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 Chapter
Chapter13
0

Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction

Motor Space Vector Modulation Direct Torque
Control Using Complex Transfer Function Concept

Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho, José L. Azcue P. and Ernesto Ruppert

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/39006

1. Introduction
The dynamics of induction motor (IM) is traditionally represented by differential equations.
The space-vector concept [13] is used in the mathematical representation of IM state variables
such as voltage, current, and flux.
The concept of complex transfer function derives from the application of the Laplace
transform to differential equations in which the complex coefficients are in accordance with
the spiral vector theory which has been presented by [24]. The complex transfer function
concept is applied to the three-phase induction motor mathematical model and the induction
motor root locus was presented in [10]. Other procedures for modeling and simulating the
three-phase induction motor dynamics using the complex transfer function concept are also
presented in [4].
The induction machine high performance dynamics is achieved by the field orientation
control (FOC) [1, 17]. The three-phase induction motor field orientation control using the
complex transfer function concept to tune the PI controller by using the frequency-response
function of the closed-loop complex transfer function of the controlled induction machine was
presented in [2]. This strategy has satisfactory current response although stator currents had
presented cross-coupling during the induction machine transients. An interesting solution
was presented in [11] in which it was designed a stator-current controller using complex form.
From this, the current controller structure employing single-complex zeros is synthesized
with satisfactory high dynamic performance although low-speed tests had not been shown
in mentioned strategies.
An alternative for induction motor drive is the direct torque control (DTC), which consists
of the direct control of the stator flux magnitude λ1 and the electromagnetic torque Te . DTC
controllers generate a stator voltage vector that allows quick torque response with the smallest

©2012 Azcue et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
326 2Induction Motors – Modelling and Control Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

variation of the stator flux. The principles of the DTC using hysteresis controllers and variable
switching frequency have been presented by [22] and [6]. It has disadvantages such as low
speed operation [19].
The PI-PID controllers are widely used in control process in industry [18]. The PI controller
was applied to the IM direct torque control has been presented by [23]. Some investigations to
tune the PI gains of speed controller have been presented using genetic-fuzzy [20] and neural
networks [21]. These strategies have satisfactory torque and flux response although a method
to tune the PI controllers for stator flux and electromagnetic torque loop and low-speed tests
had not been shown.
To overcome low speed operation shortcomings, various approaches for DTC applying flux
vector acceleration method [9, 14] and deadbeat controller [5, 12, 15] have been reported.
These strategies aim the induction motor control at low speed. In this case, the complex
transfer function was not used to tune PI controllers for such strategy when the induction
motor operates at any speed.
The aim of this book chapter is to provide the designing and tuning method for PI regulators,
based on the three-phase induction motor mathematical model complex transfer function to
be used in induction motor direct torque control when the machine operates at low speed
which is a problem so far. This methods is in accordance with the present state of the art.
The PI controller was designed and tuned by frequency-response function of the closed loop
system. The controller also presents a minor complexity to induction motor direct torque
control implementation. Experimental results are carried out to validate the controller design.

2. The complex model of the induction motor

The three-phase induction motor mathematical model in synchronous reference frame (dq) is
given by [16]
dλ1dq
v1dq = R1i1dq + + jω1λ1dq (1)
dt
dλ2dq
0 = R2i2dq + + j ( ω1 − Pω mec ) λ2dq (2)
dt
the relationship between fluxes and currents

λ1dq = L1i1dq + L Mi2dq (3)

λ2dq = L Mi1dq + L2i2dq (4)

The electromagnetic torque is expressed in terms of the cross-vectorial product of the stator
flux and the stator current space vectors.

