Liturgi
Liturgi
Liturgi
SITUMORANG
First,i say sorry maam,cause i dont too understand to do our work,but i effort understand and try to do
it.i had effort to understand 1 week but i am not too understand maam.
Sorry maam.
INTRODUCTION
Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken SL texts to equivalent written or
spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts—
including religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts—in another language and thus
making them available to wider readers.
If language were just a classification for a set of general or universal concepts, it would be easy
to translate from an SL to a TL; furthermore, under the circumstances the process of learning an
L2 would be much easier than it actually is. In this regard, Culler (1976) believes that languages
are not nomenclatures and the concepts of one language may differ radically from those of
another, since each language articulates or organizes the world differently, and languages do not
simply name categories; they articulate their own (p.21-2). The conclusion likely to be drawn
from what Culler (1976) writes is that one of the troublesome problems of translation is the
disparity among languages. The bigger the gap between the SL and the TL, the more difficult the
transfer of message from the former to the latter will be.
The difference between an SL and a TL and the variation in their cultures make the process of
translating a real challenge. Among the problematic factors involved in translation such as form,
meaning, style, proverbs, idioms, etc., the present paper is going to concentrate mainly on the
procedures of translating CSCs in general and on the strategies of rendering allusions in
particular.
Terjemahan biasanya telah digunakan untuk mentransfer teks SL tertulis atau lisan ke teks TL
tertulis atau lisan yang setara. Secara umum, tujuan penerjemahan adalah untuk mereproduksi
berbagai jenis teks — termasuk teks-teks agama, sastra, ilmiah, dan filsafat — dalam bahasa lain
dan dengan demikian membuatnya tersedia bagi pembaca yang lebih luas.
Jika bahasa hanya klasifikasi untuk satu set konsep umum atau universal, itu akan mudah
diterjemahkan dari SL ke TL; lebih jauh lagi, dalam situasi proses pembelajaran L2 akan jauh
lebih mudah daripada yang sebenarnya. Dalam hal ini, Culler (1976) percaya bahwa bahasa
bukanlah nomenklatur dan konsep satu bahasa dapat berbeda secara radikal dari yang lain,
karena setiap bahasa mengartikulasikan atau mengatur dunia secara berbeda, dan bahasa tidak
hanya menyebutkan kategori nama; mereka mengartikulasikan milik mereka sendiri (hal.21-2).
Kesimpulan yang mungkin ditarik dari apa yang ditulis Culler (1976) adalah bahwa salah satu
masalah yang mengganggu dalam penerjemahan adalah perbedaan antar bahasa. Semakin besar
kesenjangan antara SL dan TL, semakin sulit transfer pesan dari yang sebelumnya ke yang
terakhir.
Perbedaan antara SL dan TL dan variasi dalam budaya mereka membuat proses menerjemahkan
tantangan nyata. Di antara faktor-faktor problematik yang terlibat dalam penerjemahan seperti
bentuk, makna, gaya, peribahasa, idiom, dll, makalah ini akan berkonsentrasi terutama pada
prosedur menerjemahkan CSC secara umum dan pada strategi rendering sindiran pada
khususnya.
I. Technical procedures:
A. analysis of the source and target languages;
B. a through study of the source language text before making attempts translate it;
C. Making judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations. (pp. 241-45)
Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's potentially conscious plans for
solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task," and
Seguinot (1989) believes that there are at least three global strategies employed by the
translators: (i) translating without interruption for as long as possible; (ii) correcting surface
errors immediately; (iii) leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic errors in the text to the
revision stage.
Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as "a potentially conscious procedure
for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it." As it is stated in this
definition, the notion of consciousness is significant in distinguishing strategies which are used
by the learners or translators. In this regard, Cohen (1998:4) asserts that "the element of
consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from these processes that are not strategic."
Furthermore, Bell (1998:188) differentiates between global (those dealing with whole texts) and
local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and confirms that this distinction results from
various kinds of translation problems.
Venuti (1998:240) indicates that translation strategies "involve the basic tasks of choosing the
foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it." He employs the concepts of
domesticating and foreignizing to refer to translation strategies.
Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers strategy as, "a series of competencies, a set of steps or
processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information." He maintains that
strategies are "heuristic and flexible in nature, and their adoption implies a decision influenced
by amendments in the translator's objectives."
