gaga lomiZe

(saqarTvelo)

romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

termini `romantizmi~ me-18 saukuneSi `warmosaxulis~, `fantasti-

kuris~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda da ukavSirdeboda sityva `romans~.*
Tavdapirvelad `romani~ romelime romanul enaze daweril Txzulebas
ewodeboda. me-18 saukunidan es sityva inglisur literaturaSi Suasau-
kuneebisa da aRorZinebis xanis literaturis aRniSnavs. am periodSi `ro-
mantikuli~ niSnavda araCveulebrivs, saidumloebiT moculs, saswaul
ebrivs, fantastiurs – imas, rac `racionalurs~ upirispirdeboda.
romantizmis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba samyaros winaaRmdegobri-
obas, rac aucileblobasa da arsebuls, idealsa da sinamdviles Soris uf-
skruls gulisxmobs. ganmanaTleblobis mier SemoTavazebuli idealebis
ganuxorcieleblobis gamo, romantizmma SeimuSava sinamdvilis dagmobis
da idealebis samyaroSi Caketvis pozicia. swored aqedan momdinareobs
ori samyaros arsebobis aRiareba romantikosebis mxridan. amitomac cdi-
loben romantikosi avtorebi, rom winaaRmdegobebi xilul samyaroSi ki ar
moarigon, aramed mTlianad warmosaxvebis samyaroSi gadainacvlon. amg-
varad, romantizmis mTavari principia ori samyaros aRiareba: realuris da
warmosaxuli samyaroebis dapirispireba.
sinamdvilis simyifis da warmavlobis aRiarebam romantizmis esTe-
tikaSi ararealuris da fantastikuris kulti daamkvidra. romantikosTa
azriT, mSvenieria is, rac ar xilul sinamdviles scdeba da fantastiuris
sferoSia. novalisi werda: `me mgonia, rom Cemi sulis mdgomareobas yve-
laze kargad zRaparSi gamovxatav, yvelaferi zRaparia~.
ganmanaTleblobiseuli samyaros meqanistur models safuZvlad edo
galilei-niutonis bunebismetyveleba. is romantizmiseulma dinamikurma
modelma Caanacvla.
`romantizmis moZRvreba absolutis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, mi-
marTulia ganmanaTleblebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli deizmis winaaRmdeg. am
filosofiur-Teologiuri doqtrinis Tanaxmad, RmerTi, marTalia, qmnis
samyaros, magram Semdeg aRar ereva masSi mimdinare procesebSi. deistebis
sayvareli analogia iyo RmerTis Sedareba mesaaTesTan, romelic amzadebs
saaTs, magram Semdeg es saaTi ostatisgan damoukideblad agrZelebs muSa-
obas, rac, Tavis mxriv, mxolod meqanikuri kanonebiT aixsneba. swored aseve
samyaro, marTalia, RvTis qmnilebaa, magram igi SeiZleba mTlianad meqani-

* liriuli da sagmiro saqmeebis amsaxveli simRera espaneTSi da raindebis Tavgadasa-

valze agebuli epikuri poema.

26
 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

kuri kanonebiT aixsnas. amrigad, ganmanaTleblebi, garkveuli azriT, erT-

maneTisgan wyvetdnen RmerTs da samyaros. amis sapirispirod romantizmis
filosofia Teizmis poziciaze dgas~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 13)

romantizmis warmoSobis winapirobebi da mizezebi

am mimdinareobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Taviseburi gamovlineba qonda,

vinaidan is araerTgvarovani ideuri, socialuri da literaturuli mov-
lenebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. dasavleT evropuli romantizmis socialuri
foni safrangeTis didi revolucia iyo, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi igi
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobas daukavSirda, amerikis SeerTe-
bul StatebSi ki erovnuli TviTdamkvidrebis niSniT viTardeboda. amave
dros, germanuli romantizmi fixtes idealuri filosofiis gavlenas ga-
nicdida, franguli romantizmi ki rusos moZRvrebaTa safuZvelze aRmocenda.
romantizmma umaRles safexurs miaRwia evropuli revoluciebis da
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis xanaSi, xolo misma Teoriulma
safuZvlebma gavlena iqonia me-19 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi erovnuli TviT-
myofadobis aRorZinebisken swrafvaze.
safrangeTis revoluciis marcxma imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. revo-
lucia, romelsac maRali idealebi asuldgmulebda, bolos terorsa da
ZaladobaSi gadaizarda. jer revoluciis dros daingra Zveli, TiTqosda
racionalurad organizebuli samyaro (romelsac vxedavdiT klasiciste-
bis SemoqmedebaSi), xolo Semdeg is idealebic, romlebiTac revolucia
sazrdoobda, magram romlebic sinamdvileSi ganuxorcielebeli aRmoCnda.
aqedan gamomdinare, yovelive is, rac aqamde myarad da udavod miiCneoda,
azri da avtoriteti dakarga. aRmoCnda, rom samyaro maradiuli qmnadobis
procesia..
romantizmis Teoria ukavSirdeba Zmebi Slegelebisa da Selingis na-
azrevs. swored maT SeimuSaves am mimdinareobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi.
me-18 saukunis bolos, maT Tanamedrove xelovneba klasicistur xelovne-
bas daupirispires – ase gaCnda romantikulisa da klasikuris opozicia,
romelic mTels evropaSi popularuli gaxada frangma mweralma da moaz-
rovnem J. de stalma.
romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori samyaros arsebobis aRiareba,
sadac xelovneba Semoqmedebis umaRles sferodaa miCneuli. ase iyo klasi-
cizmSic, magram klasicizmi aRiarebda danawilebebs – erTi mxriv, arsebobs
yoveldRiuroba da meore mxriv – arsebobs xelovneba. isini sulac ar unda
iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. romantikosebTan potenciuri aqtu-
aluri xdeba. es aris erTgvarad kantiseuli SekiTxvis gadaazrebis inter-
pretaciebi: ra mimarTebaa arssa da movlenas Soris? es aris sakiTxis xe-
laxali formulireba, sakiTxis, romelic me-17 saukuneSi, barokos xanaSi
iyo aqtualuri: iyo raime da Tavi moaCveno raimed.

27
 gaga lomiZe

amitomac romantizmis Teoria gulisxmobs da moiTxovs imas, rom

cxovreba da xelovneba erTi iyos. amitomac iyo, rom imdroindeli poetebi
(baironi, lermontovi) demonebs TamaSobdnen sinamdvileSi, riTac sazo-
gadoebriv normebs upirispirdebodnen.
romantizmis xanis Semoqmedebi da moazrovneebi TiTqos Suasauku-
neebis moazrovneebis msgavsad, sicocxlis Semdgom arsebobaSi xedaven
potenciuris da aqtualuris Tanxvedris ganxorcielebas, radgan am dros
ukve Cven da Cveni potenciuri SesaZleblobebi verTiandebiT. Selingis az-
riT, absoluti aris obieqtisa da subieqtis sruli identoba. absoluti
SelingTan xasiaTdeba, rogorc erTgvari arara, romelic Tavis TavSi Se-
icavs yvela SesaZlo potencias. samyaros yvela movlena, yovelive obieq-
turi da subieqturi, gaiazreba, rogorc am potenciebis gaSla. `absoluti
aris `SekumSuli~ samyaro, xolo samyaro – gaSlili absoluti. Tavisi Si-
nagani aucileblobidan gamomdinare, absoluti unda gaiSalos, gadavides
samyaroSi da misi yvela safexuris gavliT daubrundes sakuTar Tavs. esaa
absolutis gagebis umniSvnelovanesi principi, romelic saerToa hegel-
Tan da romantikosebTan...~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 13-14)
hofmani socialuri cxovrebis gameorebiTobis autanlobaze gve-
saubreba Tavis zRaprebSi. mas yoveldRiurobis avtomatizebulobis Tema
Semoaqvs. magram mis samyaroSi, paralelurad, fantasmagoriuli rameebic
xdeba. magaliTad, mis mier aRweril drezdenSi vaSlis gamyidveli qalebi
sinamdvileSi kudianebi aRmoCndebian. amiT is igulisxmeba, rom Cvens yo-
veldRiurobaSi mudmivad iWreba raRac, romelsac axsna ar aqvs.
hofmaniseul samyaros tragikulobis ieric aqvs. arsebobs yovel-
dRiuroba da, aseve, arsebobs idealebis samyaro, sadac Cveni potenciale-
bi imaleba. tragikuloba imaSia, rom adamians ar SeuZlia imis zustad gan-
sazRvra, ramdenad realuria es yvelaferi. iqneb es yvelaferi misi warmo-
saxvis nayofia. hofmaniseul samyaroSi erTmaneTs xvdeba yoveldRiurobis
autanloba da uamrav SesaZleblobaTa samyaro, romlis Sesaxebac danam-
dvilebiT araferi viciT – arsebobs Tu ara is sinamdvileSi. amitomac
erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba daupirispirdes socialuri cxovrebis, yovel-
dRiurobis autanlobas – fantaziaa.
klasicisturi literaturis gmirs romantikosebma meocnebe da-
upirispires, gonebas – grZnobebis da warmosaxvis kulti. moTxrobaSi `qvi-
Sis kaci~, romelic leo delibis balet `kopelias~ daedo safuZvlad, hof-
mani mogviTxrobs romantikosi axalgazrda naTanielis Sesaxeb, romelic
mezobeli olimpiaTi moixibleba. bolos ki aRmoCndeba, rom olimpia ada-
miani ki ara, Tojinaa. aris amaSic erTgvari ironia. Tavisi SemoqmedebiT,
hofmani gveubneba, rom adamianebSi miRmuri bunebis Zieba SeiZleba Cveni
fantazirebis survilidan modiodes da sinamdvileSi SeiZleba yvelaferi
sxvanairadaa.
renesansis xanaSi individualuri cnobierebisTvis aucilebelia `me~
da misi, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebis aRiareba. sazogadoeba mTlianad

