Jones
Jones
Jones
Ex Gays? An Extended Longitudinal Study of Attempted Religiously
Mediated Change in Sexual Orientation
Stanton L. Jones, Ph.D.
Wheaton College
Mark A. Yarhouse, Psy.D.
Regent University
For many years the Public Affairs website of the measures of sexual orientation change, for relying
American Psychological Association stated: “Can on therapist ratings rather than hearing directly and
therapy change sexual orientation? No… objectively from the subjects themselves, and for
[H]omosexuality is not an illness. It does not require utilizing reports from memory of past feelings rather
treatment and is not changeable” (American than sampling subjects prospectively. The present
Psychological Association, 2005). This absolute study was designed to address those weaknesses of
assertion that sexual orientation is immutable is previous studies by studying attempted change
notable in light of the dozens of older published longitudinally and prospectively via standardized
studies suggesting significant change by some self‐report measures . In some important ways, our
through psychotherapy or religiously‐mediated study resembles the respected decade‐long study by
methods (Jones & Yarhouse, 2007, p. 77ff). Claims Lisa Diamond (2007; 2008) of a group of 89 non‐
like that of the American Psychiatric Association that heterosexual women. Where our study differs from
“[T]here is no published scientific evidence hers most distinctly was that her sample was not
supporting the efficacy of ‘reparative therapy’ as a seeking deliberate change in their experience of
treatment to change one’s sexual orientation” sexual attraction (though some did report significant
(American Psychiatric Association, 2005) are change), while our sample all sought such change.
questionable in light of such studies. There are two sets of methods employed today
On what basis has immutability been asserted in by those seeking change in sexual orientation: One
light of prior published research claiming such set of methods involves professional psychotherapy.
change? Anecdotes of failed change (by “ex‐ex‐ These methods are often called reorientation or
gays”) have contributed to pessimism about the conversion therapies. Independently, there are
possibility of real change. The dismissal of past religious ministries of various kinds that use a
research as rooted in homophobic bias has served as combination of spiritual and psychological methods
an effective ad hominem argument that has to seek orientation change. Our study addresses the
undermined the credibility of this research. Further, generic questions of whether sexual orientation is
there has been a steady decline of such published changeable, and whether the attempt is intrinsically
studies in the last several decades as the harmful, by focusing only on the religiously mediated
professional political climate has made such approaches to change; this is not a study of
research professionally threatening, research professional psychotherapy. Our hypotheses for this
funding and other support for such research has study were taken directly from the prevailing
evaporated, and as the mental health professions professional wisdom: We hypothesized 1) sexual
have increasingly accepted various sexual orientation is not changeable, and 2) the attempt to
orientations. change is likely harmful. We already cited the
The methodological rigor of this older research American Psychological Association’s (2005) claim
also has been challenged. The public affairs website that sexual orientation “is not changeable.”
of the American Psychological Association (2005) Regarding harm, our study was framed in light of the
long stated that “claims [of orientation change] are American Psychiatric Association’s (1998) claim that
poorly documented. For example, treatment the “potential risks of ‘reparative therapy’ are great,
outcome is not followed and reported over time as including depression, anxiety and self‐destructive
would be the standard to test the validity of any behavior.” The tools of scientific study are ideally
mental health intervention.” Beyond the lack of suited to investigate empirically such strong, even
longitudinal follow up, prior studies have been absolute claims.
criticized for utilizing obscure or idiosyncratic
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
We studied a group of men and women seeking orientation and of psychological distress. This is the
sexual orientation change through a religious most rigorous longitudinal methodology ever
ministry organization called Exodus. Exodus applied to this question of sexual orientation change
International (2007) is a worldwide, and possible resulting harm. This is a naturalistic,
interdenominational, “Christian organization quasi‐experimental study following subjects
dedicated to equipping and uniting agencies and pursuing change via methods available in their
individuals to effectively communicate the message community, and hence we had no capacity to
of freedom from homosexuality.” It is the largest standardize or otherwise control intervention
umbrella organization for Christian ministries to methods, and our ability to establish rigorous
people experiencing unwanted sexual attraction or standards for timing of assessments was limited. Use
sexual identity concerns. Exodus seeks to articulate a of this quasi‐experimental method maximizes
Christian perspective that neither rejects external validity while necessarily compromising
homosexual persons nor embraces “gay” identity as certain aspects of internal validity and rigor. Such a
an acceptable norm. Exodus‐affiliated ministries quasi‐experimental methodology is adequate to
seek to help individuals troubled by their sexual address the stark hypotheses of the study, it does
orientation to achieve “freedom from homosexuality not allow, however, for rigorous examination of
through the power of Jesus Christ” (Exodus, 2007). more sophisticated hypotheses such as predictors or
The methods used to seek change are diverse. probabilities of change, or differential effectiveness
Most Exodus‐affiliated ministry groups rely on small of change strategies.
