pozicia

Teimuraz doiaSvili
(saqarTvelo)

akakis `gamzrdeli~
da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

akaki wereTlis `gamzrdeli~ mecxramete saukunis qarTuli re-

alizmis erT-erT Semajamebel, gamorCeul qmnilebad aris miCneuli. aseTi
Sfasebis miuxedavad, `sufTa xazebiT gayvanili magistrali poemisa~
(p. ingoroyva) Cvenma literaturaTmcodneobam maincadamainc damajereb-
lad ver gaiara – miugnebeli darCa is filosofiur-kulturuli konteq-
sti, romelSic unda gaanalizdes qarTuli poeziis es Sedevri.
`gamzrdelSi~, romelSic, qvesaTauris Tanaxmad, namdvili ambavia
moTxrobili, ambavic uCveuloa da araordinaruli personaJebic moqmede-
ben. erTi maTgani Tavisi surviliT gridebia Tanamedrove cxovrebas da
pirvelyofili bunebis wiaRSi gankerZoebula. meore – stumari da ZuZum-
te – `misad rgebad~ wasuli maspinZlis cols Seuracxyofs, Sin mobrunebu-
li qmari ki SurisZiebis nacvlad Seuracxmyofels cocxals uSvebs. poemis
finalSi paradoqsuloba mwvervals aRwevs: damnaSavis magier udanaSaulo
adamiani iklavs Tavs, ufro metic, sanam personaJi am sabediswero nabijs
gadadgamdes, avtors misTvis gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoaqvs:

magram marto wvrTna ras izams,

Tu bunebamc ar uSvela?

Tu `wvrTna~, romelsac `buneba~ xels ar uwyobs, uZluria aRzrdis

saqmeSi, ratom iklavs Tavs brZeni gamzrdeli?!
realistur mxatvrul teqstebSi, romelTac `gamzrdeli~ miekuT-
vneba, siuJeturi peripetiebi da moqmed pirTa qcevac, Riad Tu farulad,
avtoriseul koncefciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. nawarmoebis sazrisis
amosacnobad xedvis iseTi wertilis moZebnaa saWiro, saidanac SemoTava-
zebuli mxatvruli logikis farglebSi Txzulebis e.w. ucnaurobani buneb-
rivad ganimarteba. amis gareSe nebismieri wakiTxva teqstisa naklovania da
xSirad – mcdaric.
`gamzrdeli~ 1898 wels daiwera da TiTqmis mTeli saukune, – teqstis
religiur interpretaciamde, – gaiazreboda, rogorc didaqtikuri Txzu-
leba. poemas, romelic akakim `Cvens pedagogebs~ miuZRvna, marTlac, aqvs
didaqtikuri elferi: gabatonebuli herbartiseuli `dasjis pedagogikis~
sapirispirod poetma Tanamedroveni aRzrdis xalxuri saTaveebisa da `axa-

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 Teimuraz doiaSvili

li pedagogikisaken~ miaxeda. magram nawarmoebis werisas akakis Semoqme-

debiTi amocana oden pedagogikis Tundac progresuli ideebis propaganda
ar yofila – personaJTa moqmedebasa da ambis empiriul TxrobaSi aq, Cemi
azriT, Sefarulia Rrma msoflmxedvelobriv-zneobrivi problematika,
razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

***
`gamzrdelis~ kulturuli kodis dasadgenad gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba aqvs poemis pirvel Tavs, romelic mTlianad baTus cxovrebis
aRwera-daxasiaTebas eTmoba. vin aris mTis mwvervalTan dabudebuli es
ucnauri pirovneba, an ra gziT SeZlo man adamianuri yofierebis umaRlesi
miznis – bednierebis miRweva?
poema baTus sacxovrisis – `mercxlis budis~ aRweriT iwyeba, rasac
uSualod mosdevs personaJis wardgineba:

erTi vinme axalgazrda

afxazia, am mTis Svili,
rTul cxovrebis uarmyofi,
mcirediTac kmayofili.

axalgazrda afxazis saxels, sxva personaJebisagan gansxvavebiT,

ar amZimebs socialuri an religiuri statusis aRmniSvneli wodeba (Sdr.:
safar-begi, zia-xanumi, haji-usubi), rac Tavidanve migvaniSnebs, rom baTu
arc maRali wridan gamosuli, bunebas droebiT Sefarebuli romantikuli
gmiria da arc sulis xsnis maZiebeli gandgomili, beri. igi ubralo xalxisa
da bunebis Tavisufali Svilia – Tavisufali, radgan nebayoflobiT, Seg-
nebulad gaukeTebia arCevani `martivi cxovrebis~ sasargeblod. `martivi
cxovreba~ bunebis wiaRSi litoni, uzakveli arsebobis sityvieri formu-
laa. rac Seexeba `rTul cxovrebas~, Txzulebis mTliani konteqstis gaT-
valiswinebiT, igi civilizebuli sazogadoebis mankieri arsebobis wess
gulisxmobs.
mTavari principi `martivi cxovrebisa~ mcirediT kmayofilebaa – vi-
talur moTxovnilebaTa mkacri normireba. amas gvidasturebs afxazis
mRvimis piras miwnuli facxa da mTielisaTvis aucilebeli e. w. sawarmoo
iaraRebi: `kargi Tofi, kargi xmali, kargi cxeni da nabadi~...
Tavisufali adamianis Tavisufal arCevans poemaSi araferi aqvs saer-
To asketur midrekilebasa da grZnobadi survilebis uaryofasTan. ba-
Tus cxovrebas gvirgvinad adgas gulwrfeli siyvaruli nazibrolasadmi.
trfoba, rogorc mzis Suqi, ise anaTebs da aTbobs qal-vaJis ojaxur yofas,
rac maT ubralo da mkacr arsebobas bednierebad, `sasufevlis netarebad~
aqcevs:

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 akakis `gamzrdeli~ da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

erTad grZnoben am qveynadve

sasufevlis netarebas...

Tu baTus narativis monacemebs gaviazrebT, ar gaZneldeba, af-

xazi Wabukis cxovrebis martiv wesSi amovicnoT ganmanaTleblobis,
konkretulad, Jan-Jak rusos bunebriv garemosa da bunebis adamianTan
dabrunebis koncefcia, romelic didad popularuli iyo rogorc XIX
saukunis evropaSi, ise ruseTsa da saqarTveloSic. baTum, rusoseburad
rom vTqvaT, plebeis siamayiT uaryo civilizebuli, `rTuli cxovreba~
da sanacvlod fasdaudebeli ganZi – bednierebis momtani siRaribe da
Tavisufleba airCia. Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom ganmanaTleblobam ada-
mianis umaRles miznad (`bunebriv uflebad~) miwieri bedniereba Seracxa,
saeWvod ar unda gamoCndes `gamzrdelis~ siaxlove ganmanaTleblur-
rusoistul problematikasTan.