28
 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

mainc koleqtiuria am dros da Suasaukuneobrivi avtoritetebiT cxov-

robs. ganmanaTleblobis xanaSi ukve idealebs dabali fena, masa ukveTavs
da inividualuri cnobierebac koleqtiuri, masobrivi xdeba. mogvianebiT
adamiani acnobierebs sakuTar individualobas. am dros adamiani or moce-
mulobas Sorisaa. erTi mxriv, is e.w. `socialuri cxovelia~, romelic sa-
zogadoebisTvis misaRebi wesebiT cxovrobs, magram amiT adamiani cxovel-
Ta samyarosgan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba. meore mxriv – adamians aqvs iseTi
ram, rac ar aqvT cxovelebs da esaa kultura. adamianebs undaT ara marto
bednierebi iyvnen, akeTon is, rac maT sixaruls mianiWebs, aramed maT kiTx-
vebic uCndebaT – ratom aris esa Tu is movlena konkretuli saxis; saidan
modis yvelaferi da a.S. aqedan samyaro SefasebiT xasiaTs iRebs – Cveni
saubaric SefasebiTia TiTqmis yovelTvis. amitomacaa adamiani dilemis wi-
naSe. kanonebi, romlebic fizikur sferos, Cvens instinqtebs aregulirebs,
gansxvavdeba imisgan, romlebic Cvens saazrovno saqmianobas ganapirobebs.
romantizmSi mikro da makro kosmosi, iseve rogorc Sinagani da ga-
regani, erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. es daaxloeba yvelaze kargad gad-
mocemulia novalisis aforizmSi: `Cemi satrfo miniaturaSi mocemuli
samyaroa, xolo samyaro ganvrcobili Cemi satrfoa~. novalisis Tanaxmad,
samyaros ori dapirispirebuli rigidan (Sinagani-garegani, obieqturi-su-
bieqturi, mikrokosmosi-makrokosmosi) erTi meoris aRmniSvnelia. `samya-
ro SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc Taviseburi kosmiuri ena, romlis
meSveobiTac SeiZleba vwvdeT imas, rac Cveulebrivi enisTvis dafarulia
(Sdr. baraTaSvilis: `mwams, rom ars ena ram saidumlo...~)~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 15).

potencialobis sakiTxi

ZvelberZnuli cnobierebisTvis da kulturisTvis arsebobs ukve

miRweulis, ganxorcielebulis gageba. raimes Canafiqri, dapireba – maT-
Tvis araaqtualuria. heroikuli tragedia klasicizmSi, aseve, ganxor-
cielebuls aniWebda upiratesobas. erTi mxriv, cxadia – aqtualuria is,
rac ganxorcielda, magram meore mxriv, cxovrebaSi aris dafaruli raRac,
rac aseve mniSvnelovania. es aris yofierebis sisrule, romelic potenci-
alobisgan Sedgeba. adamianSi mocemulia garkveuli potenciali imTaviTve,
magram garemo pirobebma unda Seuwyos mas xeli, rom ganxorcieldes es
yvelaferi. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs ojaxs, skolas, radganac cxov-
reba SemTxveviTobebis nakrebia.
magram sad arian adamianebi, romlebsac imTaviTve potenciali qon-
daT, magram sxva gziT warimarTa maTi cxovreba da ver ganxorcielda maTi
potenciali? amaze romantikosebi ityvian: is, rac adamianma ver moaxer-
xa, rom socialur sinamdvileSi ganexorcielebina, mis Sinagan arsebaSi
ganagrZobs sicocxles da mis arsebaSive ixrwneba. maTi azriT, samyaros

29
 gaga lomiZe

Sefaseba mxolod imis mixedviT, rac ganxorcielda, uazrobaa. amitomac

isini moiTxoven ara marto mocemuli socialuri sinamdvilis ganxilvas,
aramed nebismieri sociumi, iseve rogorc adamiani, bevrad metia, vidre am
socialur mocemulobaSi, sinamdvileSi vlindeba da xorcieldeba. imitom,
rom maTi azriT, arsebobs raRac maradiuli suli, romelic ama Tu im konk-
retuli formis saxiT xorcieldeba. magaliTad, es suli ganxorcielda,
vTqvaT, baraTaSvilSi, romelsac `miesaja~, rom baraTaSvili yofiliyo da
ise ecxovra, rogorc mocemul sinamdvileSi eZleoda saSualeba. magram
TviTonac grZnobda, rom mocemul sinamdvileSi mas ar eZleoda Tavisi po-
tenciuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis saSualeba da es potenciuroba mud-
mivad wina planze gamodis misi arsebidan. is amis demonstrirebas axdenda
kidec sazogadoebis winaSe, misi skandaluri bunebac aqedan momdinareobs.
magaliTad, iuri lotmani baironze saubrisas wers: `dendizmma romanti-
kuli amboxis elferi miiRo. is maRali sazogadoebisTvis Seuracxmyofel
qcevis eqstravagantulobasa da romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel roman-
tikul kultze iyo orientirebuli. maRali sazogadoebisTvis Seuracxmyo-
feli qcevis manera, Jestebis `uxamsi~ siTamame, aSkara Sokingi – maRali wris
mier dawesebuli akrZalvebis yvela forma poeturad aRiqmeboda. cxovre-
bis amgvari niri damaxasiaTebeli iyo baironisTvis~ (Лотман 1994: 29).
igive niSnebi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT qarTuli romantizmis lider-
Tan, baraTaSvilTanac. fixte werda, rom adamianis CaxSobili buneba wina
planze gamodis da gzad yvelafers anadgurebs. adamianuri buneba javrs
iyris yvelaferze, rac mas axSobs. es yvelaferi Zalian uaxlovdeba froi-
diseul anTropologiur models. albaT amitomac, ojaxSi, despoti mamis-
gan daTrgunuli, jer skolaSi da megobar-Tanatolebis wreSi ixarjebo-
da, xolo Semdeg TbilisSi gamarTul wveulebebze. albaT, misi cvalebadi
xasiaTic aqedan momdinareobda – zogjer metismetad mxiaruli yofila da
ucbad moiwyenda xolme, fiqrSi gaerToboda. leqsSi `xma idumali~ vxvde-
biT striqonebs, sadac is `sindisis xmis~ koncepts axsenebs: `mas aqeT xma
ram Tan sdevs yovelTa/ CemTa zraxvaTa da sawadelTa!../ nuTu xma ese ars
xma devnisa/ Seuwyalisa sinidisisa?~. Tuki mis saqciels am striqonebis
konteqstSi ganvixilavT da, imavdroulad, analitikur fsiqologiasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi cvalebadi
xasiaTi da isic, rom `sindisis xma~ igive superegoa, sadac iseve rogorc
`tyis mefeSi~ (goeTe) tyis mefis da mamis poziciebi, erTmaneTs upirispir-
deba cduneba da tabu, rasac, erTi mxriv, kastraciis kompleqsamde da meo-
re mxriv – superegomde mivyavarT. baraTaSvilTan amgvari swrafva Tavisu-
flebisken drostarebisadmi mis midrekilebaSi aisaxeba da Tan, poeziaSi
– rogorc represirebuli fantaziebis realizebis asparezSi. romantizmSi
xom represirebuli fantaziebi moCvenebebis saxiT vlindeba.
baraTaSvilis wregadasuli garTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebs araerTi wya-
ro gadmogvcems. celq, mousvenar, emociur, enamaxvil baraTaSvils yvela
erideboda. mis biografiaSi iyo erTi duelic – saqarTveloSi gamarTul