groups as the primary intervention setting, and the Over half of our sample completed their Time 1
typical methods of intervention are worship, prayer, assessment when they had been involved in their
education and discussion. Some Exodus groups have specific Exodus ministry for less than a year; these
structured curricula, while others are more individuals are denoted as “Phase 1” subjects in this
unstructured. A variety of additional services are study. Because of the challenges we faced in building
provided through specific groups, including a large enough subject sample, we enrolled a second
residential programs; seminars; individual, couple group of subjects into the study, those who had
and family therapy; support groups for family been involved in Exodus for one to three years when
members; and written materials. Success is defined they were first assessed for our study (denoted
differently by different programs. Some focus Phase 2 subjects). Because enrollment of subjects for
primarily on one’s relationship with God and others, the Time 1 assessment involved a challenging
including freedom from codependence in process of managing contact with 16 Exodus
relationships. Other programs define success in ministries around the U.S., the time delay between
behavioral terms, including what it means to achieve T1 and T2 varied from as short as 8 months to as
celibacy and chastity, while others are concerned long as 24 months. The gaps between subsequent
with change of thoughts, fantasies and feelings assessments were more standardized,
which are seen as leading to change of sexual approximating a 12 month period between
orientation. The motives behind the various assessments. Thus, the total elapsed time between
ministries are grounded in the traditional Christian T1 and T6 varied from 6 to 7 years.
moral teaching disapproving of homosexual conduct. T1 assessments were conducted as face‐to‐face
Funding for this study was provided by two interviews, with many crucial measures
grants from Exodus; we accepted this funding administered as paper‐and‐pencil “Self‐Administered
pledging that we would report publicly the results of Questionnaires” and mailed to our research office
our outcome study regardless of how encouraging or without interviewers seeing the responses according
embarrassing Exodus might find those results. to best practices standards (following Laumann, et
Further, we would also disclose that we share al, 1994). We switched entirely to phone interviews
roughly the same basic set of religious commitments and Self‐Administered Questionnaires by the T3
as articulated by Exodus, but do not regard that as assessment because of increasing subject population
constituting bias. Researchers in this area often have dispersal.
“positions” on any number of value issues of Previous studies of change have been criticized
relevance to their research, and yet competently for using unvalidated and/or idiosyncratic measures
execute their methodologies and honestly report of sexual orientation. While a valid concern, this
their findings (Jones & Yarhouse, 2007). criticism also presumes two things that are highly
Method problematic: 1) that a stable consensus exists
We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study around a single definition of sexual orientation, and
of individuals seeking sexual orientation change 2) that there exists a consensus about reliable and
using respected self‐report measures of sexual valid ways to assess it. There is no such consensus
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
definition of sexual orientation, and no accepted, with 50% attending religious services weekly or
singular method to assess it. We will report here on nearly every week, and 36.7% attending more than
the results that emerge from our use of two scales. once a week. When asked “Would you say you have
First, we used the seven point self‐report Kinsey been ‘born again?’” 91.8% said yes. Minimum age
scale (1948), originally scaled from 0, exclusively for inclusion in this study was 18, but the youngest
heterosexual, through 3, equally heterosexual and subject was 21 at T1. The average age was 37.50
homosexual, to 6, exclusively homosexual (we years old. This average was older than we had
shifted the scaling to a seven point scale from 1, expected, and its significance should be
exclusively heterosexual, to 7, exclusively underscored. There is an unflattering caricature that
homosexual). We report two variations of the Exodus groups appeal primarily to young, naïve,
Kinsey: 1) the Kinsey 1‐item was the original version confused and sexually inexperienced individuals.
asking subjects to describe the population of Such individuals might also be expected to have
individuals with which one had had sexual relations more optimistic possibilities for sexual orientation
(behavior), and 2) a Kinsey Expanded scale that is the change, with older, more sexually experienced
average of four Kinsey ratings of behavior, sexual persons having more pessimistic expectations for
attraction, emotional/romantic attraction, and change. This sample was older than the caricature,
fantasy. and more sexually experienced.