***
baTus narativSi mxolod rusoistuli idilia ki ar aris xorcSes-
xmuli, Tavad baTuc ganmanaTlebluri `bunebis adamianis~ koncefciiT
STagonebuli idea-personaJia. moCvenebiTi simartivis miuxedavad, mas kar-
gad gaazrebuli mrwamsi da cxovrebis principebi aqvs.
baTus swams RmerTi da aRiarebs RvTis gangebas, rac mkafiod Cans
Tavsdatexili ubedurebis SefasebaSi. sasowarkveTil meuRles baTu ara-
marto adamianurad anugeSebs, aramed gonivrulad, filosofiurad asa-
buTebs nazibrolas udanaSaulobas:

yovelgvari mosavali
kacis Tavze uneburi
RvTis risxvaa, tyuilad beds
ras uCivi, ras emduri.

yovelgvari SemTxveva (`uneburi mosavali~), rac pirovnebis nebis

Caurevlad xdeba, `RvTis risxvaa~, metafizikuri saidumloa. igi gange-
bisgan modis, gansjas ar eqvemdebareba da mxolod morCilebas moiTxovs.
miwier cxovrebaSi baTu `gulis religiis~ (ruso) mimdevaria. is yo-
velTvis uflis mier gulSi Canergili Tanalmobis grZnobiT da gonebis
winamZRolobiT moqmedebs: grZnobis wiaRidan wamosul gancdas goneba
gansjis, nebeloba ki mis msjavrs aRasrulebs. akaki fsiqoplastikuri
xerxis ostaturi gamoyenebiT saxierad, xelSesaxebad gviCvenebs persona-
Jis grZnobaTa samyaros, magram yvelgan sagangebod aris xazgasmuli, rom
krizisul situaciebSi baTus araordinaruli qcevis ganmsazRvreli
mxolod da mxolod gonebaa.

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 Teimuraz doiaSvili

mcirediT kmayofileba, gangebis rwmena, `gulis religia~ da tra-

diciis morCileba, – rac safar-begTan urTierTobaSi gamoCndeba, – is Zi-
riTadi niSnebia, romlebic baTus, viTarca `bunebis adamians~, axasiaTebs.
`bunebis adamianis~ bednierebas ganapirobebs ara imdenad yofis simarti-
ve, – realurad es yofa sakmaod mZimea, – ramdenadac mankier survilTa-
gan gandgoma, uzenaesTan, bunebasa da sazogadoebasTan ukonfliqto
Tanaarseboba, rac sulieri harmoniis wyaroa.
baTus paradigmuli buneba, misi Tvisebebi da eTosi srulyofilad
ikveTeba safar-begTan urTierTobaSi, gansakuTrebiT, poemis sakvanZo
scenaSi. baTus qcevas ZuZumtesTan, mkvlevarni, rogorc wesi, Sendobis
Temas ukavSireben da motivad xan personaJis `Sendobis did unars~
asaxeleben, xan monanie moyvasis zneobrivi aRorZinebis survils, xanac
– piradi danaSaulis gamosyidvas. yvela am SemTxvevaSi baTus – `bunebis
adamianis~ rusoistul tips! – religiuri moraliT moqmedeba miewereba.
daviwyoT imiT, rom baTus gandgomas, mis vitalur minimalizms,
garegani msgavsebis miuxedavad, principulad araferi aqvs saerTo wu-
Tisoflis gmobasa da asketizmTan. igi miwier arsebobas ki ar uaryofs,
gandegilis senaks ki ar miaSurebs, mankier sazogadoebas emijneba, buneba-
Si gadis, anu saero sivrcis erTi segmentidan meoreSi gadainacvlebs.
personaJis aseTi uCveulo gadawyvetilebis mizani, rogorc ukve iTqva,
miwieri bednierebis mopovebaa, rasac aRwevs kidec. baTus arCevani zne-
obrivi arCevania, igi, rogorc akaki ambobs, `bedis rCeulia~ da ara RvTis
rCeuli. misi eTika religiuri cnebebidan ki ar gamoiyvaneba, aramed –
adamianis bunebidan.
baTus narativSi realizebulia `sekularizebuli asketizmis~ gan-
manaTlebluri modeli, amitom bunebiTi (martivi) da civilizebuli
(rTuli) cxovrebis rusoistuli dapirispirebis Canacvleba religiuri
Sinaarsis opoziciuri wyviliT: sofeli – zesTasofeli `gamzrdelis-
Tvis~ iseve ararelevanturia, rogorc poemis siuJeturi peripetiebis,
personaJTa qcevisa da problematikis religiuri interpretacia.
gavaanalizoT am samzeridan baTu – safar-begis sakvanZo epizodi.
winaswar vityvi, rom Tu `mcirediT kmayofileba~ baTus biologiuri arse-
bobis wesia, is, rogorc sociumis wevri, `rjulze ufro umtkicesi~ adaT-
wesebis pativismcemeli da damcvelia.
safar-begis uRirs saqciels baTu `pirSaobas~ – piris gatexas, Ra-
lats uwodebs. ZuZumtis Secodeba imdenad araadamianuria da gaugona-
ri, rom gansja-ganxilvas, TavismarTlebas ar eqvemdebareba (`saTqmelad
saZneloa... arc Sendoba uxerxdeba~). amis Sesabamisad, baTus msjavric
adekvaturia – mtradqceul moyvaresTan Suamavali amieridan mxolod
tyvia iqneba.
daZabul, dramatul situaciaSi mkiTxveli wamiTi wamad moelis Su-
risZiebas, magram baTu safar-begs cocxals tovebs:

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 akakis `gamzrdeli~ da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

axla wadi! damekarge!

frTxilad, arsad Semeyaro,
rom cxel gulze, ucabedaT
Seni sisxli ar davRvaro!

baTus saqcieli Zalian damafiqrebelia fsiqologiuradac da az-

robrivadac: rogorc mamakaci da qmari, igi, rasakvirvelia, sulis siR-
rmemde Seuracxyofilia. mis erT sityvaSi – `damekarge!~ safar-begisadmi
imdeni zizRi da mrisxanebaa, rom raime altruistul impulsze, miT ufro,
Sendoba-patiebaze saubari uxerxulic kia. piriqiT, safar-begs sagangebod
afrTxileben, rom samomavlod dandoba aRar iqneba da verc goneba moaxer-
xebs yovelTvis `cxeli gulis~ alagmvas. Tu SurisZieba ar xdeba, amas fun-
damenturi, pirovnul grZnobaze aRmatebuli mizezi aqvs.
mxilebis Semdeg safar-begi iZulebulia, `Secodeba~ aRiaros, Cadeni-
li sisxliT zRos. sxvaTa Soris, damnaSave Sendoba-patiebas arc iTxovs –
rac moxda, upatiebelia. ai, am momentSi gacxaddeba is, ris gamoc baTu uars
ambobs ZuZumtis mokvdinebaze:

ara! Sen ver Segexeba

sasikvdilod Cemi tyvia:
dediCemis gazrdili xar,
misi ZuZu giwovia...