30
 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

duelebs Soris pirveli, romlis Sesaxebac aris mosazreba, rom garkveul

wres poetis mokvla hqonda gadawyvetili, Tumca amis damadasturebeli
utyuari sabuTi ar arsebobs. arc erTi qorwili, RamisTeva, Sekreba ar
imarTeboda TbilisSi, sadac axalgazrda poets ar naxavdiT. Tumca es ar-
caa gasakviri, warCinebuli ojaxis warmomadgenlis, SesaniSnavi gamrTobis,
banqos azartulad moTamaSisa da mocekvavisTvis xom yvelas saxlis kari
Ria iqneboda. Tumca mesame klasSi, baraTaSvili gimnaziis kibidan gadmo-
varda da orive fexi moitexa, Zlivs gamojanmrTelda da mTeli darCenili
sicocxle koWlobda, riTac bedisweram bairons daamsgavsa. rogorc Cans,
araerTxel gamxdara miTqma-moTqmis obieqti da arc TviTon ixevda ukan.
saRamo ise ar gaivlida, sam-oTx ojaxs ar swveoda da ambebi da Worebi ar
gamoetana iqedan. baraTaSvili mudmivi stumari da mxiarulebis Semtani
iyo yvelgan. am Sekrebebze TamaSobda banqos, moilxenda, xumrobda, ear-
Siyeboda qalebs. mogvianebiT TviTonve werda erT megobars: `mxolod
tfilisis saucxovo saRamoebi gamomacocxleben xolme!~
magram misi poezia da sxva werilebi sruliad gansxvavebul ba-
raTaSvils gviCveneben – gulCaTxrobils, sevdians, martosuls, baironis
msgavsad. TiTqos orives mobezrda amqveyniuri amaoeba. oRond bairons
yvelaferi nanaxi aqvs, yvela ocneba ausrulda da bunebasTan ganmartoebas
amitom eswrafvis. baraTaSvilisTvis mtkvris piras ganmartoeba an mTaw-
mindaze xetiali ki `suliT oblobiTaa~ gamowveuli.
erT werilSi wers kidec: `guSin, erT saRamois dros, wavedi saxeti-
alod. uecrad sasaflaozed gavCndi. marTali giTxra, cota ar iyos, ga-
vocdi, aq dasadgurebuls idumalobas rom Sevxede: Ramis 11 saaTia, arc
erTi sulieri ar WaWanobs. irgvliv saukuno araraobaa; mimqralebuli mT-
vare mowyeniT danaTis sasaflaoebs, rogorc cxedarTan dadgmuli mbJuta-
vi sanTeli. Cumad da nelad moRelavs mtkvari, TiTqo eSinian am daRvremil
midamos myudroebis darRvevao. mSvenieri mogonilia sasaflao, miucile-
belia igi, raTa mokvdavma waikiTxos iq Tavis cxovrebis ambavi: nugeSi ube-
durTa aris bednierebis dasasruli~.
rodesac Cveni `me~ ver ixsneba im socialur CarCoebSi, romelic
gveZleva, iwyeba e.w. msoflio sevda; sevda imis Sesaxeb, rac mocemulobaSi
ganuxorcielebeli rCeba, vinaidan mocemuloba sazRvrulia.
romantizmis Tanaxmad, adamiani unda eswrafvodes miRmurs, absolu-
turs. magram, Tavisi sasrulobis gamo, arasdros ZaluZs misi miRweva. ro-
mantizmi aris `ubeduri cnobiereba~ (hegeli), romelsac Tavisi arsebobis
mizani usasrulobaSi, grZnobadi samyaros miRma egulvis da kargad esmis,
rom is miuRwevelia. amave dros, ar SeuZlia, rom am miuRweveli miznisken
ar iltvodes: `raRac umaRlesi sibrZne gvaswavlis, rom kacobriobam did
SecdomaSi Cavardnis gamo samSoblo dakarga. amdenad misi miwieri yofnis
daniSnuleba isaa, rom ukan (dakarguli samSoblosken) unda iswrafodes,
sadamde miRwevasac Tavis Tavs mindobili adamiani ver axerxebs. aqedan
warmodgeba maTi (axali drois xalxebis) poeziis ltolva am or samyaros

31
 gaga lomiZe

– grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadis – SeerTebisken, romelTa Sorisac vmoZra-

obT~, – werda avgust Slegeli. romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia grZno-
badi da zegrZnobadi, `miwieri~ da `ciuri~ samyaroebis dapirispirebis
gageba (kacitaZe ... 2012: 32)
am SemTxvevaSi adamians mxsnelad warmosaxva evlineba. adamiani es-
wrafvis imas, rasac sasrulobis gamo ver aRwevs, magram, amave dros, masTan
miaxloeba mas warmosaxvis saSualebiT SeuZlia.
amis paralelurad Cndeba romantikuli ironia, rac imis dacinvas gu-
lisxmobs, rom samyaros ar gaaCnia ama Tu im adamianis potencialis daniS-
nulebisamebr gamoyenebis unari. imavdroulad, es TviTironiacaa. esaa
Tavdacvis meqanizmi ganuxorcielebeli sinamdvilis mimarT.
romantizms ar uyvars xasiaTi (vinaidan is gulisxmobs ganxorciele-
buls), mas uyvars lirika, sulis poezia. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia infan-
tilizmi. sezonuri metafora rom gamoviyenoT, is axalgazrdobasaviTaa,
sanam bevri SesaZleblobebidan arcerTi ar ganxorcielebula jer da mis
winaSe bevri potenciuri SesaZleblobaa. qarTuli romantizmic am koncep-
tis nawilia.

qarTuli romantizmis Teoriuli safuZvlebi.

dodaSvili da baraTaSvili

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli romantizmis msoflmxedvelobrivi sa-

fuZvlebis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis solomon
dodaSvils – pirovnebas, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa nikoloz baraTaS-
vilis cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze da romelic cnobilia, rogorc 1832
wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi monawile da organizatori.
cnobilia, rom dodaSvilis naazrevSi bevri saerTo ikveTeba Selin-
gis da Zmebi Slegelebis naazrevTan. Tumca mas mainc `pirveli qarTveli
kantianelis~ saxeliT moixsenieben. 1827 wels rusul enaze gamoqveynebuli
naSromi `logika~ kantis filosofiis erTgvari interpretacia da qarTul
niadagze misi danergva, an misi saSualebiT sakuTari filosofiuri siste-
mis Seqmnaa.
zogadad, germanul idealistur filosofiasTan solomon dodaS-
vilis naazrevis Tanxvedra aSkaraa.
dodaSvili erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs bunebis da adamianur `me~-s:
`azrovnebis TviT Tavdapirvel moqmedebaSic ki naTlad SevicnobT, rom me
aris me da ara-me (buneba) aris ara-me, rogorc amas fixte ambobs~. bunebisa
da `me~-s erTmaneTisgan gamijvna ukve gulisxmobs mzeris mobrunebas gare-
ganidan Sinaganisken, sakuTari Tavis Semecnebisken da sulieri harmoniis
miRwevisken swrafvas. swored aq iwyeba TviTSemecnebis procesi: `filo-
sofia rom viswavloT, saWiroa filosofosoba, filosofosoba ki niSnavs

