Chapter 2 Research in English

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to understand how the caffeine interacts with our bodies.
Also, this chapter provides an overview of the history of Coffee in Philippines. To help teenagers
to be aware of the side effects of drinking too much coffee.
Coffee in Philippines
Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world. Coffee is a major export commodity, it is
the top agricultural export for numerous countries and is among the world's largest legal
agricultural exports (Oder 2015).
Coffee was introduced in the Philippines as early as 1370, when a Japanese Franciscan friar
planted the first coffee tree in Lipa, Batangas. Coffee introduced from the Philippines came
from Mexico. Coffee production was later promoted by Augustinian friars Elias Nebreda and
Benito Varas in other parts of Batangas such as Ibaan, Lemery, San Jose, Taal, and Tanauan.
Coffee plantations became part of the foundation of Batangas' economy and Lipa was later
labeled as the coffee capital of the Philippines (Imbong 2014).
In 1865, there was a sudden increase of demand for Philippine coffee in the United States since
it became cheaper importing coffee from the Philippines than importing coffee from Brazil.
Batangas barako coffee was shipped from Manila to San Francisco. Half of the Philippines'
coffee export in that year were shipped to San Francisco. Coffee also began to be exported to
Europe following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. In 1876, Coffee was introduced in the
town of Amadeo in neighboring Cavite and the province began producing coffee. However, Lipa
remained as the main producer of coffee in the Philippines and Batangas barako costed 5 times
compared to Java beans. In 1880, the Philippines was the fourth largest exporter of coffee beans.
Coffee production in competitor regions of Brazil, Africa and Java declined when coffee
rust plagued the regions and from 1887 to 1889, the Philippines was the only source of coffee in
the world (Plantilla2008).
Coffee production in the Philippines began as early as 1740 when the Spanish introduced coffee
in the islands. It was once a major industry in the Philippines, which 200 years ago was the
fourth largest coffee producing nation (Flores 2014)
As of 2014, the Philippines produces 25,000 metric tons of coffee and is ranked 110th in terms
of output. However local demand for coffee is high with 100,000 metric tons of coffee consumed
in the country per year (Flores 2014). The Philippines is one of the few countries that produce
the four main viable coffee varieties; Arabica, Liberica (Barako), Excelsa and Robusta.90
percent of coffee produced in the country is Robusta. There has been efforts to revitalize the
coffee industry (Flores 2014).

Caffeine content of Coffee
Depending on the type of coffee and method of preparation, the caffeine content of a single
serving can vary greatly (Bunker 1979)( Staff 2009). The caffeine content of a cup of coffee
varies depending mainly on the brewing method, and also on the variety of seed. According to
the USDA National Nutrient Database, an 8-ounce (237 ml) cup of "coffee brewed from
grounds" contains 95 mg caffeine, whereas an espresso (25 ml) contains 53 mg.
While the percent of caffeine content in coffee seeds themselves diminishes with increased roast
level, the opposite is true for coffee brewed from different grinds and brewing methods using the
same proportion of coffee to water volume. The coffee sack (similar to the French press and
other steeping methods) extracts more caffeine from dark roasted seeds; the percolator and
espresso methods extract more caffeine from light roasted seeds (Rigitano 1965)
Negative Effects of Coffee
Some people enjoy their coffee and apparently have no health issues with drinking it. There are
however some potential negative effects of coffee, particularly at certain times and when it
becomes so addictive that you find it difficult to go a day without it.
Drinking coffee on an empty stomach, such as first thing in the morning, stimulates
hydrochloric acid production (Ramos 2012). This can be a problem because HCl should only be
produced to digest meals. If your body has to make HCl more often in response to regular cups
of coffee, it may have difficulty producing enough to deal with a large meal.
Coffee containing caffeine can cause insomnia, nervousness and restlessness, stomach upset,
nausea and vomiting, increased heart and breathing rate, and other side effects (Salas 2013).
Coffee itself can also mess with your stomach. If you have problems with acid reflux or
heartburn, then coffee and even tea might not be right for you.
And if you have high cholesterol and you don't want your coffee adding to the problem, you
need to use a paper filter to trap the cafestol, a compound in coffee that raises LDL cholesterol
levels (Dam 2011)
Smith (2016) claimed that “I've suffered from irregular heartbeat for over 50 years. I stopped
drinking coffee because of insomnia and to my surprise, nothing happened the first month or the
second month but at the beginning of the third month, my irregular heartbeat started to diminish
and by the end of the third month, I went from 8000 or more per day to, perhaps 12 skipped beats
per day. After 50 years of thinking I'm going to die the next day, I'm starting to live again.”
Coffee drinkers between the ages of 18 and 45 have a higher risk of mild hypertension,
potentially increasing their chance of developing cardiovascular disorders.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

to be aware of the side effects of drinking too much coffee.

agricultural exports (Oder 2015).

labeled as the coffee capital of the Philippines (Imbong 2014).

the world (Plantilla2008).

fourth largest coffee producing nation (Flores 2014)

coffee industry (Flores 2014).

grounds" contains 95 mg caffeine, whereas an espresso (25 ml) contains 53 mg.

Negative Effects of Coffee

becomes so addictive that you find it difficult to go a day without it.

levels (Dam 2011)

potentially increasing their chance of developing cardiovascular disorders.

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