Malaria Primer Figures
Malaria Primer Figures
Malaria Primer Figures
Author notes
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Fig 1
Sporozoite
30–60 Salivary
minutes gland
Prophylactic
Hepatocyte treatment
First site
of invasion
(all species)
Fig 2
Malaria endemicity
Countries endemic
for malaria, 2015
Countries endemic in 2000,
no longer endemic in 2015
Countries not endemic
for malaria, 2000
Not applicable
P. falciparum prevalent
P. vivax prevalent
Nature Reviews | Disease Primers
Fig 3
Merozoite
CyPPA AMA1
Coat
PfATP4
Hb Plasmodium
Cipargamin mitochondria
SJ733
Heme
(toxic) PfDHFR
CHQ CHQ
Fig 2
Malaria endemicity
Countries endemic
for malaria, 2015
Countries endemic in 2000,
no longer endemic in 2015
Countries not endemic
for malaria, 2000
Not applicable
P. falciparum prevalent
P. vivax prevalent
Nature Reviews | Disease Primers
Fig 3
Merozoite
CyPPA AMA1
Coat
PfATP4
Hb Plasmodium
Cipargamin mitochondria
SJ733
Heme
(toxic) PfDHFR
CHQ CHQ
Fig 4
Plasmodium falciparum
U
FM
ER
U
LR LT LS
ET ES
0 12 24 36 48
Development (hours)
FM
ER
LS
LR ES
U ET
LT O
U
Plasmodium vivax
10 μm
Nature Reviews | Disease Primers
Fig 5
Research Product development (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) Access
Research categories Phase I (Lab trials) Phase II (Small-scale Phase III (Large-scale Registration
(hut) trials) (field) trials)
Re-purposed crop protection development LLIRS/re-purposed LLIN Combination LLIN Interceptor G2 K-Othrine Polyzone
compounds, including fungicides (2019–2020) active ingredients from (BASF, Sumitomo) Chlorfenapyr/ (Bayer/IVCC,
crop protection (Bayer, BASF, α-cypermethrin since 2013)
Sumitomoa; 2020–2022) (BASF/IVCC)
Novel target-based discovery (Foundation
for the NIH) Non-pyrethroid insecticide- LLIN Olyset Duo:
treated durable wall lining Momfluorothrin
Pyriproxyfen/ (Sumitomo,
permethrin since 2014)
Resistance-breaking
Resistance-breaking net formulations (Sumitomo/IVCC,
net formulations
2017–2018)
VECTA001
Bivalent carbamates (U. of Florida, USA); Novel AI (Syngenta/IVCC) Chlorfenapyr IRS Actellic CS LLIRS
Indoxacarb + α-cypermethrin for LLINs "Project Venus' (BASF/IVCC; (Syngenta/IVCC,
(LSHTM, PAMVERC) Novel AI (Sumitomo/IVCC) (Akzo Nobel) since 2013) since 2012)
Fig 4
Plasmodium falciparum
U
FM
ER
U
LR LT LS
ET ES
0 12 24 36 48
Development (hours)
FM
ER
LS
LR ES
U ET
LT O
U
Plasmodium vivax
10 μm
Nature Reviews | Disease Primers
Fig 5
Research Product development (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) Access
Research categories Phase I (Lab trials) Phase II (Small-scale Phase III (Large-scale Registration
(hut) trials) (field) trials)
Re-purposed crop protection development LLIRS/re-purposed LLIN Combination LLIN Interceptor G2 K-Othrine Polyzone
compounds, including fungicides (2019–2020) active ingredients from (BASF, Sumitomo) Chlorfenapyr/ (Bayer/IVCC,
crop protection (Bayer, BASF, α-cypermethrin since 2013)
Sumitomoa; 2020–2022) (BASF/IVCC)
Novel target-based discovery (Foundation
for the NIH) Non-pyrethroid insecticide- LLIN Olyset Duo:
treated durable wall lining Momfluorothrin
Pyriproxyfen/ (Sumitomo,
permethrin since 2014)
Resistance-breaking
Resistance-breaking net formulations (Sumitomo/IVCC,
net formulations
2017–2018)
VECTA001
Bivalent carbamates (U. of Florida, USA); Novel AI (Syngenta/IVCC) Chlorfenapyr IRS Actellic CS LLIRS
Indoxacarb + α-cypermethrin for LLINs "Project Venus' (BASF/IVCC; (Syngenta/IVCC,
(LSHTM, PAMVERC) Novel AI (Sumitomo/IVCC) (Akzo Nobel) since 2013) since 2012)
ChAd63/MVA
Novel T cell targets (EBA175/)Rh5 PfSPZ-CVac ME-TRAP (U. of Oxford‡, M3V.Ad.PfCA
(NIAID) (NIAID) (Sanaria, Inc.) EVI, MRCG, CNRFP, (USAMMRC)
P. falciparum
KMRI, UCAP)
ChAd63/MVA PfSPZ-GA1
ME-TRAP+Matrix (Sanaria, Inc.,
(U. of Oxford, UK) U. Leuden)
PAMCPH/PlacMalVac PRIMVAC
(U. of Copenhagen, (PRIMALVAC)
DK) (INSERM)
P. vivax
Fig 7
a b
NPC1161B
(Mississippi)
Tafenoquineb,d
P218 (GSK/MMV,
GSK030 Cipargamin GSK/US
(GSK) AN13762 (Biotec
(KAE609)b Army)
(Anacor) Thailand) MMV
GSK607 (Novartis/MMV)
KAF156b (390)048b
(GSK) DDD498 Methylene Blue/AQ (MMV/UCT)
(Novartis/
PA92 (Merck/Dundee) (Heidelberg)
MMV) DSM265b
(Drexel/ UCT943 ACT-451840 (Takeda/MMV,
UW/GNF) (UCT) (Actelion) UTSW/UW/
Monash)
MK4815 DSM421
(Merck) (Takeda,
UTSW/UW/
MMV253 Dihydroartemisinin piperaquinea Paediatric
Monash)
(Zydus Cadila) (Sigma-Tau/Pierre Fabre)
JPC3210 Ferroquine/Artefenomel (OZ439)b (Sanofi/MMV)
(Jacobus) N-tert butyl Isoquine (LSTM/Liverpool/GSK)
Artemisinin naphthoquinea (Kunming Pharma Co.)