Second, we used the Shively and DeCecco Among the 72 male subjects, only 16.7% had
(1977) scale, which is based on conceiving not had sex with another man as an adult, and one‐
heterosexual and homosexual attraction to be third of the male sample had had sex with 30 or
separate and orthogonal (rather than on a single more other males. About half of the men had never
continuum as for the Kinsey scale). Thus, the Shively had sex with a woman, and overall the experience of
and DeCecco scale is composed of four questions the male sample of sex with women was
that ask for a five‐point rating of physical sexual considerably less than their experience with male
attraction to men and separately to women, and of partners. Of the 25 women who gave us meaningful
emotional attraction to men and separately to data, only 8% had not had sex with another woman
women. The result is separate ratings (from 1, none, as an adult; 80% of the female sample, had had sex
to 5, exclusively) for homosexual and heterosexual with one to nine other females. The women were
orientation. less sexually experienced with men than with
To test our hypothesis that the attempt to women; 28% had never had sex with a man.
change sexual orientation would result in increased Two subpopulations. We report our analyses
psychological distress, we used a respected measure on the experimental population as a whole, but also
of subjective distress, the 90‐item Symptom Check conducted every analysis on two subpopulations.
List‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R; Derogatis, 1994). We took First, we designated as the Phase 1 subpopulation
as our hypothesis that scores on the SCL‐90‐R should the 57 subjects (out of the total 98 at T1) who had
show significant movement toward worsened been in the change process for less than one year at
functioning or psychological status as a result of the T1 assessment. These were the individuals who
Exodus involvement. The SCL‐90‐R is a strong best met our standards for making the study truly
measure for longitudinal use in both research and prospective by starting our assessments with them
clinical settings (Derogatis, 2000; Ambrose, Button, as early as possible in the change process. We
& Ormrod, 1998; Bruce & Arnett, 2008). We will expected that the results of change would be
report here on the SCL‐90‐R’s Global Severity Index somewhat less positive in this group, as individuals
GSI), a reliable composite measure of the number of experiencing difficulty with change would be likely to
symptoms and intensity of distress. get frustrated or discouraged early on and drop out.
Results The second subpopulation was formed to
Retention. We began with 98 subjects at T1. Our address a frequent criticism of claims of sexual
sample eroded to 73 at T3, a retention rate of 74.5%. orientation change that anyone who really has
This retention rate compares favorably to that of changed must not have really been “truly gay” to
respected longitudinal studies. 63 subjects were start with, but rather to have been bisexual. To
interviewed or categorized at T6, for a T1 to T6 6 to examine this claim, we developed a set of empirical
7 year retention of 64%. markers to define a “Truly Gay” subpopulation.
Sample characteristics. At Time 1 our sample These subjects scored above the scale midpoint at
included 72 men and 26 women. They are highly T1 for measures of homosexual attraction, and for
educated, with 56.1% having finished college and homosexual behavior in the past, and for having
26.5% having completed some graduate training. previously embraced full homosexual or gay identity.
They reported a high level of religious involvement, We expected that the results of change for the Truly
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Gay subpopulation would be less positive, as these scores when the shift is toward less psychological
individuals would be those more stable in their distress. In contrast, mean differences are reported
sexual orientation. with a negative valence (‐) when the shift is in the
Quantitative analysis of sexual orientation direction of more homosexual orientation or less
outcomes. We report mostly simple t‐tests and heterosexual orientation, or in the case of SCL scores
Cohen d estimates of effect size. We have heard when the shift is toward more psychological distress.
some criticism of our prior report (Jones & Yarhouse, Looking at the Kinsey scores in Table 1, for the
2007) for failure to report more sophisticated whole population we see that the T1 to T6
statistical analyses (such as regression analyses) of comparisons for both Kinsey variables were
these data. We do not believe such analyses significant and of moderate effect size indicating
appropriate for these data given the quasi‐ average movement away from homosexual
experimental nature of the study with less control orientation. For the Phase 1 or rigorously
over timing of assessments. We believe the design of prospective subpopulation, these comparisons did
the study and our statistical analyses to be adequate not attain significance. For the Truly Gay
to address the core hypotheses. The design is not subpopulation, the T1 to T6 comparisons were
adequate for more nuanced research questions significant and of moderate effect size indicating
about exactly how such change comes about. This average movement away from homosexual
latter question would require a more tightly orientation. The changes reported here for the
controlled study. whole population and the Truly Gay subpopulation
In simplifying this study for verbal presentation, appear to be respectably large changes compared to
we report only the T1 to T6 findings for some of our other studies of, for instance, drug effects or the
quantitative measures. To aid in the interpretation results of psychotherapies. These effect sizes assume
of these findings, we have adopted the convention considerably more significance in light of the fact
of reporting mean differences and thus the Cohen d that we are reporting change on a dimension of
effect sizes with a positive valence when the shift is human functioning that is supposed to be
in the direction of less homosexual orientation or immutable.