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 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

yuradReba mivapyroT Cvens Tavs, CavwvdeT Cvens Tavs, raTa gamovicnoT da

gavigoT TviT Cveni Tavi da amiT CvenSi da Cvens irgvliv simSvide davamya-
roT. yuradReba mivapyroT Cvens Tavs, niSnavs, ganvayenoT igi yovelive
imisgan, rac Cven ar gvekuTvnis: es xdeba, roca azrobrivad ganveyenebiT
yovelive garegnuls da TviT Cvens Tavs warvmarTavT martooden Sinaga-
nisken. CavwvdeT Cvens Tavs niSnavs – guldasmiT vifiqroT CvenSi mim-
dinare Sinagan movlenebze, vaqcioT Cveni Tavi gamokvlevis uSualo sag-
nad. Cveni Tavis Secnoba sxva araferia, Tu ara unari imisa, rom sworad vim-
sjeloT mTels Cvens qmediT Zalaze; es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin,
roca CvenTvis cnobili gaxdeba Cveni bunebis moqmedebis kanonebi, am moq-
medebis sazRvrebi da mizani. gavigebT Cvens Tavs, Tu SegviZlia moviyva-
noT Cveni azrebis, codnisa da qcevis sakmao mizezebi. CvenSi da Cvens
irgvliv simSvides davamyarebT, rodesac CvenSi CamovayalibebT harmoni-
ul moqmedebas, mivmarTavT ra mas Cveni daniSnulebisken. amrigad ganyeneba
da ganazreba TviT Cveni Tavis Secnoba da gageba, dakmayofileba sakuTari
Tavis amgvari TviTSemecnebiT – ai filosofiuri gamokvlevis sami sagani~
(kacitaZe ... 2012: 36-37)
Cvens azrebsa da gancdebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, unda CavwvdeT sa-
kuTar Tavs, unda davadginoT adamianuri bunebis sazRvrebi da miznebi.
TviTCaRrmavebis Sedegad ki miiRweva umTavresi mizani – sulieri simSvide
da harmonia.
xelnawerSi `logikuri meTodologia~ solomon dodaSvili wers:
`ramdenadac adamiani SezRuduli arsebaa, mas ar SeuZlia miaRwios sru-
lyofilebas..~ anu es yvelaferi zustad igives gulisxmobs, rac roman-
tikosi avtorebis msoflmxedvelobaze saubrisas aRvniSneT, baironis Tu
baraTaSvilis magaliTze – adamianis arsebobis sazRvrebze, romelTa rRve-
visken/gadalaxvisken/daZlevisken swrafvac vlindeba maT SemoqmedebaSi.
romantikosebis TvalsazrisiT, swrafva, ltolva yoveli arsebu-
lisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. magram mcenareul da cxovelur sam-
yaroebSi gvxvdeba gaucnobierebeli swrafva, romelic mimarTulia uSua-
lo moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisken. adamiani ki, ramdenadac is umaR-
les arsebadaa miCneuli, ufro maRali idealebi amoZravebs da misi mizani
miRmurisken, usasrulobisken, `ciurisken~ swrafvaa. `im swrafvaTa Soris,
adamianis cxovrebas mravalferovnad rom aqceven, aris.. swrafva idealis-
ken. Cven vnaxeT, ganvixileT amaRlebulis gancda da idealisken swrafva.
Cven unda avideT kidev ufro maRal safexurze da davinaxoT saerTo orives
sawyisSi, romelic maT gamaSualebel elements Seadgens. esaa ltolva
usasrulobisadmi da amaze maRali adamianSi araferia~, – werda fridrix
Slegeli.
swrafva solomon dodaSvilisTvisac yofierebis principia: `aha,
yovelsa cocxalsa arsebasa aqvs miswrafeba, anu mimarTeba sxvisa mis mier
ara xilulisa sagnisadmi, raTamca aRavlinos Tvalni sxva da sxva saxil-

33
 gaga lomiZe

vebaTa Sina warmoebisTvis cxovrebis dasasrulisa (sagnisa) da wyaroisa

keTilSemTxvevisa misisa~.
maSasadame, solomon dodaSvilis azriT, `1. yovel arsebulSi, yo-
velTvis da yvelgan mocemulia absoluti (`amaRlebul ZalTasa gonieri
suli~); 2. absoluti sxvadasxva arsebulSi (`saxeebSi~) sxvadasxva formiT
(`xarisxiT~) vlindeba; 3. absoluti am sagnebSi vlindeba maradiulad moq-
medi kanonebis mixedviT~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 50)
sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli leqsis evropeizacia, romelzec Ta-
vis droze ilia WavWavaZe saubrobda da rac evropuli literaturisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi motivebisa da tendenciebis danergvasTan aso-
cirdeboda qarTul poeziaSi, swored dodaSvilis saxels ukavSirdeba. is,
rom dodaSvilma didi gavlena moaxdina baraTaSvilze, adasturebs vaxtang
orbelianis gancxadeba, romelsac zaqaria WiWinaZe moixmobs: `nikoloz
baraTaSvili gamoiwurTna solomon dodaSvilTan. Tu sol. dodaSvili ar
yofiliyos, maSin SeiZleba arc baraTaSvili ar yofiliyos~.
rogorc aRniSnaven: `baraTaSvilisa da dodaSvilis poziciebi erT-
maneTis axlos dgas Semdeg sakiTxebSi: 1. samyaros dayofa movlenaTa da
miRmur samyaroebad; 2. am ori samyaros radikaluri dapirispireba; 3. aq-
centireba subieqtze; 4. yofierebis principad swrafvis gageba; 5. adamianis
gansakuTrebulad, kerZod cnobierad mswrafvel arsebad gaazreba; 6. ada-
mianis gageba, rogorc zegrZnobadi miRmuri sinamdvilisken mswrafve-
li arsebisa; cnobieri swrafvis genezisis romantikuli gageba (romelic,
Tavis mxriv, fixtedan modis)~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 48-49)
`adamiani, poetis mixedviT, raRac gansakuTrebul, miRmur da zegr-
Znobad sinamdviles rom eswrafvis, naTlad Cans baraTaSvilis Semdegi
striqonebidan:

oh, viT yoveli bunebac maSin iyo lamazi, minazebuli!

he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs daCneuli!
awca ra Tvalni laJvards gixilven, myis fiqrni Senda moiswrafian,
.............................................
me, Sensa mWvretels, maviwydebis sawuTroeba,
gulis-Tqma Cemi Sens iqiTa... eZiebs sadgurs,
zenaarT samyofT, rom daSTos is amaoeba...

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es striqonebi miRmuris wvdomis saSualebad

pirdapir asaxelebs cnobier swrafvas (`fiqrni Senda moiswrafian~)
(kacitaZe ... 2012: 43)
sagulisxmoa romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli totalurobis ga-
geba da masTan dodaSvilis naazrevis erTgvari iribi kavSiri, rasac Semdeg
baraTaSviliseul striqonebamde mivyavarT. germanuli idealizmis
warmomadgenelTaTvis Cveuli totalurobis ideali, romelic `kantma
Semoitana da fixtem aitaca, romantikosebma da Selingma organul tota-