Fosmidomycin Piperaquine (Jomaa Pharma/GmbH)
Artemether sub-lingual sprayc (MRC/Suda)
Relapse prevention Chemoprevention Co-trimoxazole (ITM Antwerp)
Asexual blood stages Asexual blood stages SJ(557)733b (St Jude/Eisai/MMV)
Transmission reduction Artemisone (UHKST)
Asexual blood stages
Transmission reduction Relapse prevention CDRI 9778 (CDRI)
Chemoprevention SAR97276 (Sanofi)
Asexual blood stages
Chemoprevention AQ13 (Immtech)
ChAd63/MVA
Novel T cell targets (EBA175/)Rh5 PfSPZ-CVac ME-TRAP (U. of Oxford‡, M3V.Ad.PfCA
(NIAID) (NIAID) (Sanaria, Inc.) EVI, MRCG, CNRFP, (USAMMRC)
P. falciparum
KMRI, UCAP)
ChAd63/MVA PfSPZ-GA1
ME-TRAP+Matrix (Sanaria, Inc.,
(U. of Oxford, UK) U. Leuden)
PAMCPH/PlacMalVac PRIMVAC
(U. of Copenhagen, (PRIMALVAC)
DK) (INSERM)
P. vivax
Fig 7
a b
NPC1161B
(Mississippi)
Tafenoquineb,d
P218 (GSK/MMV,
GSK030 Cipargamin GSK/US
(GSK) AN13762 (Biotec
(KAE609)b Army)
(Anacor) Thailand) MMV
GSK607 (Novartis/MMV)
KAF156b (390)048b
(GSK) DDD498 Methylene Blue/AQ (MMV/UCT)
(Novartis/
PA92 (Merck/Dundee) (Heidelberg)
MMV) DSM265b
(Drexel/ UCT943 ACT-451840 (Takeda/MMV,
UW/GNF) (UCT) (Actelion) UTSW/UW/
Monash)
MK4815 DSM421
(Merck) (Takeda,
UTSW/UW/
MMV253 Dihydroartemisinin piperaquinea Paediatric
Monash)
(Zydus Cadila) (Sigma-Tau/Pierre Fabre)
JPC3210 Ferroquine/Artefenomel (OZ439)b (Sanofi/MMV)
(Jacobus) N-tert butyl Isoquine (LSTM/Liverpool/GSK)
Artemisinin naphthoquinea (Kunming Pharma Co.)
Fosmidomycin Piperaquine (Jomaa Pharma/GmbH)
Artemether sub-lingual sprayc (MRC/Suda)
Relapse prevention Chemoprevention Co-trimoxazole (ITM Antwerp)
Asexual blood stages Asexual blood stages SJ(557)733b (St Jude/Eisai/MMV)
Transmission reduction Artemisone (UHKST)
Asexual blood stages
Transmission reduction Relapse prevention CDRI 9778 (CDRI)
Chemoprevention SAR97276 (Sanofi)
Asexual blood stages
Chemoprevention AQ13 (Immtech)
Fig 8
Trimethoprim: part of AQ13b Ferroquineb Cipargamin (KAE609)b Fosmidomycin
Co-trimoxazole (ITM Antwerp) (Immtech) (Sanofi/MMV) (Novartis/MMV) (Jomaa Pharma/
NH2 GmbH)
HN N Cl
O HN N F HO OH
N NH N P
Fe O OH
H2N N O Cl N O
O Cl N Cl N H O N
H
KAF156 b
Naphthoquine a Artefenomel (OZ439)b Methylene Blue
(Novartis/MMV) (Kunming Pharma Co) (Sanofi/MMV) O (Heidelberg)
O
Cl–
H2N N
N
N OH N S+ N
F O
O
N H O
N
HN O N
NH
Cl N
F
Br–
O H2N N
Box 4
H
O O
O
H H
O