more heterosexual orientation, or in the case of SCL
Table 1: Kinsey Scores (scaled 1 [exclusively heterosexual] to 7 [exclusively homosexual]) for Three Populations
Time Time Mean Std. t score 2‐ Cohen d
1 6 Diff. Dev. tailed
Mean Mean sig.
Whole Population (N)
1. Kinsey 1‐item Time 1 to 6 (61) 5.03 4.20 0.84 2.66 2.46 0.017 0.429
2. Kinsey Expanded Time 1 to 6(62) 4.97 4.42 0.55 2.14 2.01 0.049 0.330
Phase 1 Subpopulation (N)
3. Kinsey 1‐item Time 1 to 6 (29) 4.52 4.72 ‐0.21 2.47 ‐0.45 0.655
4. Kinsey Expanded Time 1 to 6 (29) 4.87 4.83 0.04 2.25 0.09 0.929
Truly Gay Subpopulation (N)
5. Kinsey 1‐item Time 1 to 6 (35) 5.60 4.37 1.23 2.96 2.45 0.019 0.640
6. Kinsey Expanded Time 1 to 6 (36) 5.56 4.67 0.89 2.17 2.47 0.019 0.588
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
be continuing the change process despite limited toward increased distress on average as a result of
success. If the attempt at the change process was Exodus involvement. Table 4 shows that the GSI
going to be harmful, this harm should show up scores moved toward less distress T1 to T6, attaining
among those continuing to pursue change over a significance and a moderate to small effect size.
period of six years or more years. Contrary to these
expectations, we found no evidence of movement
Table 4: Symptom Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90) General Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and
Positive Symptom Total (PST) Scores for the Three “Success/Continuing” Populations by Non‐Patient Norms
Time 1 Time 6 Mean Std. t score 2‐tailed Cohen
Mean Mean Diff. Dev. sig. d
1. SCL GSI Time 1 to 6 (40) 55.90 52.88 3.03 8.74 2.188 0.035 0.301
Qualitative analysis of sexual orientation • “Failure: Gay Identity”: These persons had given up on
outcomes. Jones and Yarhouse (2007) classified 69 the change process and embraced gay identity.
out of 73 T3 subjects into one of six qualitative At T6, qualitative categorization was not made
outcome categories based on the transcripts of the by researcher assignment; rather, subjects self‐
open‐ended questions asked of each participant categorized based on a written description of the six
about their sexual attractions, experiences and categories. The results are displayed in Table 5. A
identity, and their own judgment about whether total of 61 cases could be categorized at T6. We can
change had been successful: illustrate these findings by moving down a
• “Success: Conversion”: Subjects who reported change to representative column, using Column 2 for the
be successful by experiencing substantial reductions in Success: Chastity subjects as the example. At T3
homosexual attraction and substantial conversion to there were 17 of these subjects, 23% of the 73 total
heterosexual attraction and functioning.
• “Success: Chastity”: Subjects who reported change to be T3 subjects. In Row 2 we see that of the 17 subjects
successful and who reported homosexual attraction to be who were Chastity cases at T3, 9 remained in that
present only incidentally or in a way that does not seem category at T6 (what we call “stable” in the table),
to bring about distress, allowing them to live contentedly while 2 moved to the left into Success: Conversion
without overt sexual activity.
• “Continuing”: These persons may have experienced
but 5 moved right toward less successful outcomes
modest decreases in homosexual attraction, but were not in Exodus’s terms. This accounts for 16 of 17 T3
satisfied with their degree of change and remained subjects, the other subject was not categorized at
committed to the change process. T6. We see in Row 3 that 18 subjects self‐categorized
• “Non‐Response”: These persons had experienced no
significant sexual orientation change; they had not given
as Success: Chastity subjects at T6, which was 30% of
up on the change process, but may be confused or the 61 total T6 cases. Of this 18, 9 of these Chastity
conflicted about which direction to turn next. outcome cases were categorized as Truly Gay, and 6
• “Failure: Confused”: These persons had experienced no were Phase 1 subjects.
significant sexual orientation change, and had given up on
the change process but without yet embracing gay
identity.