3 L
Te = P M λ × λ1dq (5)
2 L2 L1 σ 2dq
  
3 L   
Te = P M λ2dq  λ1dq  sin(αr − δ) (6)
2 L2 L1 σ
  
3 L   
Te = P M λ2dq  λ1dq  sin(α) (7)
2 L2 L1 σ
 Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Space
Vector
Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Modulation Direct
Space Vector Modulation Torque
Direct Control
Torque Control UsingTransfer
Using Complex Complex Function Concept3 327
Transfer
Function Concept

Equation (7) shows that variations in stator flux will reflect variations on rotor flux.
Where δ and αr are the angle of the stator flux and rotor flux space vector with respect to the
direct-axis of the synchronous reference frame respectively as is shown in Fig. 1, α = αr − δ
is the angle between the stator and rotor flux space vectors, P is a number of pole pairs and
σ = 1 − L2M /( L1 L2 ) is the dispersion factor.
Combining equations (1), (2), (3) and (4), after some manipulations, the induction machine
model can be written as a complex space state equation in the synchronous reference frame
(dq) and the state variables are stator currenti1dq = i1d + ji1q and stator flux λ1dq = λ1d + jλ1q
and it is shown in equation (9).
q

λ1dq
λ1q = |λ1dq | sin(δ)

λ2dq

δ
αr

λ1d = |λ1dq | cos(δ) d

Figure 1. stator and rotor fluxes space vectors in synchronous reference frame.

dλ1dq
= − jω1λ1dq − R1i1dq + v1dq (8)
dt

di1dq v1dq
= a3 λ1dq + a4 i1dq + (9)
dt σL1
 
R2 jPω mec
a3 = − (10)
σL1 L2 σL1
 
R1 R
a4 = − + 2 + j (ω1 − Pω mec ) (11)
σL1 σL2
The machine mechanical dynamics is given by

dω mec 3 L
J = P M λ2dq × λ1dq − TL (12)
dt 2 L2 L1 σ

The ω1 is the synchronous speed, ω mec is the machine speed, R1 and R2 are the estator and
rotor windings per phase electrical resistance, L1 , L2 and L m are the proper and mutual
inductances of the stator and rotor windings, v is the voltage vector , P is the machine number
328 4Induction Motors – Modelling and Control Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

of pair of poles, J is the load and rotor inertia moment, the symbol "*" represents the conjugate
of the complex number and TL is the load torque.
In order to obtain the induction motor complex transfer function the Laplace transform is
applied to the equations (8) and (9) in accordance with the complex transfer function concept
[24], [10]. Thus, the equation (8) complex transfer function is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Equation (8) complex transfer function.

And the equation (9) complex transfer function complex transfer function is shown in
Figure 3. Thus, the induction motor block diagram originated by use of the equations (8)

Figure 3. Equation (9) complex transfer function.

and (9) complex transfer functions shown in Figures 2 and 3 and the machine mechanical
dynamics (12) is shown in Figure 4. When designing the DTC control system through the

Figure 4. Induction motor block diagram.

 Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Space
Vector
Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Modulation Direct
Space Vector Modulation Torque
Direct Control
Torque Control Using Complex Function Concept5 329
UsingTransfer
Complex Transfer
Function Concept

IM complex transfer function, v1dq is considered as the input and the i1dq is considered as
the output. For this purpose it is assumed that the mechanical time constant of the motor
is much larger than the transient electromagnetic time constants and the saturation effects
is neglected. Thus, ω mec = constant is a valid approximation [24], [11]. Therefore the
induction machine complex transfer function H (s) is derived from application of the Laplace
transform in equations (8) and (9) and it is the closed loop system of Figure 4 without machine
mechanical dynamics. Thus, it has the form given in 13.
 
s + jω1
+ a3
I1dq σL1
H (s) = = (13)
V1dq (s + jω1 ) (s + a4 ) + R1 a3
   
where I1dq = L i1dq and V1dq = L v1dq .

3. Direct torque control

If the sample time is short enough, such that the stator voltage space vector is imposed to
the motor keeping the stator flux constant at the reference value. The rotor flux will become
constant because it changes slower than the stator flux.
The electromagnetic torque (14) can be quickly changed by changing the angle α in the desired
direction. The angle α can be easily changed when choosing the appropriate stator voltage
space vector.
  
