Consumer Specialties GM_0010_01_E_E

Method of Analysis Acid Value

Title: Determination of Acid Value / Free Fatty Acid

1. Normative References / Bibliography

Similar to:
DGF C-V 2
Ph.Eur. 2.5.1
ISO 3682
ASTM D 974
DIN EN ISO 2114

2. Terms / Definitions
The acid value (A.V.) indicates the necessary amount of KOH (in mg) to neutralize the content
of free acids in 1g product.

3. Scope
Dissolve the sample in an appropriate solvent and titrate the present acid with potassium
hydroxide solution.
This absolutely non-specific method is not able to distinguish between mineral acids,
free and bonded fatty acids, or other organic acids.
Therefore this method includes other attendant mineral acids, which can be determined
separately by DGF C-III 14.

4. Interferences
not verified

5. Materials and Reagents

Solvents: The usually used solvent is a mixture ethanol / toluene (1:1). Other possible solvents
are e.g. ethanol or isopropanol.
Other used solvents has to be documented in an internal working instruction.

Ethanol (neutralized against phenolphthalein)

Toluene (neutralized against phenolphthalein)
Isopropanol (neutralized against phenolphthalein)
Ethanol / toluene mixture 1:1 (v/v) (neutralized against phenolphthalein)

0.5 N potassium or sodium hydroxide solution in ethanol or in water

0.1 N potassium or sodium hydroxide solution in ethanol or in water
0.02 N potassium or sodium hydroxide solution in ethanol or in water
GM_0010_01_E_E.doc

Solution of phenolphthalein, 1 % in ethanol

(Solution of thymolphthalein, 0.04 % (g/v) in ethanol, 50 % (v/v) – see remarks)

Erlenmeyer flask ca. 200 ml / 300 ml

Appropriate titration apparatus, e.g. Metrohm Dosimat 725 or adequate burettes

Edition: 17.11.2005 Page 1/3

 Consumer Specialties GM_0010_01_E_E
Method of Analysis Acid Value

Analytical balance

6. Procedure
Regarding sample weight see GM_0001_01

The sample to investigate is to weigh with 0.1 % accuracy in the Erlenmeyer flask.
Add ca. 50 –100 ml of neutralized solvent and dissolve the sample, if necessary, with slight heating.
Avoid boiling.
After adding solution of phenolphtalein, titrate with adjusted potassium hydroxide solution while
constant swirling until the color changes consistently.

7. Calculation

V x 56.1 x N
Acid value [mg KOH/g] = ---------------------
E

V x MG x N
Free fatty acid [%]= ----------------
10 x E

V = Consummed volume titrant (ml)

N = Normality titrant
E = Sample weight (g)
MG = Molecular weight of fatty acid

8. Remarks
Detection of point of change is difficult with dark products, in this cases you can use
thymolphthalein instead of phenolphtalein. Add 0.3 ml to the solution.

For very low acid values it is advantageous to flash the flask with nitrogen.

Deviations to this method should be documented in an internal working instruction and

GM_0010_01_E_E.doc

should be validated for each product or product-group.

Regarding potentiometric determination of acid value see: GM_0010_08

Edition: 17.11.2005 Page 2/3

 Consumer Specialties GM_0010_01_E_E
Method of Analysis Acid Value

9. Changes
considered other solvents and alkali hydroxide solutions

10. Enforcement

Step Org.-Unit / Site Name Date Signature [on original copy

only]

Prepared
B-CS P (QKL) / Essen Käseborn 1.11.05 X X X X X
by
Checked
CS P; QKL / Steinau Hr. Kirschner 3.11.05 X X X X X
by
Checked
B-OS P (QKL) / Essen Dr. Weibels 3.11.05 X X X X X
by

/ Pandino Dr. Sabrina Mazzoli 21.11.05 X X X X X

/ Milton Keynes Ratna Morjaria 7.11.05 X X X X X

/ Granollers Dolors Montllo 15.11.05 X X X X X

/ Hopewell James Calligeros 17.11.05 X X X X X

/ Mapleton Charles Davis N.A. X X X X X

/ Jansville Joanne Schultz N.A. X X X X X

/ Flimby Brian McAvoy N. A. X X X X X

/ Jakarta Dr. Sari Kusumawaty 18.11.05 X X X X X

Approved
B-CS P (QKL) / Essen Käseborn 7.12.05
by

Reviewed regarding validity [on original copy only]

Date Signature Date Signature Date Signature
GM_0010_01_E_E.doc

Edition: 17.11.2005 Page 3/3

 Consumer Specialties GM_0150_01_E_E
Method of Analysis Rise Melting Point

Title: Rise Melting Point

1. Normative References / Bibliography

DGF-C-3a (52)
Ph.Eur. 2.2.15

2. Terms / Definitions
Not identified.

3. Scope
This method determines the melting point of a product in an open capillary in a water bath.

4. Interferences
Not identified.

5. Reagents and Materials

Heated magnetic stirrer
Magnetic stirrer rod 4 cm * 7 mm
600 ml beaker, low form
Bi-stable thermometer
„Checked liquid thermometer, measurement range:-10°C till +150°C „
(Fa.Morgenbrot, Oberhausen )
Glass capillaries, open on both sides, diameter: 1.0 mm / length: 80 mm
(e.g. Fa. Hirschmann Laborgeräte)
Rubber ring, rubber hose, length 2-3 mm, inner diameter 6 mm
Distilled water

