4.5 Metallic Bond
4.5 Metallic Bond
4.5 Metallic Bond
0 CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEMISTRY UNIT
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI JOHOR
1
METALLIC BOND
\
ductility
Properties of metal
Electrical conductivity
Thermal conductivity
3
“ELECTRON–SEA” MODEL
4
In the solid state, the metal atoms are packed as
close as possible.
All metal atoms in the sample contribute their
valence electrons to form an “electron sea” that
is delocalized over the entire solid.
nucleus &
inner shell e-
mobile “sea”
of e-
5
Metallic bond formed from the electrostatic attraction
between the positively charged metal ions (nuclei) and
the “sea of delocalized” valence electrons.
6
Example: “Electron-sea” Model
Group 1 Group 2
e- e- e- e-
Na+ Na + Na + nucleus Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+
e- e- e- e-
e- e- e-
e- e-
Na + Na + Na + Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+
e- e- e- e-
e- Valence e-
e- e-
electrons e-
Na + Na + Na + Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+
e- e- e- e- e-
Sodium, Na Magnesium, Mg
7
PROPERTIES OF METALS
Lustrous in appearance
8
Most are solids with moderate to high melting
point and much higher boiling point.
9
Malleable flattened into sheet
11
Why most are solids with moderate
melting point and much higher boiling point?
Explanation:
• Melting point is moderate because the
attraction between moveablecations (nuclei) and
mobile e- need not be broken during melting
Explanation:
• Metal atoms form metallic bonds to many
neighbors.
• When a piece of metal deformed by
a hammer, the metal ions (nuclei) slide
past each other through the e- sea to
new positions.
• Changes in the positions of the metal ions
brought about reshaping the metal accommodated
by redistribution of valence elecrons. 13
The Metal Ions (Nuclei) slide
past each
electron
sea
A B
14
Ionic Compounds crack due to
Electrostatic Force
15
Why metal conduct heat and electricity
well in both the solid and liquid states ?
Explanation:
• Because metals atoms have mobile e-
16
STRENGTH OF METALLIC BOND
Factor affecting:
❶ Number of valence e-
❷ Size of atoms:
e- e- e- e- e-
e - e- e- e- e-
e- e- e- e-
e-
e- e- e-
e- e- e-
e-
e- e- 17
❶ Number of valence e- :
18
Example:
Group 1 Group 13
e- e- e- e-e- e-
e-
Na+ Na + Na + nucleus Al3+ Al3+ Al3+
e- e- e- e- e-
e- e- e- e- e- e-
Na + Na + Na + Al3+ Al3+ Al3+
e- e- e- e- e- e-
e- Valence -
electrons e- e- e e-
Na + Na + Na + Al3+ Al3+ Al3+
e- e- e- e- e- e- e-
Sodium, Na Aluminium, Al
• Smaller size
20
Across Period 3:
Element Na Mg Al
No. of valence e-
1 2 3
per atom