3 L   
Te = P M λ2αβ  λ1αβ  sin(α) (14)
2 L2 L1 σ
For simplicity, let us assume that the stator phase ohmic drop could be neglected in v1αβ =
dλ 
R1i1αβ + dt1αβ . Therefore dλ1αβ /dt = v1αβ . During a short time Δt, when the voltage space
vector is applied it has:

Δλ1αβ ≈ v1αβ · Δt (15)

Thus, the stator flux space vector moves by Δλ1αβ in the direction of the stator voltage space
vector at a speed which is proportional to the magnitude of the stator voltage space vector. By
selecting step-by-step the appropriate stator voltage vector, it is possible to change the stator
flux in the required direction.

3.1. Stator flux oriented direct torque control

The stator flux oriented direct torque control (SFO-DTC) have two PI regulators. The outputs
of the PI flux and torque controllers can be interpreted as the stator voltage components in
the stator flux oriented coordinates as shown in Fig. 5 [23], [3]. The control strategy relies on
a simplified description of the stator voltage components, expressed in stator-flux-oriented
coordinates as:
dλ1
v1d = R1 i1d + (16)
dt
v1q = R1 i1q + ω1 λ1 (17)
330 6Induction Motors – Modelling and Control Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

Where ω1 is the angular speed of the stator flux vector. The above equations show that the
component v1d has influence only on the change of stator flux magnitude, and the component
v1q , if the term ω1 λ1 is decoupled, can be used for torque adjustment. Therefore, after
coordinate transformation dq/αβ into the stationary frame, the command values v1dre f , v1qre f ,
are delivered to SVM module.
This SFO-DTC scheme requires the flux and the torque estimators, which can be performed as
it is proposed in Fig. 5. Therefore, the control signals are fed to the power electronics drive.

v1dre f PWM
+ signals
λ1re f
−
PI dq
v1qre f SVM PWM
+ αβ
Te re f PI
−

δs
Voltage
Flux angle Vdc
calculation

λ1α λ1β
v1
Te
Flux and
λ1 torque i1 αβ ia
estimator
ABC ib

Figure 5. Stator flux oriented direct torque control scheme.

4. Design and tuning PI gains

By using stator field orientation, the torque and stator flux must become parts of a complex
number, where the magnitude of the stator flux λ1 is the real component and the torque Te
is the imaginary component. Hence, the reference signals and the error become a complex
number. Thus, the PI regulators presented in the before section [23] has the function to
generate a voltage reference space vector using the stator flux-torque error vector (ε λ + jε T ).
This way the stator-voltage vector in this control strategy is given by
 
Ki
v1dqre f = (ε λ + jε T ) K p + (18)
s

Which means that the direct and quadrature axis of the voltage vector are
 
Ki
v1dre f = (ε λ ) K p + (19)
s
 
Ki
v1qre f = (ε T ) K p + (20)
s
Where kp is the proportional gain, ki is the integral gain, ε λ is the flux error signal and ε T is
the torque error signal.
The block diagram of the strategy with the PI regulators is shown in Figure 6.
 Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Space
Vector
Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Modulation Direct
Space Vector Modulation Torque
Direct Control
Torque Control Using Complex Function Concept7 331
UsingTransfer
Complex Transfer
Function Concept

The reference stator voltage vector v1dqre f is transformed by using stator flux angle δs to obtain
the stator voltage at stationary reference frame αβ.

Figure 6. DTC strategy with PI regulators and complex signals.

4.1. Stator flux estimation

The stator flux estimation is done by

λ1αβ = (v1αβ − R1i1αβ )dt (21)

A satisfactory flux estimation for induction motor at low speed using Equation (21) is obtained
by using the integration method presented in [8] and the block diagram for the flux stimation
is presented in Figure 7
The stator flux angle is estimated by using the trigonometric transfer function
 
λ1β
δs = arctan (22)
λ1α

4.2. Design of the PI regulator gains

In order to tune the PI regulator it is necessary the closed-loop complex transfer function of the
controlled induction motor. The complex transfer function of the controlled induction motor
was also used to tune a complex gain controller in which has been presented in [7].
In accordance with the DTC control strategy the induction motor output has to be the stator
flux magnitude λ1 and the torque Te . Therefore the H(s) (13) outputs have to become the
stator flux magnitude λ1 and the torque Te . The expression to obtain the stator flux by using
the stator current i1d is given by