34
 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

lurobad gaiazres. hegeli ki nawilebs mTlianis Semadgenlad miiCnevs,

romlebic erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli~ (Limnatis 2008: 276-277). ama-
ve rigis movlenaa germanul idealizmTan dakavSirebuli naturfiloso-
fia, romelic bunebas mTlianobaSi ganixilavs da ramac safuZveli daudo
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs. romantikosebis da idealistebisTvis
usasrulo mTlianoba igive usasrulo sicocxle iyo, rac bunebaSi sasru-
li sagnebiT vlindeba. aqedan gamomdinare, usasrulobis miRweva sasrulis
wvdomis Sedegad iyo SesaZlebeli. totalobis, universalobisken swraf-
va gamoixateba saxelwodebebsa Tu disciplinebis gaerTianebaSi, magali-
Tad, novalisis naSromSi `universaluri gegma~; an, Tundac, goeTes
gamonaTqvamSi `msoflio literaturebi~, rac msoflios literaturebis
erTianobas gulisxmobda.
swored nawilis mTelis Semadgenlad warmodgenas iTvaliswinebs
sinekdoqe, rogorc aseTi. solomon dodaSvili misi ganmartebisas werda:
`sinekdoxas ganmartebisas s. dodaSvili wers: `sinekdoxa ars tropi, ro-
melsaca Sina daidebis yovladi nacvlad kerZoisa Tvisisa, naTesavi nac-
vlad saxelisa da ukuqceviT. mag.: mokvdavi nacvlad kacisa~. sinekdo-
qes dodaSviliseuli ganmartebis safuZvelze, k. kacitaZe da k. jamburia
nikoloz baraTaSvilTan amgvari konstruqciebis sixSireze miuTiTeben:
amgvar konstruqciebs xSirad nikoloz baraTaSvilic iyenebs: `mokvdavsa
enas ar ZaluZs ukvdavTa grZnobaT gamoTqma~, an: `magram ver scnoben, glax,
mokvdavni gangebas ciurs!~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 55)

teqstis analizi/paraleli

imis dasadgenad, Tu, erTi mxriv, ra mimarTebaa romantizmam-

del ganmanaTleblur poziciasa da TviT mas da, meore mxriv, evropul da
qarTul romantikul msoflmxedvelobas Soris, paralelurad ganvixi-
loT ori leqsi – goeTes `tyis mefe~ da baraTaSvilis `xma idumali~. davi-
naxavT, rom `tyis mefe~ aseTi fraziT iwyeba: “Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und
Wind?”. nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsis `xma idumali~ pirveli striqoni ase-
Tia: `visi xma aris es sakvirveli?~ aris udavo Tanxvedra am or leqss Soris,
ara poeturi leqsikis, aramed konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT. goeTes `tyis
mefe~ romantizmze gadasvlis etapis momaswavebelia, sadac mamis pozicia
ganmanaTleblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizmiTaa daRdasmuli,
romelic Svilis idumalebiT mocul kiTxvebs, TiTqosda, bunebis movle-
nebiT xsnis – anu aq cxadad aris dapirispirebuli racionalizmi da ro-
mantizmi, goneba da warmosaxva, mgrZnobeloba. tyis mefe igive bavSvis mamaa
– bavSvis warmosaxvaSi arsebuli mamis gansxvavebuli buneba, misi proeqcia.
sagulisxmoa, rom orive leqsSi, is, rac ganmanaTleblobisTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli racionalizmiT ver aixsneba – JReradobiT, xmis saSualebiT

35
 gaga lomiZe

Semodis. `xma idumalis~ saerTo konteqstis gasaTvaliswineblad aucile-

belia goeTes `tyis mefe~, romlis saSualebiTac ikiTxeba baraTaSvilis
leqsi. leqsi, sadac, erTi mxriv, romantizmis kanonebis Sesabamisad, mis-
ticizmi, ezoTeruli codnis saSualebiT samyaros Secnobis wyurvili da
am samyaros winaSe martoobis gancdac cxadia da, meore mxriv, ukavSirdeba
adamianis ganviTarebis im etaps, rodesac is Semecnebas iwyebs da warsuls
– bavSvobas, rogorc samoTxes igonebs (`ra vscan pirvelad wuTisofeli,/
davSTe adgili, sadaca wrfeli/ rbioda naTlad dro ymawvilobis/ sworTa,
TanzrdilTa, megobarT Soris~). leqsSi `xma idumali~ vxvdebiT striqo-
nebs, sadac is `sindisis xmis~ koncepts axsenebs: `mas aqeT xma ram Tan sdevs
yovelTa/ CemTa zraxvaTa da sawadelTa!../ nuTu xma ese ars xma devnisa/
Seuwyalisa sinidisisa?~. Tuki mis saqciels am striqonebis konteqs-
tSi ganvixilavT da, imavdroulad, analitikur fsiqologiasac gaviTva-
liswinebT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi cvalebadi xasiaTi
da isic, rom `sindisis xma~ igive superegoa, sadac iseve rogorc `tyis me-
feSi~ tyis mefis da mamis poziciebi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba cduneba da
tabu, rasac, erTi mxriv, kastraciis kompleqsamde da meore mxriv – su-
peregomde mivyavarT. baraTaSvilTan amgvari swrafva Tavisuflebis-
ken realur cxovrebaSi drostarebisadmi mis midrekilebaSi aisaxeba da
Tan, poeziaSi – rogorc represirebuli fantaziebis realizebis aspar-
ezSi, iseve rogorc goeTeseul `tyis mefeSi~ bavSvis represirebuli war-
mosaxvebi moCvenebebis – tyis mefis da misi amalis saxiT vlindeba, romel-
sac yovlismcodne mama axSobs. romantizmSi xom represirebuli fantaziebi
moCvenebebis saxiT Cndeba.
germanuli romantikuli ferweris warmomadgenlis – kaspar david
fridrixis namuSevarSi `martoxela moxetiale romelic nislis zRvas
gadmoyurebs~ fermkrTali da bundovani landSaftis fonze, gamosaxulia
kldis wverze mdgari yaribi, rogorc martoobis da bundovani momavlis
gamoxatuleba, sadac RmerTis Secnobisadmi adamianis iracionaluri sur-
vili ikveTeba. yaribis Tvalwin gadaSlilia gaurkveveli momavali – uf-
skruli, romlisken gadasadgmeladac mas nabiji aqvs momzadebuli. es erT-
gvari metaforaa rogorc martoobis da sasowarkveTilebis, ise didebule-
bis da mSvenierebis, zogadad, adamianuri cxovrebis, rogorc mogzaurobis,
romelic sikvdilis mdgomareobaSi, an usasrulobaSi gadadis. garkveul-
wilad, esec orbunebovnebaa – nebismieri saSualebiT samyaros saidumlos
SecnobisTvis mzadyofna.
rogorc aRniSnaven, `gmiri ver poulobs `sulis gansasvenebels~ verc
bunebaSi, verc siyvarulSi, verc religiaSi. misi suli veRar uZlebs re-
aluri samyaros dawolas da imsxvreva. gmiris Sinagani gaoreba, romelic
e.T.a. hofmanTan da e.a. posTan `oreulebis poetikaSi~, anu erTi gmiris ori
personaJis saxiT gamoxatvaSi aisaxa, n. baraTaSvilTan Sinagani monolo-
gis formiTaa warmodgenili. `xma idumali~ gmiris gaorebuli sulis erTi

36
 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

nawilia da erTdroulad aris angelozic da demonic. es ori urTierT-

gamomricxavi polusi (angelozi da demoni), romantikosTa TvalsazrisiT,
erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarsebobs adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi. erT-
erT leqsSi (`sulo boroto..~) am Sinagan xmas, anu Tavis meore me-s, n. bara-
TaSvili ukve gamokveTilad uwodebs borot suls, radgan misgan aRZruli
romantikuli swrafva iluziebis msxvreviT damTavrda. sulis erTi nawili,
romelic mosvenebas ar aZlevs gmirs da idealisken mouwodebs, misi meore
nawilis aRSfoTebas iwvevs, romelic daRala usazRvroebisken ltolvam
da obivateluri simSvidisken gadaixara~ (nakudaSvili 2010: 51) baraTaSvi-
lis `xma idumalSi~ gvxvdeba striqonebi: `angelozi xar, mfarveli Cemi,/ an
Tu eSmaki, macTuri Cemi?/vinca xar, marqvi, ras momiswaveb,/ sicocxles Cem-
sa ras ganumzadeb?/ ros vscna me Seni saidumloba..~, sadac bundovnad miniS-
nebasac vxvdebiT imdroindel literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebul
motivze – luciferTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb, rogorc goeTes `faustSi~ Tu
baironis `kaenSi~. rogorc aRniSnaven, adamianis buneba mudam zegrZnobadi
sinamdvilis Secnobisken miiswrafvis, cdilobs movlenaTa samyaros miRma
gavides. es zegrZnobadi samyaro, imavdroulad, sakuTar me-Si CaRrmavebaa.
romantizmSi movlenaTa samyaro adamianis `me~-s aqtivobis da miR-
muri, zegrZnobadi samyaros zemoqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba. movlenaTa sam-
yaros Seqmna adamianis aqtivobisganaa davalebuli. adamiani, Tavisi qmede-
bebiT, raRac gavlenas axdens movlenaTa samyaroze. igi movlenaTa samyaros
Seqmnis Tanamoziarea. samyaros amgvar TanaSeqmnas germanul idealizmSi
transcendentaluri konstruireba ewodeba. amiT romantizmi emijneba Sua
saukuneebis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac sagnebi adamians ise ecxade-
bian, rogorc `TavisTavad~ arseboben.

