Signals and Systems
Signals and Systems
Signals and Systems
Spring 2004
Lecture #1 (2/3/04)
Prof. Qing Hu
(Slides thanks to D. Boning, T. Weiss,
J. White, and A. Willsky)
1) Administrative details
2) Signals
“Figures and images used in these lecture notes by permission,
copyright 1997 by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky”
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Examples of signals
• Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a circuit
Signal Classification
Type of Independent Variable
Time is often the independent variable. Example: the
electrical activity of the heart recorded with chest
electrodes –– the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).
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The variables can also be spatial
In 6.003, focus on 1-D for mathematical simplicity but the results can be
extended to 2-D or even higher dimensions. Also, we will use a generic
time t for the independent variable,whether it is time or space.
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Continuous-time (CT) Signals
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Many human-made Signals are DT
Ex.#1 Weekly Dow-Jones Ex.#2 digital image
industrial average
Mandrill Example
Unblurred Image & No Noise
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Mandrill Example
Blurred Image (bad focus)
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Mandrill Example
Unblurred Image – 0.1% Noise (too dark)
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Signals with symmetry
• Periodic signals
CT x(t) = x(t + T)
DT x[n] = x[n + N]
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x(0) = 0
or x[0] = 0
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Signals with symmetry (continued)
• Any signals can be expressed as a sum of Even and
Odd signals. That is:
Ex. DT unit-step
function.
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Bounded and Unbounded Signals
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For example, suppose s = j!/8 and z = e j!/8, then the
real parts are
R {x(t) = e } = R {e j!t/8} = cos(!t/8),
st
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Summary
• We are awash in a sea of signal –– sounds, visual,
electrical, thermal, mechanical, etc.
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