araviTari sulgrZeloba da Sebraleba-patieba: baTu, rogorc tra-

diciuli sazogadoebis wevri, emorCileba morduobis wess, romelic Zi-
ZiSvils ZuZumtis mokvlas ukrZalavs. baTum rom moklas safar-begi, isic
`morduobis gamtexi da Cveulebis gadamgdebi~ gaxdeba. dazaralebuli-
sagan akrZalvis samarTlianoba ar ganisjeba, radgan tradicia individSi
koleqtiuri nebis gamovlinebaa.
`gamzrdelSi~, baTus garemoSi sazogadoeba arsad Cans, magram mor-
duobis wesis dacva miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs adaT-wesebiT reglamentire-
buli sociumi. personaJis qcevas tradiciiT miRebuli normatiuli zne-
obrivi kanonebi gansazRvravs da ara misi `Sendobis didi unari~.
baTu ar klavs, cocxals tovebs safar-begs, magram moralurad
anadgurebs mas:
rac qveyanas miaCnia
rjulze ufro umtkicesad,
rom gatexe, is geyofa
sikvdilamde Sen sakvnesad.

`Cveulebis gadamgdeb~ safar-begs baTu, rogorc dazaralebuli, aq

mxolod sakuTari saxeliT ar elaparakeba. morduobis wesidan gamomdina-

11
 Teimuraz doiaSvili

re, is laparakobs tradiciuli sazogadoebis saxeliT. safar-begis mdgo-

mareobaSi sikvdili sazRauri ki ara, Sveba da wyalobaa, amitom damnaSavem
cocxalma unda iaros, raTa samaris karamde zidos garewaris, gankicxulis
saxeli! – aseTia baTus verdiqti, e.w. Sendobis namdvili Sinaarsi.
unda iTqvas, rom ZuZumtesTan ganSorebis win baTu namdvilad iyenebs
sityvas `Sendobili~ (`wadi Cemgan Sendobili~), rac TiTqos mxars uWers mi-
tevebis, Sendobis versias. davakvirdeT teqstis Sesabamis adgils:

wadi Cemgan Sendobili,

magram Sors ki... da mSvidobiT!..
dReidan Cven wmindis guliT
erTmaneTs ver mivendobiT!

Se-ndoba, mi-ndoba `ndobas~ da mis aRdgenas ukavSirdeba, baTus sity-

vebidan ki Cans, rom or adamians Soris ndobis xidi Catexilia, gawyvetilia
gulTa Soris wminda kavSiri. gana SesaZlebelia am viTarebaSi Sendobis
wminda aqti aRsruldes?! `wadi Cemgan Sendobili~ aq mxolod faqtis kon-
stataciaa da safar-begis cocxlad gaSvebas (`mapatia Secodeba~) gulis-
xmobs. `gamzrdelSi~ akaki araerT religiuri genezisis koncepts iyenebs
(aRsareba, sasufeveli, Secodeba da sxv.), magram yovel maTgans poemaSi
mxolod da mxolod mxatvruli, saxismetyvelebiTi funqcia aqvs da dac-
lilia sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsisagan.
sanam baTus narativis analizs SevajamebdeT, aqve vityvi, rom
rusoistuli idea-personaJia nazibrolac. ruso sakmaod konservati-
ulad uyurebda qalis aRzrdisa da daniSnulebis sakiTxs, Tvlida, rom
ganaTlebas mxolod ziani moaqvs susti sqesisaTvis. mTavaria, saTnoebis,
Tanalmobis, morCilebis aRzrda, rac qals, rogorc qmris damxmares da
misi cxovrebis damamSvenebels, ojaxur cxovrebaSi gamoadgeba. swored
aseTia mSvenieri, umanko da qmris usazRvrod moyvaruli nazibrola: `cis
da qveynis Suamavlad / miaCnia mas afxazi...~
baTus narativis analizi, vfiqrob, eWvs ar tovebs, rom axalgaz-
rda afxazis martivi cxovrebis ambavSi Sefarulia civilizaciisagan
gamijvnis rusoistuli koncefcia, naCvenebia bunebriv garemoSi `bunebis
adamianis~ cxovrebis wesi da misi mizani.

***
ganmanaTlebluri ukufenis amocnoba akakis poemaSi mianiSnebs,
rom `gamzrdeli~, romelic, erTi SexedviT, `namdvili ambis~ upretenzio
poeturi Txrobaa, sinamdvileSi rTuli, orplaniani teqstia da filo-
sofiur parabolas warmoadgens. tipologiurad igi axlosaa ganmanaT-
leblur prozasTan (volteri, didro...) – aqac moCvenebiTi simsubuqiT

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 akakis `gamzrdeli~ da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