Taking into account the process and product of translation, Jaaskelainen (2005) divides strategies
into two major categories: some strategies relate to what happens to texts, while other strategies
relate to what happens in the process.
Product-related strategies, as Jaaskelainen (2005:15) writes, involves the basic tasks of choosing
the SL text and developing a method to translate it. However, she maintains that process-related
strategies "are a set of (loosely formulated) rules or principles which a translator uses to reach
the goals determined by the translating situation" (p.16). Moreover, Jaaskelainen (2005:16)
divides this into two types, namely global strategies and local strategies: "global strategies refer
to general principles and modes of action and local strategies refer to specific activities in
relation to the translator's problem-solving and decision-making."
Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation
procedures. He writes that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation
procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). He goes on to refer
to the following methods of translation:
Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words
translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their
nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original
within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take
more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays
(comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture
is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the
original.
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort
nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in
the original.
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the
original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).
Newmark (1991:10-12) writes of a continuum existing between "semantic" and
"communicative" translation. Any translation can be "more, or less semantic—more, or less,
communicative—even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or
less semantically." Both seek an "equivalent effect." Zhongying (1994: 97), who prefers literal
translation to free translation, writes that, "[i]n China, it is agreed by many that one should
translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation."
In order to clarify the distinction between procedure and strategy, the forthcoming section is
allotted to discussing the procedures of translating culture-specific terms, and strategies for
rendering allusions will be explained in detail.
Defining culture-bound terms (CBTs) as the terms which "refer to concepts, institutions and
personnel which are specific to the SL culture" (p.2), Harvey (2000:2-6) puts forward the
following four major techniques for translating CBTs:
The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:
Notes can appear in the form of 'footnotes.' Although some stylists consider a translation
sprinkled with footnotes terrible with regard to appearance, nonetheless, their use can assist the
TT readers to make better judgments of the ST contents. Nida (1964:237-39) advocates the use
of footnotes to fulfill at least the two following functions: (i) to provide supplementary
information, and (ii) to call attention to the original's discrepancies.
A really troublesome area in the field of translation appears to be the occurrence of allusions,
which seem to be culture-specific portions of a SL. All kinds of allusions, especially cultural and
historical allusions, bestow a specific density on the original language and need to be explicated
in the translation to bring forth the richness of the SL text for the TL audience.
Appearing abundantly in literary translations, allusions, as Albakry (2004:3) points out, "are part
of the prior cultural knowledge taken for granted by the author writing for a predominantly
Moslem Arab [SL] audience. To give the closest approximation of the source language,
therefore, it was necessary to opt for 'glossing' or using explanatory footnotes." However,
somewhere else he claims that, "footnotes ... can be rather intrusive, and therefore, their uses
were minimized as much as possible" (Albakry, 2004:4).
Proper names, which are defined by Richards (1985:68) as "names of a particular person, place
or thing" and are spelled "with a capital letter," play an essential role in a literary work. For
instance let us consider personal PNs. They may refer to the setting, social status and nationality
of characters, and really demand attention when rendered into a foreign language.
There are some models for rendering PNs in translations. One of these models is presented by
Hervey and Higgins (1986) who believe that there exist two strategies for translating PNs. They
point out: "either the name can be taken over unchanged from the ST to the TT, or it can be
adopted to conform to the phonic/graphic conventions of the TL" (p.29).
Hervey and Higgins (1986) refer to the former as exotism which "is tantamount to literal
translation, and involves no cultural transposition" (p.29), and the latter as transliteration.
However, they propose another procedure or alternative, as they put it, namely cultural
transplantation. Being considered as "the extreme degree of cultural transposition," cultural
transplantation is considered to be a procedure in which "SL names are replaced by indigenous
TL names that are not their literal equivalents, but have similar cultural connotations" (Hervey &
Higgins, 1986:29).
Regarding the translation of PNs, Newmark (1988a:214) asserts that, "normally, people's first
and sure names are transferred, thus preserving nationality and assuming that their names have
no connotations in the text."
The procedure of transference cannot be asserted to be effective where connotations and implied
meanings are significant. Indeed, there are some names in the Persian poet Sa'di's work Gulestan,
which bear connotations and require a specific strategy for being translated. Newmark's
(1988a:215) solution of the mentioned problem is as follows: "first translate the word that
underlies the SL proper name into the TL, and then naturalize the translated word back into a
new SL proper name." However, there is a shortcoming in the strategy in question. As it seems it
is only useful for personal PNs, since as Newmark (1988a:215), ignoring the right of not
educated readers to enjoy a translated text, states, it can be utilized merely "when the character's
name is not yet current amongst an educated TL readership."
