Central Geothermal
Central Geothermal
Central Geothermal
A Few Lessons
Additional Resources
Q&A
3
Distributed Geothermal System
WSHPs
Dedicated outdoor air units
Optional fluid cooler
Water pumps heat
Geo heat exchanger pumps
5
Central Geothermal System
Geothermal loop
(borefield)
6
Central Geothermal Customer Benefits
Compared to Distributed
• Easy to maintain
– Central equipment, few cooling units
– Uses equipment rooms, no access to occupied space
required
– Simpler coil condensate collection
7
Central Geothermal Customer Benefits
Compared to Distributed
• Good IAQ
– Many filtration options available (LEED EQ 5 – MERV 13)
– Easier to deliver 30% more outdoor air (LEED EQ 2)
8
Vertical Markets
• Education
– Primary and secondary
– Colleges and universities
• Government
– Federal sector
– State and county level
• Long-term owners
– Accept extended payback periods
– Interested in embracing green technologies
– Usually have space for a borefield
10
Incentives
• Utility
• Reimbursement
• Tax (if private)
www.dsireusa.org
11
Central Geothermal
System Types
12
Agenda
13
Central Geothermal Systems
Single Chiller-Heater
14
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
4-pipe distribution / Constant flow (3-way control valves)
heating
loads
aux
heat
from
ground P-HT cond
source VAL-1 / VGS
P-GS
CHR-1
Chiller/Heater
P-CH evap
to
ground
source
cooling
loads
15
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
4-pipe distribution / Constant flow (3-way control valves)
heating
loads
aux
heat
from
ground P-HT cond
source VAL-1 / VGS
P-GS
CHR-1
Chiller/Heater
P-CH evap
to
ground
source
cooling
Standard chilled water loads
system maybe constant
flow, primary/secondary or
variable primary flow
16
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
4-pipe distribution / Constant Flow (3-way control valves)
heating
loads
aux
heat
from
ground P-HT cond
source VAL-1 / VGS
P-GS CHR-1
Chiller/Heater
P-CH evap
to
ground
source
cooling
Heating water system will loads
likely be constant flow or
primary/secondary
17
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
4-pipe distribution / Decoupled pumping
Primary/secondary
heating water system heating
loads
- for expanded heating water
distribution delta T by-pass
aux
and variable flow heat
from
ground P-CD cond P-HT
source VAL-1 / VGS
CHR-1
P-GS
Chiller/Heater
P-CH evap
to
chilled water
ground by-pass
source
cooling
loads
18
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
4-pipe distribution / 3-way control valves
heating
loads
aux
heat
from
ground P-HT cond
source VAL-1 / VGS
P-GS
CHR-1
Chiller/Heater
P-CH evap
to
ground
source
cooling
loads
Ground-source loop should be variable flow
for controllability and pumping efficiency
19
Central Geothermal System Options
• Auxiliary heating
– NOT OPTIONAL for single unit systems
20
Central Geothermal System Options
heating
loads
aux ht aux
reject heat
from
ground P-HT cond
source VAL-1 / VGS
P-GS Chiller/Heater
P-CH evap
to aux
Contingency
ground cooling
Cooling
Connections
source
cooling
loads
21
Single Chiller/Heater
Central Geothermal Systems
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
2-pipe distribution / Constant Flow (3-way control valves)
to
ground V3
source V1
P-DS
auxiliary
heat
from P-GS cond
V4
ground building
Chiller/ loads
source
Heater
evap
V2
23
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
2-pipe distribution / Constant Flow (3-way control valves)
V2
24
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
2-pipe distribution / Constant Flow (3-way control valves)
25
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
2-pipe distribution / Constant Flow (3-way control valves)
26
Single Chiller-Heater CGS
2-pipe distribution / Constant Flow (3-way control valves)
V2
27
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading
Central Geothermal Systems
Central Geothermal Systems
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading
to
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
M VAL-3 M
cooling / VCC
load
29
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Review
• Number of Chiller-Heaters
– 2-6 Units
Nominal 80-250 ton unit capacity
Actual 150-1500 ton plant size
• Operating conditions
– 38 leaving chilled water
– 140 leaving condenser water (lower is better)
– Not at the same time!
• Cascading has the potential to increase plant efficiency
• The energy transfer loops increase plant controllability
30
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Introduction
to
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
M VAL-3 M
cooling / VCC
load
31
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Introduction
to
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
Cooling system evap evap
M Standard Chilled Water
PC PLe
System may be:
M VAL-3 M
cooling / VCC • constant flow
load
• primary/secondary or
• variable primary flow
32
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Introduction
to
ground
source
PH
Heating Water System will M M M
likely be constant
PLcflow or heating
primary/secondary VAL-2 load
/ VEC
cond cond Heating system
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
M VAL-3 M
cooling / VCC
load
33
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Introduction
Ground-source loop Ground-source loop
should be variable
from VAL-1 / VGSC
ground
flow for pumping
PB
source efficiency
to
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
M VAL-3 M
cooling / VCC
load
34
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Introduction
Condenser Energy Transfer Loop
to
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
Condenser Energy Transfer M VAL-3 M
Loop brings coolingcooling
water to / VCC
load
condenser from ground-source
loop or heater evaporator
35
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Introduction
to
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
Evaporator Energy Transfer M VAL-3 M
coolingto / VCC
Loop brings warm water
load
evaporator from ground-source
loop or chiller condenser Evaporator Energy Transfer Loop
36
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading Introduction
Single Chiller-Heater Operation
to
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
M VAL-3 M
cooling / VCC
load Multiple chiller-heater systems
can and will provide simultaneous
cooling and heating with one unit.
37
Central Geothermal Systems
Water To Water Heat Pump
38
WWHP – Simple piping - dedicated pumps
Cooling Heating
load load
PH
PC
evap evap cond
Water-to-Water On On
Off On
Cool Cool Heat
Heat Pumps
cond cond evap
P P P P
From wellfield
PW
To wellfield
39
Key Design Issues
40
Application Comparison
Geothermal vs Heat Recovery
41
optimizing life cycle costs
Ground-Source Sizing
• Must consider
– Peak building demand
– Annualized building energy balance
• Optimization
– Reduce peak demand – cooling and heating
– Balance annual heating and cooling loads
– Consider a hybrid system design
Fluid cooler
Pond / lake system
42
Heating Dominate
Seasonal Load Profile
Cooling
Heating
Energy
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Month
43
Cooling Dominate
Seasonal Load Profile
Cooling
Heating
Energy
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Month
44
Addressing Load Profile Imbalance
45
Multi-Chiller/Heater Cascading
to PB
ground
source
PH
M M M
PLc heating
VAL-2 load
cond / VEC cond
On On
A B
Cool Heat
evap evap
M
PC PLe
M VAL-3 M
cooling / VCC
load
46
Packaged Central Geothermal Plants
47
A Few Lessons…
• Do not oversize the plant!
– Do a computerized load analysis – not rule of thumb
– Size for “block loading” - not “sum of the coil peaks”
48
Additional Resources
49
50