moTxrobil ambavSi epoqis uRrmesi msoflmxedvelobriv-eTikuri prob-

lemebi ikiTxeba.
`gamzrdelSi~ aSkaraa `martivi~ da `rTuli~ cxovrebis, gonieri da-
debiTi gmirisa da vnebasayolili uaryofiTi personaJis dapirispireba,
rac ganmanaTlebluri romanis mTavari koliziaa. masSi kondensirebulia
ganmanaTleblobis mrwamsi, rom sikeTe da zneobrioba gonebis nayofia,
xolo grZnobiereba – egoistur ltolvaTa wyaro.
rusoistul opoziciaSi, romelic gadatanilia akakis `gamzrdel-
Si~, civilizebuli cxovrebis wesi fragmentuladaa moxazuli safar-
begis monaTxrobSi, civilizebuli adamianis ideas ki igi personalurad
ganasaxierebs.
`rTuli cxovreba~ – safar-begisa da zia-xanumis sivrce – mcirediT
verkmayofilTa asparezia, sadac adamianTa pativmoyvareoba da egoizmi
interesTa konfliqtebs warmoSobs. am sivrceSi, romelsac akakis poemaSi
parodiul-satiruli elferi axlavs, siyvaruls dakarguli aqvs maRali
adamianuri Sinaarsi, xolo personaJebi tariel-nestanis zneobrivad
dakninebuli aCrdilebi arian (akaki: `dRevandeli qarTveli igive tarielia,
mxolod dakninebuli~). qalis mSveniereba zia-xanumis cbier sasiyvarulo
TamaSebSi mxolodRa sapirado zraxvebis iaraRad qceula, `savaJkacod
gamosuli~, gulisTqmas ayolili safar-begi ki `wadilTa Tmobis~ nacvlad
arc misi wodebisTvis ukadris saqciels – cxenis qurdobas ekrZalvis da
arc moyvasis – inalifas Rirsebis Selaxva afiqrebs.
safar-begis saxis Seqmnisas ganmanaTleblobisaTvis mniSvnelovani
oTxi faqtoria gaTvaliswinebuli: personaJis socialuri warmomavloba,
aRzrda, samoqmedo garemo da `buneba~.
safar-begi warmomavlobiT aristokratia. Tu bunebis adamians
wvrTna ar sWirdeba, – rusos mixedviT, misi maswavlebeli bunebaa, – pri-
vilegirebuli wridan gamosuli mozardisaTvis aucilebelia sagangebo
aRzrda. poemaSi miniSnebuli wvrTnis praqtika sakmaod axlosaa aRzrdis
im principTan, romelic mocemulia rusos beletrizebul traqtatSi
`emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb~. aRsazrdeli orsave SemTxvevaSi maRali wri-
danaa. wrvTnis process warmarTavs pedagogi-filosofosi (`brZeni~),
romlis saboloo mizani pirovnebis zneobrivi srulyofaa, sxvagvarad
– `adamianobis~ (`kacobis~) aRzrda. `wvrTnis~ es skola safar-begma haji-
usubTan gaiara da arcTu warumateblad – baTus daxasiaTebiT, misi Zu-
Zumte gamocdili, cxovrebis av-kargSi Caxeduli, udreki da uSiSari
vaJkacia.
magram pirovnebaze gavlenas axdens ara marto aRzrda, aramed – so-
cialuri garemoc. poemaSi Cans, rom cxovrebaSi Cabmulma safar-begma ze-
puri sazogadoebis Zlieri negatiuri zegavlena ganicada. baTusTan misu-
li safar-begi ukve moralurad deformirebuli arsebaa, radgan, survilis

13
 Teimuraz doiaSvili

tyveobaSi moqceuli, gonebisa da zneobis karnaxs ki ar mihyveba, mTlianad

zia-xanumisadmi gaCenil ltolvas, gulisTqmas emoneba.
safar-begis Sesaxeb literaturaTmcodneobaSi radikalurad gans-
xvavebuli mosazrebani arsebobs, dawyebuli umkacresi SefasebiT da vul-
garul-sociologiuri argumentaciiT da damTavrebuli misi, rogorc
monanie personaJis, reabilitaciiT. kerZod, gamoTqmulia azri, rom `gamz-
rdelis~ mTavari problema `adamianis aRorZinebuli sulis tragediaa~,
rac Secodeba-monaniebis religiur konceptebs, zneobriv ganwmendas
ukavSirdeba (a. baqraZe).
`gamzrdelSi~ ramdenjermea naxsenebi `Secodeba~, magram arcerTxel
– `sinanuli~ da `monanieba~. es imitom, rom poemaSi arc monaniebis Temaa
da arc religiuri problematika muSavdeba. akakis interesis sagania ara
Semcode personaJis `aRorZinebuli sulis tragedia~, aramed `Secodebis~
/ danaSaulis etiologia da misi Sedegebi, danaSaulis mimarTeba aRzrdis
ideasTan. poets surs gaarkvios, ratom iqca `kacad~ gazrdili aristokra-
ti pirSav arakacad, ra mimarTebaa adamianis `bunebasa~ da `aRzrdas~ Soris.
safar-begis danaSauli afeqtis Sedegia da ara winaswar dagegmili
ganazraxi. misi pirvelive sityvebi baTusTan (`stumari RvTis!~) cxadyofs,
rom igi RvTis saxeliT da wminda guliT midis ZiZiSvilTan, visganac saZ-
nelo saqmeSi daxmarebas moelis. Tavad personaJi momxdars raRac gauc-
nobierebeli Zalis namoqmedarad, eSmakeul cdunebad (`Semacdina TviT eS-
makma~) aRiqvams – yovelive misi nebis gareSe moxda (`eubneba yovelifers,/
uneburad rac SeemTxva~). am samzeridan safar-begi sakuTari vnebis, ins-
tinqtis anu `bunebis~ msxverplia. magram akakis es garemoeba Semcodis gama-
marTlebel argumentad ki ar moaqvs, igi biologiuri sawyisis, `bunebis~
mniSvnelobisa da Zalis warmosaCenad sWirdeba.
safar-begs Tandayolili Zlieri mgrZnobeloba, ufro konkretulad
– Zlieri seqsualoba axasiaTebs. marTalia, znekeTili baTu zia-xanumis-
admi ZuZumtis ltolvas `siyvarulis sens~ uwodebs, magram realurad es
mxolod vualirebuli libidoa. amas safar-begis sityvebi mowmobs: `me
sxva mada maqvs aSlili/ sxvanairi gulisTqmiso~. `gulisTqmis mada~ anu
sqesobrivi ltolva, rogorc SimSili, personaJis `bunebis~ zusti formu-
laa.swored am `madam~ ifeTqa mSvenieri nazibrolas xilvisas, ramac manamde
pirmtkice kaci pirSav damnaSaved aqcia.
ganmanaTleblobis eTika Tavisi arsiT naturalizmis eTikaa. zneob-
rivia is, rac adamianis bunebriv miswrafebebs Seesabameba, anu eTika mTli-
anad adamianis `bunebidan~ – grZnobadi miswrafebebidan gamoiyvaneba.mag-
ram, ganmanaTlebelTa azriT, `bunebisadmi~ eTikuri midgoma mxolod zne-
obriv adamians ZaluZs, visac aqvs moraluri kriteriumi `sindisis~ saxiT.
adamianSi mudmivad ibrZvis `vneba~, romelsac siurprizebis SemoTavazeba
SeuZlia, da sindisi – moraluri imperativi. siamovnebisken ltolva, ro-