Leppihalme (1997:79) proposes another set of strategies for translating the proper name
allusions:
Moreover, nine strategies for the translation of key-phrase allusions are proposed by Leppihalme
(1997: 82) as follows:
3. Conclusion
Although some stylists consider translation "sprinkled with footnotes" undesirable, their uses can
assist the TT readers to make better judgment of the ST contents. In general, it seems that the
procedures 'functional equivalent' and 'notes' would have a higher potential for conveying the
concepts underlying the CSCs embedded in a text; moreover, it can be claimed that a
combination of these strategies would result in a more accurate understanding of the CSCs than
other procedures.
Various strategies opted for by translators in rendering allusions seem to play a crucial role in
recognition and perception of connotations carried by them. If a novice translator renders a
literary text without paying adequate attention to the allusions, the connotations are likely not to
be transferred as a result of the translator's failure to acknowledge them. They will be entirely
lost to the majority of the TL readers; consequently, the translation will be ineffective.
It seems necessary for an acceptable translation to produce the same (or at least similar) effects
on the TT readers as those created by the original work on its readers. This paper may show that
a translator does not appear to be successful in his challenging task of efficiently rendering the
CSCs and PNs when he sacrifices, or at least minimizes, the effect of allusions in favor of
preserving graphical or lexical forms of source language PNs. In other words, a competent
translator is wll-advised not to deprive the TL reader of enjoying, or even recognizing, the
allusions either in the name of fidelity or brevity.
It can be claimed that the best translation method seem to be the one which allows translator to
utilize 'notes.' Furthermore, employing 'notes' in the translation, both as a translation strategy and
a translation procedure, seems to be indispensable so that the foreign language readership could
benefit from the text as much as the ST readers do.
ORIGINAL VERSION
by Mahmoud Ordudari
1. Translation procedures
1) Technical procedure : analysis of the source and target languages ; a through study
of the source language text before making attempts translate it and making
judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations (pp. 241-45):
T Translation Strategies
a. Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as “translator’s potentially conscious
plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete
translation task,”
b. Seguinot (1989) believes that there are at least three global strategies employed by the
translators: (i) translating without interruption for as long as possible; (ii) correcting
surface errors immediately; (iii) leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic
errors in the text to the revision stage.
c. Loescher (1991:8) , the notion of consciousness is significant in distinguishing
strategies which are used by the learners or translators.
e. Bell (1998:188) differentiates between global (those dealing with whole texts) and
local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and confirms that this distinction
results from various kinds of translation problems.
f. Venuti (1998:240) indicates that translation strategies “involve the basic tasks of
choosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it.”
1. Translation method
Kasih , dimanakah
– Geographical and
topographical;
– Names of periodicals
and newspapers;
– Titles of as yet
untranslated literary
works, plays, films;
– Names of private
companies and
institutions;
– Names of public
Naturalization Adapts the SL word first to the – Edimbourgh, humeur,
normal pronunciation, then to the redingote, that cherisme.
normal morphology of the TL. Note, for German,
(Newmark, 1988b:82) Performanz, aitrakiiv,
Exhalation.
Cultural Replacing a cultural word in the SL – Baccalauriai (the French)
equivalent with a TL one. however, “they are : A level
not accurate” (Newmark, 1988b:83)
– Abitur (MatUTa) (the
German/Austrian) : A level
– Charcuterie : delicatessen
(now English deli )
– Notaire: Solicitor
– Le cyclisme : cricket
baseball
– Roget : dictionnaire
ideologique anglais
Descriptive The meaning of the CBT is Samurai: the Japanese
equivalent explained in several words. aristocracy from the eleventh
(Newmark, 1988b:83) to the nineteenth century; its
function was to provide
officers and administrators
Componential Comparing an SL word with a TL Mule : stubborn, obstinate
analysis word which has a similar meaning
but is not an obvious one-to-one
equivalent, by demonstrating first
their common and then their differing
sense components.” (Newmark,
1988b:114 )
Synonymy Near TL equivalent. (Newmark, – personne gentille : kind
1988b:84) person
– awkward or fussy :
difficile
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