λ1 = λ1d ∼
= G σ L1 i1d (23)
332 8Induction Motors – Modelling and Control Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

Figure 7. Block diagram for the stator flux stimation.

and to obtain the electromagnetic torque in the dq reference frame one may use the expression:

3
Te = Pλ i (24)
2 1 1q

As the stator flux magnitude λ1 is assumed to be essentially constant through of the

equations (13), (23) and (24) the new transfer function is achieved with torque and flux as
output and it is given by  
XλT 3
= H (s) GσL1 + jP λ1 (25)
V1dq 2

where XλT = L {λ1 + jTe }.

The low speeds utilized in this book chapter are 60 rpm (6.25rad/s), 125 rpm (13rad/s), 150
rpm (16rad/s) , 180 rpm (17rad/s) that corresponds to 2Hz, 4.16Hz, 5Hz and 6Hz respectively.
The frequency-response function of Equation (25) is presented in Figure 8 at frequencies 2Hz,
4.16Hz, 5Hz and 6Hz in accordance with the induction motor desired speed.
Then, from Equations (18) and (25) one obtain the control system block diagram and it is
shown in Figure 9.
The expression of the closed loop transfer function of the system to design the PI regulators
showed in Figure 9 is given by

  
3
K p + Ki H ( s ) GσL 1 + jP λ
XλT s 2 1
=
   (26)
XλTre f 3
1 + K p + Ki H ( s ) GσL 1 + jP λ
s 2 1

 
where XλTre f = L λ1re f + jTe re f .
 Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Space
Vector
Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Modulation Direct
Space Vector Modulation Torque
Direct Control
Torque Control UsingTransfer
Using Complex ComplexFunction Concept9 333
Transfer
Function Concept

Bode Diagram
0
2 Hz
4.15 Hz
5 Hz
−5 6 Hz
10Hz

−10

Magnitude (dB)
−15

−20

−25

−30 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 8. Equation (25) frequency-response function.

Figure 9. System to design the PI regulator.

As the variables at synchronous referential are constants the angle of output XλT is neglected.
At the frequency of 2Hz, 4.16Hz and 6Hz the kp and ki gains are chosen by using simulations,
considering slip approximately null and the 0 dB magnitude. Them values are kp = 155
and ki = 15. The frequency-response function of Equation (26) is shown in Figure 10 and its
magnitude is near 0 dB.

Bode diagram
2
2 HzI
4.15 Hz
1.5 5 Hz
6 Hz
10 Hz
1

0.5
Magnitude (dB)

−0.5

−1

−1.5

−2
0 1 2
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 10. Frequency-response function of the equation (26)

334 10
Induction Motors – Modelling and Control Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

5. Experimental results
The DTC strategy were implemented using a Texas Instruments DSP TMS320F2812 platform.
The system consists of a three-phase voltage source inverter with insulated-gate bipolar
transistors (IGBTs) and the three-phase induction motor parameters are shown in the
appendix. The stator voltage commands are modulated by using symmetrical space vector
PWM, with switching frequency equal to 2.5 kHz. The DC bus voltage of the inverter
is 226 V. The stator voltages and currents are sampled in the frequency of 2.5 kHz. A
conventional PI regulators generates a torque reference by using the speed error. The flux
and torque estimation, and the flux and torque PIs regulators and speed controller have the
same sampling frequency of 2.5 kHz. The encoder resolution is 1500 pulses per revolution.
The algorithm of the DTC strategy was programmed on the Event Manager 1 of the Texas
Instruments DSP TMS320F2812 platform and its flowchart is presented in Figure 11 and the
schematic of implemention is presented in Figure 12.

Figure 11. The flowchart of the DSP program.

 Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Space
Vector
Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Modulation Direct
Space Vector Modulation Torque
Direct Control
Torque Control UsingTransfer
Using Complex Complex
Function Concept
Function 335
Transfer
Concept
11

Figure 12. Schematic of implemention.