14
 akakis `gamzrdeli~ da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

melic `vnebebs~ warmoSobs, `faqtiuri WeSmaritebaa~, ganmanaTleblebi ki

asjer met pativs miagebdnen `zneobriv WeSmaritebas~ da aRzrdas, rogorc
zneobis safuZvels. `adamians mxolod moraluri Tavisufleba aqcevs Ta-
visi Tavis batonad... adamianobis principiT aRzrdili pirovneba cxovre-
bis yvela SemTxvevas gaumklavdeba~, – amtkicebda ruso.
`gamzrdeli~ da masSi gadmocemuli `namdvili ambavi~ (`faqtiuri WeS-
mariteba~) ganmanaTlebelTa spekulaciur-Teoriuli koncefciis sruliad
sapirispiro suraTs xatavs. safar-begis SemTxvevaSi aRzrdis mTavari mi-
zani ganuxorcielebeli darCa – pirovnebis qcevas goneba ki ara, sqesobri-
vi instinqti, ndoma warmarTavs, ris Sedegadac xdeba danaSauli. mas velu-
ri an seqsopaTi ki ar sCadis, aramed is adamiani, vinc haji-usubis xelmZR-
vanelobiT `kacad~ unda gazrdiliyo. idea-personaJis saqcieli wvrTna-aR-
zrdis vargisianobis kriteriumia. safar-begis danaSauli aRzrdis marcxia
`bunebis~ winaSe, ris safuZvelzec akakis, rogorc qvemoT davrwmundebiT,
Rrmad ganzogadebuli filosofiuri daskvna gamoaqvs.
safuZvelSive mcdaria varaudi, rom `bunebis~faqtoris obieqturi
arseboba da Zalmosileba damnaSavis reabilitacias niSnavs. safar-begis
kazusi eWvqveS ayenebs aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis ganmanaTleblur ideas,
personaJis saqcielis Sefaseba ki avtoris mier oden zneobis poziciidan
xdeba. akakis mTel Semoqmedebas gasdevs azri, rom `yoveli kaci gansxvavde-
ba pirutyvisagan zneobis uzenaesobiT, romelic umetes wilad sinidisSi
gamoixateba xolme. Tu kacma zneobiTi mxare dasCagra rogorme da sinidi-
si waiwymida, maSin is yovels pirutyvze upirutyvesi Seiqmneba~ (`vardi da
ekali~).
safar-begis `monaniebas~ xSirad danaSaulis aRiarebas ukavSireben,
Tumca aRiareba mxolod mxilebas mosdevs. manamde, ukacuri saqcielis
Cadenis Semdeg, nabadSi gaxveul damnaSaves `Tbilad sZinavs~, metic, baTus
mSvidi qceviT Tvalabmuls, zneobamorRveuli kacis upatiosno, `codvili
sixaruliT~ (a. baqraZe) uxaria:

ar uTqvams qals, rac Sevcode,

Cans, namusi Seunaxavs.
Cems saqciels, samarcxvinos,
vin gaigebs, vin damZraxavs?

mTavaria, saZraxi saqcieli ar gaxmaurdes, pasuxismgeblobas gaeqces,

Torem safar-begis SekrToma-darcxvenas cota ram aqvs saerTo sindisis
qenjnasTan, moralur TviTSefasebasTan. Rrma gancdebi arc iZulebiT aRi-
arebas da sazRaurisaTvis mzadyofnas axlavs, iseTi medidurobiT da qed-
maRlobiT aris warmoTqmuli morCilebis, cru monaniebis sityvebi:

15
 Teimuraz doiaSvili

Seni tyve var!.. ha, xom xedav,

iaraRi damiyria...
sasikvdilod Cemi nebiT
Sen win Tavi damixria...

TavisTavad, realisti poetisagan Zneli warmosadgenicaa, rom misma

damnaSave personaJma myisierad, umokles droSi iseTi Rrma sulieri ka-
Tarsisi ganicados, rogoric monaniebaa.
realurad, baTus umZafresi mxileba moralTan gaucxoebul safar-
begs pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulis simZimes
agrZnobinebs. uzneobasTan Seguebuli, miZinebuli sindisi TiTqos fxi-
zldeba, magram, samwuxarod, damnaSaves ZiZiSvilisadmi miyenebuli Wri-
loba da misi bednierebis moSla ki ar stanjavs, garewaris saxeli da gan-
kicxuli cxovrebis mware perspeqtiva aZrwunebs. aseT viTarebaSi sikvdili,
romelsac is iTxovs, Svebaa da ara sasjeli.
konceptualur planSi, nawarmoebis erTiani sazrisis formirebis
gzaze, safar-begis narativs Tavisi mxatvruli funqcia da azrobrivi Si-
naarsi aqvs. siuJeturad igi bunebrivad amzadebs kulminaciur mwvervals
– poemis finalur scenas, xolo Tavad safar-begi, rogorc idea-personaJi,
simbolurad ganasaxierebs mankieri civilizebuli cxovrebis eqspansias
patriarqaluri `martivi cxovrebis~ mimarT.
safar-begis kazusi, erTi mxriv, gamoxatavs moxuci akakis skepsiss
aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis ganmanaTlebluri ideisadmi, romelsac igi
xangrZlivi drois manZilze iziarebda, meore mxriv ki – aaSkaravebs ru-
soistuli `martivi cxovrebis~koncefciis utopiurobas. `gamzrdelis~
daskvniT epizodSi nawarmoebis sazrisis globaluri ganzogadeba xdeba,
rac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs.

***
sanam sabolood daSordebodes, Seuracxyofili baTu safar-begs
aseT davalebas aZlevs:

wadi, naxe is moZRvari,

vinc SviliviT gamogzarda
da uambe Seni piriT,
rac sircxvili dagemarTa!

poemis centraluri personaJi – gamzrdeli nawarmoebSi pirvelad aq

aris dasaxelebuli. sityva `moZRvari~, rogorc baTu haji-usubs moixse-
niebs, `aRmzrdelis~ ubra lo sinonimi araa – igi im pirovnebis gansa-
kuTrebul statuss aRniSnavs, vinc tradiciuli sazogadoebis moralur-
inteleqtualuri avtoriteti da xalxis maswavlebelia.