6. Procedure
Preparation of glass capillaries:
One end of the capillary is filled in a range of 0.5 - 1 cm with the fatty compound (in liquid state) and
stored for 2 hours at +5°C.
The capillary is fixed with the rubber ring at the thermometer in that way, that the compound column
(lower capillary end) is on the same level as the mercury ball of the thermometer.
Thermometer and capillary should dip so far into the determination bath, that the lower capillary end is
4 cm under the liquid surface.
The determination bath is a heated magnetic stirrer with beaker.
The magnetic stirrer creates an equal temperature distribution.
The bath is tempered in that way, that 10°C under the expected soar melting point the temperature
increases by 1°C per minute.
GM_0150_01_E_E.doc

The stirrer speed should be too low to create suction.

7. Calculation
The temperature is red off, when the sample becomes liquid and soars in the capillary.

Edition: 02.02.02 page 1/2

 Consumer Specialties GM_0150_01_E_E
Method of Analysis Rise Melting Point

8. Remarks
Not identified.

9. Changes
Replacing analytical method EA.09.01

10. Enforcement

Step Org.-Unit / Site Name Date Signature [on original copy

only]

Prepared
B-CS P (QKL) / Essen Käseborn 02.12.2002 X X X X X
by
Checked
B-CS P (QKL) / Essen Käseborn 02.12.2002 X X X X X
by
Approved
B-CS P (QKL) / Essen Käseborn 02.12.2002
by

Reviewed regarding validity [on original copy only]

Date Signature Date Signature Date Signature
GM_0150_01_E_E.doc

Edition: 02.02.02 page 2/2

 Consumer Specialties GM_0030_01_E_E
Method of Analysis Saponification Value

Title: Determination of Saponification Value

1. Normative References / Bibliography

similar to: DGF C-V 3 and DIN EN ISO 3681
Ph.Eur. 2.5.6; US P (401) Chemical Tests

2. Terms / Definitions
The saponification value (S.V.) is a metric for the amount of free and bonded (fatty) acids in a fat (ester),
which can be transferred with lye by saponification in the corresponding soap.

It indicates the necessary amount of KOH (mg) to saponify 1g fat.

3. Scope
The sample to investigate is saponified with an excess of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. After
finished saponification is the remaining excess of potassium hydroxide determined by titration with
hydrochloric acid.

4. Interferences
Hard to saponify products can deliver too low results. As the case may be use method GM_0030_02.

Usage of alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution in a different composition can deliver

differences!

5. Materials and Reagents

Alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution 0.5 n (in 80% ethanol !); .e.g. Fa. Kraft 12168.xxxx or 05554.xxxx
Phenolphthalein 0.1 % in ethanol
Hydrochloric acid 0.5 n
Ethanol (neutralized against phenolphthalein)

Flat bottom flask (250 ml) / round bottom flask (100ml) / Erlenmeyer flask (300ml) with alkali-resistant ground-
glass
Reflux condenser
Heating device
Analytical balance
Pipettes, 25 ml
Burette, 50 ml, scale 0.1 ml
Boiling stones
GM_0030_01_E_E.doc_E.doc

6. Procedure
Considering the supposed saponification value (see GM_0001_01) weigh a certain amount of ca. 2 g of
the sample to investigate in an appropriate flask with +/- 0.005 g accuracy. Add 25 ml 0.5 n ethanolic
potassium hydroxide solution. Put some boiling stones in the flask, connect with the reflux condenser
and heat with light boiling for 60 minutes. Swirl from time to time.
After that flash condenser with a small amount of ethanol.
Some drops of phenolphthalein solution are added to the saponified hot solution. Then titrate with 0.5 n
hydrochloric acid until color changing.
Conduct a blind test under same conditions without sample.

Edition: 10.01.05 page 1/2

 Consumer Specialties GM_0030_01_E_E
Method of Analysis Saponification Value

7. Calculation
The saponification value is calculated considering the consummated 0.5 n hydrochloric acid in main and
blind test and the sample weight.

(b-a) * 28.05
_________________
S.A. ( mg KOH / g ) =
E

E= Sample weight product in g

a= Consumption ml 0.5 n Hydrochloric acid in main test
b= Consumption ml 0.5 n Hydrochloric acid in blind test

8. Remarks
The titration can be processed in a titration apparatus with potentiometric dead stop determination as
well.

9. Changes

10. Enforcement

Step Org.-unit / Site Name Date Signature [on original copy

only]

Prepared
B-CS P (QKL) / Essen Käseborn 10.01.05 X X X X X
by
Checked
B-OS P (QKL) / Essen Dr. Weibels 10.01.05 X X X X X
by
Approved
B-CS P (QKL) / Essen Käseborn 10.01.05
by

Reviewed regarding validity [on original copy only]

Date Signature Date Signature Date Signature
GM_0030_01_E_E.doc_E.doc

Edition: 10.01.05 page 2/2