pirvelcodva da individualuri codva

cxovelebi erT sferoSi – instinqtebis sferoSi moqmedeben da ami-

tomac es mdgomareoba ufro martivia. angelozebi sulier-azrobriv siv-
rceSi moqmedeben da esec gasagebia. adamiani am or sferos Sorisaa moq-
ceuli da maTi morigeba SeuZlebelia. adamianis es mdgomareoba jer kidev
bibliaSia miTiTebuli, rodesac adamis codvazea saubari. adamiani mudmi-
vad or arCevans Sorisaa. erTi mxriv, is fizikuri arsebaa, romelmac unda
daikmayofilos Tavisi elementaruli survilebi. meore mxriv, adamiani
imazec fiqrobs da icis, rom mas unda qondes sulieri Rirebulebebi da
a.S. magram adamiani verasodes miuaxlovdeba im moralur magaliTs, romel-
sac TviTonve isaxavs.
adami maSin xdeba adamiani da codvili, rodesac borotis da keTilis
garCevas iwyebs, cnobieris xis nayofs sinjavs. anu am metaforis mixedviT,
adamiani ebmeba azrebis sivrceSi da uCndeba borotebis da sikeTis sainter-
pretacio sistema.

37
 gaga lomiZe

adamianis codvilobis gageba yovelTvis arsebobda farulad mainc.

magram koleqtiur sazogadoebaSi adamianisTvis arsebobs erTi, konkret-
uli faseuloba, romelic yvelasTvis erTia. am dros SeiZleba codvis gan-
wmenda farisevlurad, monaniebiT da es SeiZleba bevrjer ganmeordes. ase-
Ti koleqtiuri cnobierebis dros, ierarqiuloba TavisTavad igulisxmeba.
magaliTad, saeklesio piri gansazRvravs bevr rames. am dros pasuxismgeb-
lobas sasuliero piri iRebs, adamians exsneba pasuxismgeblobis SegrZneba.
adamiani am dros ar aris Tavisufali, mas garedan axveven normebs. xolo
rodesac pasuxismgebloba – romel gadawyvetilebas avirCevT konkretul
SemTxvevaSi – socialurad ganpirobebuls Tu azrebis samyaros Sesabamiss –
TiToeul adamians ekisreba, is mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. individu-
alisturi cnobierebis matarebeli adamianebisTvis es mdgomareoba adamis
meore codviTdacemis tolfasia, rodesac ar arsebobs sxva avtoriteti an
is, vinc pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze aiRebs, sakuTari me-s garda.
qristianul cnobierebaSi yvelaferi garkveulia – boroteba aris is,
rac RvTis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba. magram rogorc ki RvTis monistur nebas
gamoricxavT da gnostikurad aRiarebT, rom samyaro borotebis da sike-
Tis mudmivi brZolaa, maSin pasuxismgebloba adamianze gadadis. individs
romantizmSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. is aris kidec Semoqmedi
da boroteba-sikeTeze amaRlebulia, vinaidan aravin icis, ra aris sinam-
dvileSi boroteba da sikeTe. romantizmis adamiani gardaqmnis cxovrebas
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr, is monanie subieqti ar aris, magram imaze pasu-
xismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebs, rac misi qmedebis Sedegad Cndeba. amiT
– monaniebis uaryofiT da pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aRebiT, isini
RmerTs utoldebian. adamiani, garkveulwilad, Semoqmedad gardaiqmneba.
da swored am dros Cndeba demonizmi, rasac, arsebiTad, baironis saxels
ukavSireben.
meamboxes da romantikosis, sazogadoebisgan ukugdebulis, Serisxu-
lis da Tan sayovelTaod aRiarebuli poetis, baironis tragikuli bedi,
raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, misi poemebis gmirebisas daemsgavsa.
albaT, am polusebis erTianobis, winaaRmdegobebis erTobliobis wyalo-
biTac iwvevda is misi Tanamedroveebis mxridan, erTsa da imave dros, aRf-
rTovanebasac da gakicxvasac.
im dros, rodesac baironi samoRvaweo asparezze gamovida, ukmayo-
filebis gamoxatva, sibraze sazogadoebrivi diskursis nawilad iqca. miT
umetes, safrangeTis didma revoluciam sibrazis diskursis legitimacias
Seuwyo xeli rogorc politikur, ise kulturul sferoSi. am periodSi, ru-
sos gavleniT, poeziaSi warmmarTveli gaxda gulaxdilobis da mkiTxvelis
TanagrZnobis Tu Tanagancdis esTetikuri principi. mTavari gaxda emoci-
ebis gulaxdili gamoxatva da gamomsaxvelobis Teatralurobisgan gaTa-
visufleba. amitomac ukmayofilebis emociuri gamoxatva mZafri, intensi-
uri poeturi formebis ZiebaSi aisaxeboda. baironis poeziaSi am yvelafers

38
 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

dramatuli forma aqvs – misi lirikuli gmiri, rogorc usamarTlobis

msxverpli, erTsa da imave dros, ebrZvis samyaros da uaRresi gulaxdilo-
bis demonstrirebiT, misgan TiTqos Tanagancdasac moiTxovs (`uxe-
Sia, Tumc gulwrfeli Cemi hangi~); an striqonebSi: `ukan waiReT romansebis
tkbili tyuili,/sicruis xlarTi ugnurobis gamonagoni,/ sulisSemkvreli
mzeris sxivi momeciT rbili,/an aRtaceba siyvarulis pirveli kocnis./ pa-
tivs vcem sityvebs, nakadiviT amoxeTqilebs,/romelic feTqavs, siyvarulis
pirveli kocniT~ (`siyvarulis pirveli kocna~), sadac TiTqos platonis
mimdevariviT uaryofs xelovnebis siyalbes, an, ufro, siyalbes xelovnebaSi.
bunebrivia, baironiseuli es antiTeturoba, erosis da Tanatosis
Tanaarseboba Tu narcisizmi TviTgadarCenis, Tavdacvis instinqtis gamov-
linebaa, rasac poetis fsiqotipis zogierTi mkvlevari paranoiulobis Ta-
visebur gamovlinebad miiCnevda.
Tumca sikvdilisken swrafvis, TviTganadgurebis motivi ucxo rodi
iyo imdroindeli esTetikisTvis. piriqiT, imdroindeli poezia da proza
(amis dasturad Tundac meri Selis proza ikmarebda) savsea goTikuri es-
TetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiT – sasaflaoebiT, ConCxebiT da
sikvdilis sxva atributebiT. iqneb swored amitomac mieltvis baironis
poeziis lirikuli `me~ sasaflaoze ganmartoebas: `vnaxe adgilni, saaTo-
biT sadac vfiqrobdi,/roca mwuxrisas davjdebodi saflavis qvaze;/an sa-
saflaos gorakze rom davseirnobdi,/rom ukeTesad damenaxa Camavali mze~
(`harous Soreuli xilvisas~) – striqonebi, romelmac Tavisi ganwyobiT Se-
iZleba baraTaSvilis poezia gagvaxsenos, radganac erTaderTi WeSmariteba
– sikvdilia. amgvari gancda xom yvelasTvis saerToa da albaT, swored am
dramatuli monologiT iwvevda is Tanadroul mkiTxvelSi Tanagancdas;
ufro sworad, mkiTxvelic mis `alter egod~ iqceoda. magram, imavdrou-
lad, sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris kavSiris uCveulo ganWvretiT, baironis
poeziis lirikuli `me~, Tavisi protestiT, samyaros armiRebiT, yovelTvis
ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi mokvdavi. amiT aixsneba, rom misTvis `ara-
vin aris, naTesavi msgavsi SegnebiT~ (`martosuloba~).
zogadad, inglisuri romantizmi samyaros iracionalur safuZvels
aRiarebs, rac kargad Cans jon kitsis poemaSi `izabeli anu qoTani reha-
niT~. aq Seyvarebuli izabeli Tavisi satrfos mokveTil Tavs qoTanSi
rgavs, saidanac rehani amodis. aq siyvarulis niSani – mcenare, rehania, rom-
lis niadagSic, safuZvelSic – sikvdilia.
samyaros miuRebloba heroikuli gaqcevis aucileblobas warmoSobs:
`netav frinvelis frTebi rosme mec gamomesxas,/rom SemZleboda mtrede-
biviT caSi navardi,/movaxerxebdi albaT zecis TaRis gakveTas/da samuda-
mod am qveynisgan davisvenebdi~ (`visurvebdi rom vyofiliyav bavSviviT
laRi~). amgvari gaqceva xSirad warsulSi dabrunebas niSnavs; biologiur
warsulSi, an bavSvobaSi, rogorc samoTxeSi, romlisTvisac ucxoa or-
bunebovneba da arc borotebad da sikeTed iyofa erTiani, monoliTuri sam-
yaro. amitomac ambobs baironis lirikuli gmiri leqsSi `harous Soreuli