16
 akakis `gamzrdeli~ da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

haji-usubis daxasiaTebas `gamzrdelSi~ sul oTxi strofi eTmoba,

magram saTqmelis zRvruli koncentraciiT akaki reliefurad gamokveTs
aRmzrdelis monumentur saxes. biografiuli Strixebi da Tvisebebi,
romelsac avtori personaJs miawers, brZenis garkveul tips warmoaCens.
sazogadoebaSi, sadac yvelaferze metad gvariSviloba, vaJkacoba da
qonebrivi cenzi fasobs, haji-usubs martooden Wkua-goneba gamoarCevs.
uzarmazar cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasTan erTad (`zRva da xmeli movli-
li aqvs, / mnaxvelia ca da qveynis~), RvTismosavi haji zedmiwevniT flobs
religiur sibrZnesac (`xelis gulze uweria/ TviT mahmadis wminda mcneba~).
haji-usubi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs saRvTo da saero codnas. aRmzrdelis
pedagogiuri mizani, rogorc akaki ityoda, Segirdis `saRvTo-saeroSi gawa-
fulobis~ miRweva, zogadad, pirovnebis `kacad~ gazrdaa.
brZenis saxe `gamzrdelSi~ moklebulia individualur niSnebs da,
kavkasiuri koloritis miuxedavad, tipologiurad axlosaa evropuli
ganmanaTleblobis mier Seqmnil brZenis idealTan. haji-usubi akakis
mier Cafiqrebulia, rogorc ganmanaTleblobis saxe-simbolo, romelic
am moZRvrebis filosofiur-pedagogiur da zneobriv-eTikur idealebs
ganasaxierebs.
ratom agzavnis baTu safar-begs haji-usubTan?
pirovnulad baTum mis mimarT Cadenil danaSauls, rogorc tradi-
ciis damcvelma, morduobis wesiT gansazRvruli qceviT upasuxa – ZuZumte
cocxali datova (`wadi Cemgan Sendobili~), magram gana SeiZleba dausjeli
darCes is, vinc `rjulze ufro umtkicesi~ adaTi xelyo da amiT sazoga-
doebis arsebobis fundamenturi norma daarRvia?! `gamzrdelSi~ baTus
pirovnuli tragedia TandaTan tradiciuli sazogadoebis krizisSi gada-
izrdeba, rasac masStaburi ganzogadebisaken mivyavarT. momxdarze msjav-
ris gamotana mxolod haji-usubs ZaluZs da evaleba kidec, rogorc safar-
begis gamzrdels, xalxis brZen moZRvars da moralur avtoritets.
gazrdilis ukacur saqcielze haji-usubis pasuxi – TviTmkvlelobaa!
suicidi sasowarkveTilebis ukiduresi formaa – pirovnebis katas-
trofa, amitom zust gaazrebas moiTxovs, ram miiyvana brZeni gamzrdeli
tragikul gadawyvetilebamde. poemis mixedviT, es ar aris da arc SeiZleba
iyos afeqtis gamovlena – suicids win krizisuli situaciis Secnoba da
gansja uZRvis.
poemaSi akaki TviTmkvlelobis aqts sagangebod amzadebs mcire, mag-
ram mniSvnelovani siuJeturi manevriT, rac zrdis personaJis saqcielis
moulodnelobas. mas Semdeg, rac gamzrdelma `morduobis gamtexi da
Cveulebis gadamgdebi~ gazrdilisagan `yoveliferi~ moismina, igi namusis
gasawmendad sisxlis daRvraze alaparakda. logikurad aq dambaCis gasro-
laRa rCeba realuri damnaSavis dasasjelad. amisTvis safar-begic mzadaa
da masTan erTad – mkiTxvelic, magram...

17
 Teimuraz doiaSvili

gamzrdelis TviTmkvlelobamde safar-begi ukve dasjilia sikvdil-

ze uaresi arsebobiT – nazraxi sicocxliT (`Sen sikvdilis ra Rirsi xar?!~),
amitom sityvebi `da namusis gasawmendad / Cemis xeliT sisxls davRvrio~
gazrdils ki ara, Tavad haji-usubs miemarTeba. es sityvebi gamzrdelis
moraluri TviTSefaseba da piradi pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebaa, amitom
haji-usubis TviTmkvlelobas araferi aqvs saerTo Semcode moyvasisaTvis
gaRebul msxverplTan, miT ufro – macxovris TviTSewirvis modelTan,
rogorc es zogi mkvlevaris mier aris interpretirebuli...
gamzrdelissuicidis aqti poemaSi imdenad moulodneli da para-
doqsulia, rom akakis sicocxleSive gamoiTqva azri finaluri scenis mxat-
vrul aradamajereblobaze. SemdgomSi gaCnda dabejiTebuli mtkicebani,
rom poetma uRalata sinamdviles, didaqtizmma dajabna SemoqmedebiTi
alRo – mxatvruli logika rezonierobam daiqvemdebara. amgvari Sefa-
sebani imitom gakeTda, rom haji-usubs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc xasiaTs da
qcevis fsiqologiur motivirebas moiTxovdnen. miugnebeli darCa, rom
`gamzrdelis~, rogorc filosofiuri parabolis, kompoziciur sivrceSi
xasiaTebi ki ara, idea-personaJebi moqmedeben, rom idea-personaJTa qce-
vas avtoriseuli sazrisi warmarTavs da ara fsiqologiuri motivaciebi. am
SemTxvevaSi akakis poemazec SeiZleba gavimeoroT rusos sityvebi, Tqmu-
li volteris romanebze: `is arRvevs damajereblobas, magram ar arRvevs
simarTles~.
haji-usubi, rogorc idea-personaJi, nawarmoebSi ori hipostasiTaa
warmodgenili: realur planSi – rogorc gamzrdeli, simbolur planSi –
rogorc `brZeni~, personificirebuli saxe ganmanaTleblobisa. saWiroa,
orive aspeqtiT gairkves, ra aris personaJis TviTbraldebis mizezi, ra Si-
naarsi aqvs gamzrdelis `danaSaulis Semadgenlobas~.
haji-usubis TviTmkvleloba, rogorc iTqva, pasuxia baTus Txovnaze,
Seafasos gazrdilis saqcieli, misi danaSaulis kerZo da sazogadoebrivi
mniSvneloba. zneobriv kanonsa da samarTals Soris winaaRmdegobaa da
igi gadawyvetas moiTxovs.
empiriul-siuJetur planSi haji-usubis TviTmkvlelobis mizezi po-
emaSi Seufaravad, pirdapiraa dasaxelebuli:

sasikvdilo me var mxolod,

rom kacad ver gamizrdixar!

haji-usubis pedagogikis, `wvrTnis~ mizani biologiuri arsebis zne-

obriv arsebad gardaqmna, `kacad gazrda~ iyo, magram moxda ise, rom misma
gazrdilma ukacuroba Caidina. aRzrdis kriteriumad rusos is miaCnda,
ramdenad gauZlebda `adamianobis~ principiT aRzrdili pirovneba manki-
eri garemos zemoqmedebas. safar-begis danaSauli, am kriteriumis mixed-

18
 akakis `gamzrdeli~ da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

viT, gamzrdelis profesiuli marcxia, ramac ubralo, Rirseuli adamian-

ebis bedniereba Seiwira. danaSaulis saTave aRzrdaSia da vinaidan `mzrde-
li yrmis meore Semoqmedia~ (ilia), amitom znemaRali haji-usubi movaled
Tvlis Tavs, sicocxliT agos pasuxi baTus winaSe. es suicidis pirovnuli
mizezia.
yovelgvari pedagogikis ukan garkveuli msoflmxedveloba dgas,
radgan pedagogika filosofiaa moqmedebaSi. safar-begis danaSauli ar
aris ubralo kriminali, igi simptomia zneobrivi normebiT regulirebuli
eTokratiuli sazogadoebis krizisisa. Seilaxa tradiciis avtoriteti da
siwminde, is, rac socialur, erovnul, religiur gansxvavebulobaze maRla
dgas. brZenma haji-usubma gazrdilis mosmenisTanave Seafasa viTareba:

yurs ugdebda haji-usub,

saxe moinaRvliana:
sidiade am muxTlobis
Tvalwin gaisigrZegana.