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
Table 5: T3 and T6 Qualitative Outcome Categorizations
Col. 1: Col. 2: Col. 3: Col. 4: Col. 5: Col. 6:
Success: Success: Con‐ Non‐ Failure: Failure:
Conver‐ Chastity tinuing Respons Confuse Gay
sion e d Identity
Disposition of T3 Cases
1: T3 Categorization (N=69) 11 (15%) 17 (23%) 21 (29%) 11 (15%) 3 (4%) 6 (8%)
2: Directionality of categorization 8 stable 9 stable 2 stable 1 stable 1 stable 4 stable
shifts of old cases from T3 to T6, (73%) (53%) (10%) (9%) (33%) (67%)
based on T3 categorization Å 2 Å 7 Å 3 Å 1 Å 1
1 Æ 5 Æ 5 Æ 4 Æ 1 Æ
T6 Categorizations
3: Total T6 cases by T6 self‐ 14 (23%) 18 (30%) 10 (16%) 4 (7%) 3 (5%) 12 (20%)
categorization (sum rows 8‐10);
61 total categorized
4: T6 Truly Gay (TG) and Phase 1 8 TG 9 TG 4 TG 4 TG 3 TG 7 TG
cases and percentages by (57%) (50%) (40%) (100%) (100%) (58%)
category
5 Phase 6 Phase 4 Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 10 Phase
1 1 1 1 1 1
(36%) (33%) (40%) (50%) (67%) (83%)
Several results are particularly notable. Despite there is roughly the same percentage of Truly Gay
a smaller N for the T6 sample than at T3, we found subjects in the Success: Conversion and Failure: Gay
growth in absolute size in the two Exodus “success” Identity categories. Contrary to our original
outcome groups moving from row 1 to row 3: predictions, Truly Gay status (i.e., more definitive
Conversion cases grew from 11 to 14 and Chastity homosexual attraction, extensive homosexual
cases from 17 to 18. But the group that grew the behavior experience, and embrace of gay identity)
most in absolute and proportional terms was Failure: appears not to contraindicate the possibility of
Gay Identity which doubled in absolute size from 6 change. On the other hand, there does appear to be
to 12. The percentage of those showing stability of a notable trend for Phase 1 subjects to be
outcome T3 to T6 (row 4) is greatest in columns 1 disproportionately represented among the more
and 6: the Success: Conversion (73%) and Failure: negative outcomes for Exodus, suggesting that Phase
Gay Identity (67%) categories, with slightly less in the 1 outcomes (i.e., outcomes for those who were
Success: Chastity category (53%). Of the one subject inducted into the study early in their change
each that shifted from the Success: Conversion and venture) are less positive than for the subject
Failure: Gay Identity categories from T3 to T6, each population as a whole. This may indicate that 1)
moved to the Continuing category at T6. The largest positive outcomes for those first initiating the
absolute shift from T3 to T6 of those who change process are likely less positive than the
participated in the T6 interview was a T3 Success: overall findings of this study would suggest, 2) that
Chastity case that became a Failure: Gay Identity the change process is difficult and requires
case; next largest was a Non‐Response case at T3 extraordinary persistence to attain success, or 3)
that became a Success: Conversion case. numerous other possibilities. In any case, there are
Most germane to our principal hypothesis that Phase 1 subjects in all outcome categories, which is
change of sexual orientation is not possible, 53% of contrary evidence to the hypothesis that sexual
the T6 sample of 61 cases that self‐categorized (row orientation is not changeable.
3) did so as some version of success, either as Discussion
Success: Conversion (23%) or Success: Chastity Our first hypothesis was that sexual orientation
(30%). At T6, 25% of the sample self‐categorized as is not changeable. If we take change to mean a
an Exodus failure (Confused or Gay Identity). reduction in homosexual attraction and an increase
Finally, we see a continuation and extension of in heterosexual attraction, we found considerable
the patterns we saw at T3 for Phase 1 and Truly Gay evidence that change of sexual orientation occurred
subpopulations (row 4). Results for the Truly Gay for some individuals through involvement in the
subjects continue to be similar to or better than religiously‐mediated change methods of Exodus
those of the whole population. It is notable that Ministries (23% by self‐categorization). Those who
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
evidence that the attempt to change sexual presumptive basis that it is in fact impossible to
orientation was harmful on average for these change sexual orientation, these results may and
individuals. Indeed, the persons in our study who perhaps should open the door for a reconsideration
have continued with the pursuit of “reorientation” of the efficacy of such therapies.
unstintingly over the extended time frame of this In addition to clarifying what we found, it is
study, six to seven years or more, showed modest equally important to clarify what we did not find.
gains in the diminishing of psychological distress. First, we did not find that everyone can change.