39
 gaga lomiZe

xilvisas~: `uperspeqtivo momavalSi radgan vrwmundebi,/sulisTvis xdeba

miT Zvirfasi sxivi warsulis!~ magram Tuki baironiseuli heroikuli
gaqceva biologiur warsulTan mibrunebaa, qarTvel romantikosebTan
samyaros armiReba da warsulSi gaqceva – istoriul warsulSi dabrunebas
gulisxmobs, romelic poetebis wodebriv privilegiebTan igivdeba (SaTi-
riSvili). Tumca am mxriv, siRrmiseuli xedviT da globaluri msoflSeg-
rZnebiT gamonaklisia baraTaSvili.
amgvari heroikuli gaqceva anaTesavebs baironis poeziasTan ba-
raTaSvilis leqsebs, gansakuTrebiT `meranis~ striqonebs da `evTanaziis~
Semdeg fragments: `nu movlen maSin megobrebi an memkvidreni,/iq an satir-
lad an qonebis dasataceblad,/nu mova satrfoc gaSlili TmiT da crem-
lisdeniT,/Tavisi gancdis gulwrfelobis dasamtkiceblad~. orive SemTx-
vevaSi gaqcevis da Tavganwirvis heroikuli motivi mis barokalurobaze
miuTiTebs, sadac Rirseba, sxvisi TvaliT danaxuli `me~, sakuTari pirov-
nebisgan miTiuri arsebis Seqmna yvelaze mniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc
baironis am striqonebSi: `man gadacura bevrjer dineba,/Tu im Zvel ambavs
daejereba,/RmerTma xom uwyis, vis ra eneba – /mas siyvaruli, me ki – dide-
ba~. (`dawerili sestodan abidosSi gadacurvis Semdeg~). zogjer ki gaqceva
sikvdilisken swrafvad, Trobis gziT eqstazs uaxlovdeba, rac sacnauri
xdeba leqsSi `warwera Tavis qalisgan damzadebul sasmisze” da sadac aR-
mosavluri mgrZnobelobis gavlena Cans (`jobs naperwklian RviniT xSirad
rom amavsebde,/vidre budobdnen CemSi miwis Wia-matlebi~) – aRmosavleTi,
rogorc sanukvari mistikuri mxare.
baironis gmirebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia heroikuloba – rom isini
unda SeebrZolon beds da bolomde Sedgen, rogorc adamianebi. baironis
kaeni ukompromiso, marTali da meocnebe gmiria. luciferma icis kaenis
buneba. axalgazrduli cnobiereba simarTles eZebs, magram Tuki sinamd-
vile, Tavisi orazrovnebiT da sirTuliT, misTvis gaugebaria, axalgazr-
das is sicrued eCveneba. am logikiT, borotma RmerTma adamiani gandevna
samoTxidan da wameba miusaja. adamianma borotebiT mofenil samyaroSi
unda icxovros da pasuxi agos kidec. Tan, am RmerTs unda, rom uyvardeT
da msxverplic Sewiron. is tirani gamodis, radgan sikvdiliT da codviT
daamona adamianebi. ratom moawyo man ase cudad samyaro? oridan erTia:
an sulelia an boroti. kaenisgan gansxvavebiT, vTqvaT, Seqspiris hamleti
araa axalgazrduli cnobierebis nayofi, is didxans fiqrobs, sanam gada-
wyvetilebas miiRebs. mis adgilas, kaeni maSinve imoqmedebda da moklavda
mamamisis mkvlels.
me-19 saukunis istoriac kaenis msgavsma adamianebma Seqmnes – adami-
anebma, romlebsac samarTlianoba da problemebis swrafad mogvareba, is-
toriaSi Sesvla da xalxisTvis bednierebis motana undodaT. gnostikuri
pozicia vlindeba luciferis sityvebSi, rodesac is kaens esaubreba da
rodesac ara moTminebisken, samyarosadmi rwmenisken, azrovnebisken mo-
uwodebs mas, aramed imisken, rom Tavis Tavze aiRos pasuxismgebloba, Tvi-

40
 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

Tonve daiwyos Semecnebis procesi, RmerTis daxmarebis gareSe da Semdeg

samyaros gardaqmnis gzisken. gonosticizmSi, romantizmis msgavsad, iwyeba
materialuri samyaros da meore sinamdvilis dapirispireba, sadac adami-
anebis ganuxorcielebeli SesaZleblobebia. materialuri sinamdvile am
SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis saSualebas ar iZleva. amitomac adamianma
Tavi unda daaRwios realobas. gnosticizmSi codnis gziT materialuro-
bisgan gaTavisuflebis Sedegad aRwevs adamiani Tavisuflebas. gnosticiz-
mi amitomac upirispirebs erTmaneTs borots da keTils, materias da suls
da xsnis gzad codnas miiCnevs, rac ukve pozitivisturi midgomaa. aqedan
iwyeba pozitivizmis da gnosticizmis siaxlove. maT safuZvelSivea re-
lativisturi midgoma yvelafris, maT Soris borotebis da sikeTis raobis
mimarT.
luciferi kaenis mosaxiblad amgvar, myife mdgomareobas xatavs –
yvelafris relatiurobas; sinamdvile, luciferis azriT, aris daeWveba.
magram arsebobs faseulobebi, romlebic nebismieri poziciidan ucvleli
rCeba da masze araferi moqmedebs. es WeSmariteba qristianobaSi RmerTs
da rwmenas ukavSirdeba, rodesac usasrulo sasrulSi, Cvens samyaroSi
gamoxatavs Tavis Tavs. luciferma swored am postulatze unda miitanos
ieriSi – raimes mimarT rwmenaze, rasac abeli ganicdis. kaeni TviTon bai-
ronia, romelic saSiS kiTxvebs svams da amiT Tavis pozicias da sakuTar
Tavs bolomde anadgurebs.
analogiurad, goeTes „faustSi“ mefistofeli pozitivistia. goeTe
dacinis romantikosebs, rom araviTari enTuziazmi ar arsebobs, razec ro-
mantikosebi saubroben, Tuki ar iarsebebs cduneba da eSmaki. adamianebs
iluziebis gareSe cxovreba ar SegviZlia, magram iluziebisTvis yovelTvis
eSmaks unda mivmarToT.
baironis kaens eSinia sikvdilis manamdec ki, sanam TviTon sikvdili
amqveynad gamoCndeba. adamianis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, rom gaazviados
movlenebi, amiT SeSindes, sakuTar TavSi Caiketos da gare samyaros gaemij-
nos. adamianisTvis Znelia, roca raimes racionalizebas ver axdens da amisi
eSinia.
boroteba iwyeba maSin, rodesac moraliT – borotebis da sikeTis
codniT aRWurvili adamianis winaSe iqmneba arCevani, misi SezRuduli Se-
saZleblobebis fonze. adamiani verasodes iqneba Tavis moralur idealTan
miaxloebuli. RmerTisgan Seqmnili adamiani verasodes ver aiRebs RmerTis
pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze. amitomac RmerTTan misuli monanie ada-
miani pasuxismgeblobas gadacems mas da mas Seibraleben. magram manamde ada-
mianma unda gaacnobieros Tavisi arsebobis sazrisi da Tavisi codvebic.
romantizmi mniSvnelovnadaa davalebuli goeTesgan da misi `axal-
gazrda verTeris vnebanisgan~. rodesac goeTes „axalgazrda verTeris
vnebani~ gamoqveynda, evropaSi TviTmkvlelobis seriebi moyva. eklesiam
gaakritika. lesingi mis Sesaxeb werda, rom mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ro-