`muxTlobis sidiade~ gamzrdelis gulSi sinanulnarev naRvels

aRZravs, xolo sibrZne aiZulebs, kritikulad Sexedos im moZRvrebas,
romelsac eyrdnoboda misi pedagogika.
haji-usubis aRmzrdelobiTi meTodis sayrdeni principis amocnoba
poemis cnobili sentenciis analiziT xerxdeba:

magram marto wvrTna ras izams,

Tu bunebamc ar uSvela?

aq akaki erTdroulad or sawyisze saubrobs – `wvrTnasa~ da `bune-

baze~, romelTa mimarTebis garkveva aRzrdis procesSi ganmanaTleblobis
mTavari problema iyo. ganmanaTleblebi Tvals ar aridebdnen individSi
grZnobadi miswrafebebis, `vnebebis~, `bunebis~arsebobas, magram ganuxre-
lad asabuTebdnen da icavdnen aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis ideas. gans-
xvavebuli Tvalsazrisi hqonda am mxriv deni didros, romelic Tvlida,
rom `bunebis~ aRzrda SeuZlebelia. yovelive kargi `adamianobis~ Sede-
gia, – ambobda igi da amiT TviTonac, rogorc ganmanaTlebeli, aRzrdis
did mniSvnelobas aRiarebda, magram iqve SeniSnavda: – yovelgvar negatiur
saqcielze buneba agebso pasuxs.
akaki, rogorc Cans, gankerZoebiT mdgari didros Sexedulebas izi-
arebda da, didi albaTobiT, ufro mogviano evolucionistur Teoriasac
iTvaliswinebda. misi SefasebiT, danaSaulis saTave safar-begis `bunebaSia~
da ara aRzrdaSi.
TviTbraldebisas haji-usubi, akakisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod aRz-
rdis warumateblobaze laparakobs, saerTod ar axsenebs `bunebas~. es

19
 Teimuraz doiaSvili

imitom, rom mas – orTodoqs ganmanaTlebels! – upirobod swams aRzrdis

yovlisSemZleoba. safar-begis kazusma haji-usubs realurad daanaxa ganma-
naTlebelTa fundamenturi ideis mcdaroba da masTan erTad aRzrdis gziT
sazogadoebis Zireuli gardaqmnis uperspeqtivoba.
gamzrdelis, rogorc idea-personaJis TviTmkvleloba simboluri
aqtia. haji-usubis suicids, pirovnul motivTan erTad, Rrma sazogadoeb-
rivi motivacia aqvs. igi moZRvris, zneobis kanonmdeblis msoflmxedvelo-
brivi katastrofis mauwyebelia da ganmanaTlebluri ideologiis marcxs,
optimisturi epoqis tragikul dasasruls gamoxatavs.
akaki kargad icnobda ganmanaTleblebis da kerZod, Jan-Jak rusos
Txzulebebs, xolo poetis mxatvruli teqstebis `orxmovaneba~ sayovel-
Taod cnobilia. amitom moulodneli ar unda iyos, Tu `gamzrdelis~ yofiT
ambavsa da lokalur garemoSi Sefarulad ganmanaTleblobis ideebi da mi-
si bedi ikiTxeba. sxvaTa Soris, rodesac geronti qiqoZe akakis `medeaSi~
iazonis skepticizmze saubrobs, maxvilgonivrulad SeniSnavs: personaJi
religiasa da mis msaxurebze iseTi eniT laparakobs, TiTqos evropeli gan-
manaTleblebis da rusi nihilistebis skola hqondes gavlilio.
ganmanaTleblobam mecxramete saukunes memkvidreobad dautova
progresis optimisturi koncefcia – rwmena aRzrdis da xalxSi codnis
gatanis gziT axlo momavalSi miwieri samoTxis Seqmnisa. magram ukve rusom
SeamCnia, rom civilizaciis ganviTarebas moraluri regresi sdevda Tan,
ufro mogviano xanebSi ki progresis Teoriis ganxilvam socialuri sinam-
dvilis fonze saTave daudo am Teoriisadmi undoblobas – progresis ideis
kriziss.
akaki wereTlis `gamzrdeli~ epoqis krizisuli suliskveTebis ana-
reklia, sadac `wvrTnas~`buneba~ amarcxebs, bednierebisaken mimavali gza
ki CixSi eqceva. poema maCvenebelia avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi metamor-
fozisa ganmanaTlebluri optimizmidan skepsisisa da pesimizmisaken. ro-
gor iarsebos gamocanebiT danaRmul wuTisofelSi miwyiv arCevanis winaSe
myofma adamianma?aris ki Tanamedrove civilizebul sazogadoebaSi zne-
obrivi cxovrebis SesaZlebloba? ra elis ganmanaTlebluri iluziebidan
gamofxizlebul, disharmoniuli samyaros pirispir darCenil adamis Zes? –
ai, kiTxvebi, romliTac akaki Sexvda XX saukunes.
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba akakis warmoudgebo-
da, rogorc `brZola Zvel da axal azrebs Sua~, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
`axali~ yovelTvis kargs ar niSnavs da arc `Zvelia~ yovelTvis cudis si-
nonimi. `gamzrdelSi~ realuri cxovrebiT ukmayofilebis, civilizebuli
cxovrebis negatiuri xedvis sapirispirod mocemulia Zveli, patriarqa-
luri yofis idealizacia da esTetizacia, Tumca moxuci akakis, rogorc
Semoqmedisa da moazrovnis, Rirseba isaa, rom, miuxedavad piradi simpa-

20
 akakis `gamzrdeli~ da ganmanaTleblobis paradigma

tiisa, simarTliT asaxa da gadmosca istoriuli procesis Seuqcevadoba

da msjavri.
`gamzrdelis~ mTavar Rirsebad miCneulia Txrobis sworupovari bu-
nebrioba, akakiseuli `rTuli sisadave~, romelic miuRwevel simaRled
darCa qarTul poeziaSi. magram misi geniis gamonaSuqia agreTve krizisuli
epoqis wiaRSi Sobili safar-begis saxe. `gamzrdelis~ personaJebi moqme-
deben zneobriv faseulobaTa erTsa da imave sistemaSi, romlisrRveva
ukve dawyebulia. daingra keTilSobili baTus iluzoruli bedniereba
– cxovrebis aRmarTs igi `Zlivs, barbaciT~ miuyveba... Tavi moikla gamz-
rdelma da masTan erTad dasrulda optimizmis epoqa... momavlisaken
martodmarto miabijebs vnebis iracionaluri impulsebiT aforiaqebu-
li, `sinidisgatexili~ safar-begi, romlisTvisac sul male gadaiwereba
qcevis kodeqsi, Seiqmneba `axali eTika~, xolo ra saxecvlilebebiT gamova
igi dekadentur-modernistuli kulturis avanscenaze da ra qartexilebs
daatrialebs, dRes ukve sayovelTaod cnobilia.

