Allegations PDF
Allegations PDF
Allegations PDF
• Example(1): if 500 ml of 15% v/v solution are diluted to 1500 ml, what will be the
percentage strength (v/v)
Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
500(ml) X 15(%) = 1500(ml) X x(%) X = 5%
• Example(2): if 50 ml of 1: 20 w/v solution are diluted to 1000 ml, what is the ratio
strength (w/v)?
1 : 20 = 5%
Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
50(ml) X 5(%) = 1000(ml) X x(%) X = 0.25% = 1: 400
Altering Product Strength
• Example(1): How much drug should be used in preparing 50 ml of a solution such that
5 ml diluted to 500 ml will yield a 1:1000 solution?
• 1 : 1000 solution 0.5 g : 500 ml
• 0.5 g drug in 500 ml is the same amount found in 5 ml
• 0.5 5
• X 50 X=5g
• Example(2): How many milliliters of water should be added to 300 ml of a 1:750 w/v
solution of benzalkonium chloride to make a 1:2500 w/v solution?
• 1 750
• X 300 X = 0.4 g
• 1 2500
• 0.4 X X = 1000 ml 1000 – 300 = 700 ml
Problem1
• Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
• 800 g x 10 % = 250 g x X%
• X = 800 x 10 = 32 %
• 250
Problem 3
• Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
• 10 (L) x 50 % = x (L ) x 30 %
• x (L) = 10 x 50 = 16.66 L
30
Now , the amount of water of injection to be added will be 16.66 L – 10 L=
6.66L or 6660 ml
Problem 4
• How many milliliters of a 1:400 (w/v) stock solution should be used
to make 4 liters of a 1:2000 (w/v) solution?
• 1:400 = 0.25%
• 1:2000 = 0.05 %
• Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
• 1: 50 = 2 %
• 1:4000 = 0.025 %
• Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
x (ml) X 2 % = 1000 (ml) X 0.025 %
X = 12.5 ml
Problem 6
1 g in 1000ml,
X (g) in 500 ml ,
X = 0.5 X 50 =5g
5
• Dilution of alcohol:
When water and alcohol are mixed there is a physical contraction in the resultant
volume.
• Example: How much water should be mixed with 5000 ml 85% v/v alcohol to make
50% v/v alcohol?
Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
5000(ml) X 85(%) = X (ml) X 50(%) X = 8500 ml
so enough water is added to make 8500 ml.
Dilution of Acids
• Example: How many grams of 20% benzocaine ointment and how many grams of
ointment base (diluent) should be used in preparing 5 lb. of 2.5 % benzocaine
ointment?
• 5 lb = 454 g X 5 = 2270 g
Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
2270g X 2.5(%) = X g X 20(%) X = 283.75 or 284 g
2270 – 284 = 1986 g of ointment base
Problem 9
• Alligation medial
• A method by which the weighted average percentage strength of a mixture of two
or more substances of known quantity and concentration may be easily calculated.
• Example: what is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of 300 ml 40% (v/v)
alcohol and 100 ml 60% (v/v) alcohol ?
Qt = 300+100 = 400 ml
300 X 40 + 100 X 60 = 400 X Ct
Ct = 18000/400 = 45 %
Dilution, Concentration and Alligation
Alligation
• Alligation alternate
• A method by which we may calculate the number of parts of two or more components
of a given strength when they are mixed to prepare a mixture of desired strength. A
final proportion permits us to translate relative parts to any specific denomination.
• Example: In what proportion should alcohol 95% and 55% strengths be mixed to make
70% alcohol?
• 70%
• Hint: The two lots containing more (50% and 20 %) than the desired
percentage may be separately linked to lot containing less (5 %)
than the desired percentage.
• Ans: 1:1:10
Problem 12
• so X = 3 g.
• That means in 60 g of 5 % (w/w) hydrocortisone cream, there is 3 g
of drug.
• Now, if pharmacist adds 3 g of hydrocortisione to this 60 g cream,
then total weight of cream will be 63 g and amount of hydrocortisone
will be a total of 6 g.
• So, there is 6 g of drug in 63 g in ointment ,
• i.e 9.52 % (w/w)
Problem 15
• Rx
Castor Oil 5.0 mL
Euresol 15.0 mL
Alcohol 85% ad 240.0 mL
How many milliliters each of 95% (v/v) alcohol and water should be
used in preparing the prescription?
• From the total volume of the prepration (240 ml), the volume of castor oil and euresol accounts for (5 +15 =
20 ml), so the remaining amount of diluent to be added is (240 – 20 = 220 ml)
• Q1 X C1 = Q2 X C2
• x (ml) X 95(%) = 220 ml X 85 (%)
• X = 196.8 ml.
• So we need to add 196.84 ml of alcohol and q.s with water to 240 ml
Problem 16
• X = 2.27 g
Problem 18
• X = 1000/5000 = 0.2 g
• This means that 0.2 g drug should be dissolved in 1000ml, which is
also the same amount dissolved in 10 ml of stronger solution
• 10 ml of stronger solution ------ 0.2 g of drug
• 500 ml of stronger solution------- x g of drug
• X = 0.2 x 500 = 10 g
• 100
Case #1
• A pharmacist received a prescription for 100 mL of a cefuroxime axetil suspension to contain 300 mg of drug in each 5 mL.
The pharmacist has 100 mL of a suspension containing 250 mg/5 mL and also has 250-mg scored tablets of the drug. How
many tablets should be pulverized and added to the suspension to achieve the desired strength? Assume no increase in the
volume of the suspension.
• Cefuroxime axetil present in original suspenison:
• 100ml x 250mg = 5000mg
5 ml
Cefuroxime axetil required in strengthened suspension:
Now, 1 tablet contains 250 mg , so to add 1000 mg , we need 4x 250 , that is 4 tablets
A second Look
• The pharmacist observed that after adding the pulverized tablets, the suspension
measured 102 mL in volume. Calculations revealed that rather than the prescribed
drug strength of 300 mg/5 mL, there were 294.1 mg/5 mL. What should the
pharmacist do to bring the suspension to the desired strength?