Digital Switching
Digital Switching
Digital Switching
Transmission Network
Blocking
probability 0.002
STS vs. TST
• TST operates with time concentration and STS
operates with space concentration.
• As line utilization increases, the expansion
factor increases to keep the blocking
probability low.
STS vs. TST
• Time expansion can be achieved at less cost
than space expansion.
• TST switching becomes more cost effective at
higher utilization rates.
• Choice of architecture may actually be
dependent on modularity, testability, and
expandability.
Combination switches
• ‘T’ switch (gives full availability but large switch
complex)
• ‘TT’, ‘TTT’, types are complex and uneconomical
• ‘ST’ switch used for low capacity switch
• ‘TST’ switch commonly used switch.
• ‘STS’ switch used for PBX exchange
• ‘TSST’ & ‘TSSST’ with multiple space switch used
for tandem exchange
Combination TSSST Switch
PSTN Switch (Exchange) Function
• PSTN Switch provide a mechanism for
connecting four types of calls
• Call to a subscriber
- Originating call
- Terminating call
• Call From/to Trunk
- Incoming call
- Outgoing call
General Architecture of Exchange
PSTN switch (Exchange)
• Subscriber interfacing equipment provides
access to the customer
• Trunk interfacing equipment provide access
for incoming calls from other exchanges
• Switching Network provides path for through
connection
• Control unit, does the call processing control
and charging function
Statistical Multiplexing
• Many input lines are
multiplexed into a few trunks
• Exploit the fact that not all
users are making calls all the
time
• When a new call arrives and all
the trunks are busy, the call is
blocked (lost)
• Key design issue
• Given a demand, determine
the number of trunks that will
maintain the blocking
probability below a certain
value
PSTN Numbering Scheme
• ITU standard E.164 Numbering format- E.164 uses a
country code, area code and phone number
• International public telecommunication number for
geographic areas (maximum 15 digits)
• Generally international numbers are limited to 12 digits
and National Numbers to 10 digits.
• Country code
• National Destination code (optional)
• Subscriber Number
• In India PSTN follows- SDCA code (short distance
charging area)+ Subscriber Number (10 digit)
Call Dialing
Call Dialing
• In pulse dialing, make
break signal depending of
dialed digit sent to
exchange.
• Touch-tone dialing here
two small bursts of
signals, called dual tone
sent.
• The frequency of the
signals sent depends on
the row and column of
the pressed pad.
• Also called Dual Tone
Multi Frequency (DTMF)
dialing
Call Processing
• When subscriber lifts handset off-hook is
detected as a call event in the exchange.
• Path is established from subscriber line unit to
signaling/tone unit providing dial tone to the
subscriber
• Exchange receives the dialed digits.
• For receiving the tone dialing digits there are
frequency receivers in the exchanges.
Call Processing
Call Processing
• For every call processing event, call treatment
programs become active
• Dedicated subsystems of a telephone
exchange do the call treatment to find out
- Type of call
- Path to next node
- Charging
Call Processing
• Depending on the dialed digits and the customer
profile the exchange software decides where to
route the call.
• Dialed digits are mapped to exchange equipment
No. (subscriber/trunk)
• The control unit of the exchange –
(distributed/centralized) controls the call
establishment and facilitates finding of the
switched path via the switching network of the
exchange.
Call Processing
• If the call is for a subscriber, path is found
towards the corresponding subscriber line unit
• If it’s a call for other exchange the call path is
found to a trunk.
• The control unit also records the call events
which facilitates call charging and generation
of call data records (CDR’s)
Call Processing
• For Inter exchange calls the dialed digits and
call control information needs to be sent to
other exchange
• Signaling mechanism is used to direct and
control the setup and disconnection of inter
exchange calls.
• Two types of signaling normally used
– Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)
– Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Signaling
• In Channel Associated Signaling (CAS), the
signaling takes place on the same TS or channel
of the speech path.
• In Common Channel Signaling (CCS), a separate
dedicated channel is used to send and receive
signaling information for a group of trunks
Signaling is facilitated by means of labeled
messages.
• CCS No-7 Signaling is most commonly used
signaling mechanism in PSTN network
Signaling
Other Switching Schemes
Circuit Switching
Message Switching (Store-and-Forward)
Packet Switching (Store-and-Forward)
Switching Schemes
Timing and Network Synchronization
Timing
• All digital systems requires frequency source or
clock for internal timing and external operations.