Despite these findings, we cannot conclude that Saying that change is not impossible in general is not
particular individuals in this study were not harmed the same thing as saying that everyone can change,
by their attempt to change. Specific individuals may that anyone can change, or that change is possible
claim to have experienced harm from the attempt to for any given individual. Second, while we found that
change, and those claims may be legitimate, but part of our research population experienced success
while it may be that the change attempt caused to the degree that it might be called (as we have
harm by its very nature as an attempt to change here) “conversion,” our evidence does not indicate
orientation, it may also be that the harm was caused that these changes are categorical, resulting in
by particular intervention methods that were inept, uncomplicated, dichotomous and unequivocal
harsh, punitive or otherwise ill‐conceived, and not reversal of sexual orientation from utterly
from the attempt to change itself. Our findings homosexual to utterly heterosexual. Most of the
mitigate against any absolute claim that attempted individuals who reported that they were
change is very likely to be harmful in and of itself. heterosexual at T6 did not report themselves to be
The logic of scientific inquiry drives us, based on without experience of homosexual arousal, and they
our results, to reject both hypotheses and to did not report their heterosexual orientation to be
conclude that sexual orientation may be changeable unequivocal and uncomplicated.
for some, and that the attempt to change sexual We would highlight the two most important
orientation is not harmful on average. The implications of this study. First, the American
implications of these findings, and of their Psychological Association has for years acted
limitations, merit elaboration. First, we regard the strongly in the realms of professional and public
present sample to be adequate to rebut the claim policy to protect the welfare of gay, lesbian and
that change is impossible. Refutation of an absolute other persons against prejudice and ignorance, and
claim requires only substantive evidence that the against hurtful and ineffective interventions. As a
absolute prediction fails to hold. The pattern of scientific and professional organization, the APA also
outcomes documented here is suggestive of the has adhered for years to the Leona Tyler Principle
possibility of change but not adequate to make firm (Tyler, 1969; Cummings, 2005, p. xiv) directing that
predictions of likelihood of change. While this study its public advocacy should be constrained by a
reports on arguably the best, most representative commitment to a substantive base of high‐quality
sample of subjects ever studied seeking change via empirical research complemented by professional
religious means, we cannot affirm that it is and value consensus. Our data adds to that of similar
scientifically representative. We do not know what studies in the past suggesting that the APA’s prior
such a representative sample would look like, as this declaration that sexual orientation is “not
is a rarely studied or even acknowledged population. changeable” and expressions of grave concerns for
Second, the change results documented in this likely harm caused by the attempt to change were to
study are generated by a set of diverse, religiously‐ some extent overstated. We thus are pleased that
based intervention programs. The diversity of the since the release of the earlier report of our findings
methods implemented by the various of the 16 more restrained statements have been issued by the
ministries from which we obtained subjects, APA. Examination of these issues must continue.
combined with the size of our sample, leaves us The second implication is the importance of
unable to determine or even speculate on the nature respecting the self‐determination of individuals who,
of the process of change or to discriminate active because of their personal values, religious or not,
from inactive elements of the intervention methods. desire to seek change of their sexual orientation just
Third, the present findings do not speak directly as we respect those who desire to affirm and
to the issue of the effectiveness of professionally consolidate their sexual identity as gay. The findings
based psychotherapy interventions, what are from this study support keeping a range of
commonly called reorientation or conversion professional and ministry options open to clients
therapies. However, to the degree that the who experience same‐sex attraction, are distressed
contemporary mental health field regards such by this because of their moral or religious beliefs,
conversion therapies as discredited on the and who may benefit from hearing about a number
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
of intervention modalities. Options may include In conclusion, the findings of this study would
change of orientation, integrating same‐sex appear to contradict the commonly expressed view
attractions into a gay identity, and options that focus of the mental health establishment that sexual
more on identity and living in ways that reflect one’s orientation is not changeable and that the attempt
beliefs and values. We would do well to put as much to change is highly likely to produce harm for those
information in the hands of the consumer so that who make such an attempt.
they are able to make informed decisions and wise
choices among treatment options (see Gonsiorek,
2004; Haldeman, 2004; Yarhouse, 1998).
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Sexual Orientation and Faith Tradition Symposium; APA Convention, 2009
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