damowmebani:

Asatiani, G. Sauk’unis P’oet’ebi. Tbilisi: gamomtsemloba “merani”, 1989 (asaTiani, g. saukunis po-
etebi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1989).
Bakradze, A. Ak’ak’i Bakradze – Sk’olas. Tbilisi: gamomtsemloba ,,universali”, 2004 (baqraZe, a. akaki
baqraZe – skolas. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `universali~, 2004).
Gaprindashvili, M. Kartuli Sazogadoebrivi Azrovnebis Ist’oriis Nark’vevebi. T’. III. Tbilisi: gamom-
tsemloba “sabch’ota sakartvelo”, 1988 (gafrindaSvili, m. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi az-
rovnebis istoriis narkvevebi. t. III. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTve-
lo~, 1988).
Danelia, S. Nark’vevebi Ant’ik’uri da Akhali Pilosopiis Ist’oriidan. Tbilisi: Tsu gamomtsemloba, 1985
(danelia, s. narkvevebi antikuri da axali filosofiis istoriidan. Tbilisi: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1985).
Vertsman, I. “Zham-Zhak Russo – Myslitel I Kjudozhnik”. V kn.: Zham-Zhak Russo. Izbrannye So-
chineniya v Trekh Tomakh. T. I. Moskow: “gosudapstvennoe izdatel’stvo khudozhestvennoi literatury”,
1961 (Верцман, И. “Жан-Жак Руссо – мыслител и художник”. В кн.: Жан-Жак Руссо. Избранные
сочинения в трех томах. T. I. Москва: «Государственное  издательство  художественной лите-
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Teimuraz Doiashvili
(Georgia)

Gamzrdeli by Akaki Tsereteli and the Paradigm of Enlightenment

Summary

Key words: Gamzrdeli, Akaki Tsereteli, Enlightenment.

Gamzrdeli by Akaki Tsereteli is considered to be one of the conclusive creations

of the 19th century of the Georgia realism. However, we believe the cultural-speculative
context in which the masterpiece of the national poetry should be studied is still elusive.
In Gamzrdeli, which according to the author depicts the true story, both the fabula
and the characters are not ordinary. One of them (Batu) has been isolated from the modern
world and stays in the pristine nature. Another character (a guest called Safar-Beg), who
was brought up by the same governess as the anchoret was raised by, abuses the wife of the
very host, who had left his home in order to help Safar-Beg. The humiliated husband lets
his guest leave his home alive and refuses to take revenge against him. More paradoxical
is the end of the poem: instead of the guilty person the innocent governess commits a sui-
cide. What is more, the author comes up with the verdict that acquits the guilty personage:

“Only bringing-up cannot do anything

If the personality does not help.”

If the “upbringing” is helpless without “personality”, why the wise governess kills
himself then?!

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Our paper searches for such a view-point that naturally determines the peculiarities
of the poem in the frame of artistic logics.
In order to reveal the cultural code of Gamzrdeli, the first chapter is of a central
importance which is entirely dedicated to the description of one of the lead character Batu.
The detailed analyses of this chapter reveals that there are realized the enlightening op-
position of “hard” (civilized) and “simple” (natural) lives in the poem. In a word, Batu’s
narrative is the artistic realization of the Rousseauistic concept of “origin” _ returning to
the pristine environment and people.
The existence of enlightening reflection in Gamzrdeli points that not only is there a
linear narration of “the true story” in the text but it also represents philosophical parabola
in terms of a genre. The poem typologically is close to the enlightening philosophical prose
(Walter, Diderot), where the ideological-ethical problems of the epoch are “wrapped”.
Moreover, in the specially organized compositional space of the text idea-personages act
instead of characters meaning that their behavior is not lead by psychological motivations
but the logics of conception.
Aristocratic Safar-Beg represents the civilized life-style in the poem. In Gamzrdeli
the conflict between sensible positive character and the negative personage acting through
his passion is presented, which is the main collesion of the enlightening type of a novel.
Why does Batu send Safar-Beg to Haji-Usup? Batu did not kill his foster-sibling
as he choses to defend the tradition. And yet, is it possible to remain unpunished who ne-
glected the custom “firmer than religion” and destroyed the fundamental norm of the exis-
tence of the society?! In Gamzrdeli Batu’s personal tragedy gradually turns into the crisis
of the society leading us to the wide-scale dimension. This is only Haji-Usup who can
give a verdict and, actually, he has to do this as an educator of Safar-Beg and wise leader
of the people. The respond to the unhuman behavior of him is a suicide, which is the most
extreme form of despair – the catastrophe of a person. Therefore, it require to understand
vert accurately: what brought a wise educator to the tragic decision? According to the
poem this is not and cannot be the display of an affect. The author specially prepares the
act of suicide with a small but a very significant thematic maneuver, which increases the
lever of unexpectedness of the personage’s behavior. After the educator heard everything
from Safar-Beg, he started talking about the death in order to clear up conscience.
Logically, only the shot of this gun is left to destroy a real criminal. Safar-Beg is
ready too for this and the reader too with him, but… But before the suicide of the educator
Safar-Beg is already punished by ashamed life (“You do not deserve even death!). There-
fore the words “and in order to clear up the consciousness I will die” refers not Safar-Beg,
but the educator himself. These words are moral self-evaluation and the recognition of
his direct responsibility for the crime. That’s why Haji Usup’s suicide has nothing to do
with the sacrifice done for the sinner either with the model of sacrifice for God, as this is
misinterpreted by some researchers…
Thus, the final formation of the essence of the poem is connected with the suicide
of the educator. The wise educator who is the confessor of people and moral legislator as

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well, in conceptual terms represents the image of a wise man formed through the param-
eters of enlightenment, always thoughtful as a symbol of enlightenment.
In the crime committed by his pupil, which in Haji-Usup’s opinion surpasses per-
sonal level and weakens the basis of the society, not only does he see the failure of his
pedagogical method which was based on almighty idea of upbringing, but he also sees the
end of the beginning of educative rationalistic ethics and traditional society, left alone in
front of irrational instincts. The suicide of Gamzrdeli is the catastrophe of the ideological
system, which shows Akaki Tsereteli’s, as an adept of enlightenment, metamorphosis from
educative optimism to scepsis and pessimism.

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