Five no-load induction motor tests were made. The first one was the response to a torque step
of 12.2 Nm which is shown in Figure 13. It can be seen the satisfactory response of torque
although it has oscillation. This oscillation occurs due to the natural lack of accuracy in the
measurements of currents, voltages and parameters variations.
Figure 14 shows when the speed varies from 6.28 rad/s to 18.85 rad/s in 200 ms. This result
confirms the satisfactory performance of the controller due to the fact that the the speed
reaches the reference in several conditions although the gains of PI are designed for induction
motor speed operation at 2 Hz and 6 Hz.
In the third test the speed varies in forward and reversal operation and the result are presented
in Figures 15(a) and 15(b). The speed changes from 13 rad/s to -13 rad/s in 1 s and the gains of
PI regulator are not changed during the test. This result confirms the satisfactory performance
of the controller due to the fact that the the speed reaches the reference in several conditions
and the PI regulator was designed for induction motor speed operation at 4.15 Hz. The small
error occurs due the natural lack of accuracy in the measurement of the speed.
Figure 16 presents the speed response when the speed varies from 6.28 rad/s to -6.28 rad/s.
The result confirms the satisfactory performance of the PI regulator again due to the fact that
336 12
Induction Motors – Modelling and Control Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

Figure 13. Responses to step torque operation (9 Nm/div).

Figure 14. Speed forward and reversal operation (15.7 ras/s.div) and a phase current (10 A/div).

the speed reaches the reference value and the gains of PI are designed for induction motor
speed operation at 2 Hz.
In load test the speed reference was 36.6 rad/s and a load torque of 11.25N.m was applied
to the motor. In this test a dc generator is coupled to the rotor of induction motor. So the
generated voltage of the DC generator is conected to the load with variable resistance. The
test is shown in Figure 17 and the steady state error is 4.5%.
 Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Space
Vector
Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Modulation Direct
Space Vector Modulation Torque
Direct Control
Torque Control UsingTransfer
Using Complex Complex
Function Concept
Function 337
Transfer
Concept
13

(a) Speed reversal operation (12.57 rad/s.div).

(b) Speed forward and reversal (13 rad/s.div).

Figure 15. Speed forward and reversal operation and a phase current (10 A/div)

Figure 16. Speed response to step operation (12.57 rad/s.div) and a phase current (10 A/div).
338 14
Induction Motors – Modelling and Control Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

Figure 17. Load test (18,3 rad/s.div) and a phase current (20 A/div).

6. Conclusion
In this book chapter was presented a method to design and tune the PI regulators for the
three-phase IM DTC-SVM strategy using the mathematical model complex transfer function
when the machine operates at low speed. The concept of complex transfer function allows to
obtain the PI regulator gains by using the closed loop system frequency response function of
the controlled induction motor.
The experimental results shown the satisfactory performance of the regulator due to the
fact that the speed reaches the reference value in several conditions although the complex
gain was designed for a limited points of induction motor operation. Thus, the design
of PI regulator has an acceptable performance although an detailed analysis considering
parameters variations and other several speed operations has to be done. Due to the variable
speed operation maybe it will be necessary to construct a table with PI gains designed for
each desired speed or to an each speed range. The PI regulator overcomes the low speed
operations shortcomings to the IM DTC-SVM strategy with a minor complexity. Thus, the
complex transfer function becomes an interesting tool for design and tune PI regulator for IM
drives.

Appendix
Three-phase induction motor variables and parameters: PN = 2.3kW;VN = 220 V; Poles = 4
R1 = 2.229 Ω; R2 = 1.522 Ω; L m = 0.238485 H; L1 = 0.2470 H; L2 = 0.2497 H; J = 0.0067
Kgm2 .

Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to CAPES, CNPq and FAPESP for the financial support for this
research.
 Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Space
Vector
Tuning PI Regulators for Three-Phase Induction Motor Modulation Direct
Space Vector Modulation Torque
Direct Control
Torque Control UsingTransfer
Using Complex Complex
Function Concept
Function 339
Transfer
Concept
15

Author details
Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho
Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
José Luis Azcue and Ernesto Ruppert
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil

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