41
 gaga lomiZe

mani kargia, magram moralurad albaT arasworia da TviTmkvlelobisken

ubiZgebs adamianebs.
`verTerSi~ buneba adamianis bedis da ganwyobis Sesabamisad icvle-
ba: dadebiTidan uaryofiTidan. aq Tavidan idiliaa da yvelaferi mowons
verTers axal garemoSi, sadac Tavidan samuSaod Cadis. aqvea lote, romlis
keTilSobilebac, da-Zmebisadmi damokidebulebac xiblavs. adamiani iRebs
gaSlili guliT am idealur samyaros da aRmoCndeba, rom es xafangi iyo da
am idealis miRma Turme boroteba da samyaros usamarTloba imaleba. mov-
lenebic analogiurad, uaryofiTad viTardeba, siyvarulSi xeli moecare-
baT adamianebs, viRaceebi iRupebian.. irkveva, rom mSvenieri lotec sinamd-
vileSi arc ise mSvenieria. irkveva, rom lote sabediswero qalia. verTeri
xvdeba axalgazrda kacs, romelic Wkuidan SeSlilia. verTeri gaigebs, rom
is lotes mamis mdivani iyo da lotesadmi upasuxo siyvarulis gamo Wkui-
dan SeiSala. ase rom, lote, bunebis msgavsad, misi mtrediseburi suli si-
namdvileSi eSmakebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. man da misma saqmrom, albertma
kargad ician, rom verTers lote uyvars. magram es wyvili verTers Cuqnis
bafTas lotes kabidan, rac mosvenebas ukargavs verTers. es ukve dacin-
vaa. magram arc verTeria ucodveli. romanis dasawyisSi misive werilidan
vigebT, rom verTeric cudad moeqca lenoras, romelsac uyvarda is. es
yvelaferi ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom samyaro ar aris iseTi srulyofili,
rogorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes.

damowmebani:

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Bregadze, K’onst’ant’ine. Germanuli Romant’izmi. Tbilisi: “meridiani”, 2012 (konstantine bregaZe.
germanuli romantizmi. Tbilisi: meridiani, 2012).
Calhoon, K.S. Fatherland: Novalis, Freud, and the Discipline of Romance. Wayne State Univ Press, 1992.
Dodashvili, Solomon. Saiubileo K’rebuli. Midzghvnili S. Dodashvilis Dabadebis 180 Ts’listavisadmi.
Tbilisi: tbililisi un-t’is gam-ba, 1986 (dodaSvili, solomon. saiubileo krebuli. miZRv-
nili s. dodaSvilis dabadebis 180 wlisTavisadmi. Tbilisi: Tbil. un-tis gam-ba,
1986).
Jamburia, K’akha da K’atsit’adze, Kakha. Kartuli Romant’izmis Ist’oriul-kult’uruli k’ont’ekst’i. Kartu-
li Romant’izmi – Natsionaluri da Int’ernatsionaluri Sazghvrebi. Tbilisi: Shota rustavelis kartuli
lit’erat’uris inst’it’ut’i, 2012 (jamburia, kaxa da kacitaZe, kaxa. qarTuli romantizmis
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ternacionaluri sazRvrebi. Tbilisi: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis
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Limnatis, Nectarios G. German Idealism and the Problem of Knowledge: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and
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Lomidze, Tamar. Mirbis, Mimaprens.. Leksi, Mkholod Erti Leksi. Tbilisi: 1995 (lomiZe T. mirbis,
mimafrens. leqsi, mxolod erTi leqsi. Tbilisi: 1995).
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miZe T. „nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeturi stilis problema“. axali paradigmebi, I,
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Lomidze, Tamar. Mkhat’vruli Azrovnebis Taviseburebebi Kartul Romant’izmshi. Lit’erat’uruli Dziebani,
XIX, Tbilisi: 1998) (lomiZe T. „mxatvruli azrovnebis Taviseburebebi qarTul roman-
tizmSi“. literaturuli Ziebani, XIX, Tbilisi: 1998).
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Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011).

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 gaga lomiZe

Gaga Lomidze
(Georgia)
Romanticism: Text and Context

Summary

Key words: romanticism, poetry, demonism, original sin, indivifual sin,

pitentiality.

The Beginning of Romanticism is associated with the contradictory nature of the

universe that implies distinction between imminence and existence, ideal and reality. The
ideals suggested by Enlightment were not realized. That’s why Romaticism worked out a
position implying to condemn reality and turn to the world of ideals. Romantic authors are
not trying to solve contradictions in the visible world, but they are fully concluded within
the world of imaginations.
Art was the highest form of creativity in Romanticism as well as in Classicism,
but Classicism, in contrast to Romanticism, divided everyday life and art. For Romantic
authors potential becomes actual. Romantic authors set emotions againts mind as well
as dreamer protagonist against rational, mature protagonist of Classicist epoch. It was a
certain kind of reinterpretation of Kant’s question: what kind of interrelation is between
the phenomena and noumena? This is remodelling of the topic that back in the Baroque
epoche, in the 17th century became vital: merge of fictive and real. That is why in Roman-
ticism life and art becomes one.
The movement had its specific features in different countries, because it was caused
by different ideological concepts as well as events of social and political importance.
Social background of Romanticism in Europe was the Great French Revolution, while na-
tional liberation movements served as a foundation for the movement in Eastern European
countries. In the US development of the movement was marked with the sign of self-reli-
ance of the nation. German Romanticism was influenced by Fichte’s idealistic philosophy,
while Rousseau’s doctrines had a significant impact on French Romanticism. Georgian
Romanticism is a part of this larger context. Its ideological basis is connected to the name
of Solomon Dodashvili – Georgian philosopher, journalist, historian, grammarian, who
significantly influenced Nikoloz Baratashvili, a major figure in Georgian literature, and
who participated in 1832 conspiracy against the Russian hegemony in Georgia. German
Idealism, Schelling and Schlegel brothers were his major influence.
According to Romantic authors, it is impossible to interpret the world in terms of
the things already realized. Thus, they think that every society as well as an individual is
more than s/he realizes him/herself in a certain social givenness. For example, in the case
of Nikoloz Baratashvili, he was “condemned” to live in a given social environment. He
himself understood these limits very well and that’s why (like his counterparts: Byron or
Lermontov) his potential possibilities - his shocking character used to emerge on the sur-
face in different circumstances.

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 romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

The repressed nature of an individual comes to the surface and destroys everything
on its way. This mechanism works like a Freudian anthropological model. In Baratash-
vili’s case, for example, in his poem “Mystic voice” we see a concept of “voice of con-
science”. This concept offers a key to interpretation of the poem as well as Baratashvilis
behavior in real life. “Voice of Conscience” is the same as Superego and reminds of “Elfk-
ing” by Goethe, where positions of elfking and father of a child contradict each other like
temptation and taboo. From here there are two directions one can follow: one takes us to
Castration Anxiety and another – to Superego. When an individual is unable to realize
him/herself in a given social environment, the so-called “world-weariness” starts; weari-
ness because of the things unrealized in the given environment, because the environment
is limited.
Romanticism does not give priority to the characters (because it implies something
that is already realized, fulfilled). Romanticism prefers lyric poetry instead. Juvenilism is
one of its characteristics. It resembles youth, when from the vast possibilities nothing is
realized yet.

45