The symplectic form in Symplectic geometry has a number of similarities with
    symplectic geometry plays a role analogous to that of the and differences from Riemannian geometry, which is
    metric tensor in Riemannian geometry. Where the metric the study of differentiable manifolds equipped with non-
    tensor measures lengths and angles, the symplectic form degenerate, symmetric 2-tensors (called metric tensors).
    measures areas.[2] Unlike in the Riemannian case, symplectic manifolds
    Symplectic geometry arose from the study of classical have no local invariants such as curvature. This is a con-
    mechanics and an example of a symplectic structure is sequence of Darboux’s theorem which states that a neigh-
    the motion of an object in one dimension. To specify the borhood of any point of a 2n-dimensional symplectic
    trajectory of the object, one requires both the position manifold is isomorphic to the standard symplectic struc-
    q and the momentum p, which form a point (p,q) in the ture on an open set of ℝ2n . Another difference with Rie-
    Euclidean plane ℝ2 . In this case, the symplectic form is mannian geometry is that not every differentiable mani-
    fold need admit a symplectic form; there are certain topo-
    logical restrictions. For example, every symplectic man-
    ω = dp ∧ dq ifold is even-dimensional and orientable. Additionally, if
    M is a closed symplectic manifold, then the 2nd de Rham
    and is an area form that measures the area A of a region cohomology group H 2 (M) is nontrivial; this implies, for

    1
    2 7 REFERENCES

    example, that the only n-sphere that admits a symplectic troduced by Weyl (1939, footnote, p.165); previously,
    form is the 2-sphere. A parallel that one can draw be- the “symplectic group” had been called the “line com-
    tween the two subjects is the analogy between geodesics plex group”. Complex comes from the Latin com-
    in Riemannian geometry and pseudoholomorphic curves plexus, meaning “braided together” (co- + plexus), while
    in symplectic geometry: Geodesics are curves of shortest symplectic comes from the corresponding Greek sym-
    length (locally), while pseudoholomorphic curves are sur- plektikos (συμπλεκτικός); in both cases the suffix comes
    faces of minimal area. Both concepts play a fundamental from the Indo-European root *plek-.[3] This naming re-
    role in their respective disciplines. flects the deep connections between complex and sym-
    plectic structures.

    3 Examples and structures


    5 See also
    Every Kähler manifold is also a symplectic manifold.
    Well into the 1970s, symplectic experts were unsure • Contact geometry
    whether any compact non-Kähler symplectic manifolds • Hamiltonian mechanics
    existed, but since then many examples have been con-
    structed (the first was due to William Thurston); in par- • Geometric mechanics
    ticular, Robert Gompf has shown that every finitely pre-
    sented group occurs as the fundamental group of some • Moment map
    symplectic 4-manifold, in marked contrast with the Käh- • Poisson geometry
    ler case.
    Most symplectic manifolds, one can say, are not Käh- • Symplectic frame bundle
    ler; and so do not have an integrable complex structure • Symplectic integration
    compatible with the symplectic form. Mikhail Gromov,
    however, made the important observation that symplectic • Symplectic manifold
    manifolds do admit an abundance of compatible almost
    complex structures, so that they satisfy all the axioms for a
    Kähler manifold except the requirement that the transition 6 Notes
    maps be holomorphic.
    Gromov used the existence of almost complex struc- [1] Hartnett, Kevin (February 9, 2017). “A Fight to Fix Ge-
    tures on symplectic manifolds to develop a theory of ometry’s Foundations”. Quanta Magazine.
    pseudoholomorphic curves, which has led to a number of [2] McDuff, Dusa (2010), “What is Symplectic Geome-
    advancements in symplectic topology, including a class try?" (PDF), in Hobbs, Catherine; Paycha, Sylvie, Euro-
    of symplectic invariants now known as Gromov–Witten pean Women in Mathematics – Proceedings of the 13th
    invariants. These invariants also play a key role in string General Meeting, World Scientific, pp. 33–51, ISBN
    theory. 9789814277686, retrieved 5 October 2014

    [3] The Symplectization of Science, Mark J. Gotay and James


    A. Isenberg, p. 13.
    4 Name
    The name “complex group” formerly advocated by me 7 References
    in allusion to line complexes, as these are defined by the
    vanishing of antisymmetric bilinear forms, has become • Abraham, Ralph; Marsden, Jerrold E. (1978).
    more and more embarrassing through collision with the Foundations of Mechanics. London: Benjamin-
    word “complex” in the connotation of complex number. Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-0102-X.
    I therefore propose to replace it by the corresponding
    Greek adjective “symplectic.” Dickson calls the group • McDuff, Dusa; Salamon, D. (1998). Introduction
    the “Abelian linear group” in homage to Abel who first to Symplectic Topology. Oxford University Press.
    studied it. ISBN 0-19-850451-9.

    • Fomenko, A. T. (1995). Symplectic Geometry (2nd


    Weyl (1939, p. 165) ed.). Gordon and Breach. ISBN 2-88124-901-9.
    Symplectic geometry is also called symplectic topology (An undergraduate level introduction.)
    although the latter is really a subfield concerned with im- • de Gosson, Maurice A. (2006). Symplectic Geom-
    portant global questions in symplectic geometry. etry and Quantum Mechanics. Basel: Birkhäuser
    The term “symplectic” is a calque of “complex”, in- Verlag. ISBN 3-7643-7574-4.
    3

    • Weinstein, Alan (1981). “Symplectic Geometry”


    (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical So-
    ciety. 5 (1): 1–13.

    • Weyl, Hermann (1997) [1939]. The Classical


    Groups. Their Invariants and Representations
    (Reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-
    691-05756-7. MR 0000255.

    8 External links
    • Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), “Symplectic
    structure”, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer,
    ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
    4 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

    9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


    9.1 Text
    • Symplectic geometry Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_geometry?oldid=791106784 Contributors: The Anome, Michael
    Hardy, TakuyaMurata, Charles Matthews, Phys, Topbanana, Tea2min, Tosha, Giftlite, Fropuff, Everyking, Chris Howard, Bender235, Oleg
    Alexandrov, Linas, Isnow, R.e.b., Srleffler, YurikBot, Encyclops, Archelon, Mgnbar, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, RDBury, Mhss, Quiver,
    Silly rabbit, Nbarth, CmdrObot, NormHardy, Kupirijo, Headbomb, VectorPosse, Y Angora, Policron, STBotD, Jevansen, Cuzkatzimhut,
    JohnBlackburne, TXiKiBoT, Geometry guy, SieBot, LarRan, ClueBot, Wfdfr3234, 7&6=thirteen, Addbot, Lakpapak, Xqbot, Omni-
    paedista, Tkuvho, Jonesey95, ZéroBot, Quondum, Cadoi, Mgvongoeden, Helpful Pixie Bot, Luigi.scorzato, Solomon7968, Jamontaldi,
    Brad7777, Brirush, Mark viking, Dough34, KasparBot, Joeyamosjohns, Lepricavark and Anonymous: 20

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    LGPL Contributors: All Crystal Clear icons were posted by the author as LGPL on kde-look; Original artist: Everaldo Coelho and
    YellowIcon;
    • File:Limitcycle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Limitcycle.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
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