Table of contents :-

 Introduction
 History
 Why is Artificial Intelligence Important
 How it Works
 Advantages
 Dis-advantages
 Applications
 Future of AI
 Conclusion
 References

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Introduction :-

ARTIFICIAL:- The simple definition of artificial is that objects that are made or produced
by human beings rather than occurring naturally.

INTELLIGENCE:- The simple definition of intelligence is a set of skills of problem

solving, enabling to resolve genuine problems or difficulties that encounters and to create an
effective product and must also entail the potential for finding or creating problems and
thereby laying the groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:- Artificial intelligence is a branch of science which deals

with helping machines find solution to complex problems in a more human like fashion. This
generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as
algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less or flexible or efficient approach can be
taken depending on the requirements established, which influences how artificial intelligent
behaviour appears. Artificial intelligence is generally associated with computer science, but it
has many important links with other fields such as math, psychology, cognition , biology and
philosophy , among many others . Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will
ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being. A.I is
mainly concerned with the popular mind with the robotics development, but also the main
field of practical application has been as an embedded component in the areas of software
development which require computational understandings and modelling such as finance and
economics, data mining and physical science. A.I in the field of robotics is trying to make a
computational model of human thought processes. It is not enough to make a program that
seems to behave the way human do. You want to make a program that does it the way
humans do it.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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History :-
The intellectual roots of AI, and the concept of intelligent machines, may be found in Greek
mythology. Intelligent artefacts appear in literature since then, with real mechanical devices
actually demonstrating behaviour with some degree of intelligence. After modern computers
became available following World War-II, it has become possible to create programs that
perform difficult intellectual tasks.

1950s: The Beginnings of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research

With the development of the electronic computer in 1941 and the stored program
computer in 1949 the condition for research in artificial intelligence is given, still the
observation of a link between human intelligence and machines was not widely observed
until the late in 1950.
The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I
machine of the University of Manchester (UK): a checkers-playing program written by
Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.
The person who finally coined the term artificial intelligence and is regarded as the
father of the of AI is John McCarthy. In 1956 he organized a conference “the Dartmouth
college summer AI conference research project on artificial intelligence" to draw the talent
and expertise of others interested in machine intelligence of a month of brainstorming. In the
following years

AI research centers began forming at the Carnegie Mellon University as well as the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and new challenges were faced:
1) The creation of systems that could efficiently solve problems by limiting the
search.
2) The construction of systems that could learn by themselves.
1958:John McCarthy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology or MIT) invented the Lisp
programming language.

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1960:-
By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the
Department of Defence and laboratories had been established around the world. AI's founders
were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field: Herbert Simon predicted that
"machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do" and Marvin
Minsky agreed, writing that "within a generation.
By the 1960’s, America and its federal government starting pushing more for the
development of AI. The Department of Defence started backing several programs in order to
stay ahead of Soviet technology. The U.S. also started to commercially market the sale of
robotics to various manufacturers. The rise of expert systems also became popular due to the
creation of Edward Feigenbaum and Robert K. Lindsay’s DENDRAL. DENDRAL had the
ability to map the complex structures of organic chemicals, but like many AI inventions, it
began to tangle(?) its results once the program had too many factors built into it... the
problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved". The same
predicament fell upon the program SHRDLU which would use robotics through a computer
so the user could ask questions and give commands in English.
1980:-
In the early 1980s, AI research was revived (renew, refresh) by the commercial
success of expert systems, a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical
skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion
dollars. At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired the U.S and
British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field. In the 1990s and
early 21st century,
achieved its greatest successes, albeit somewhat behind the scenes. Artificial intelligence is
used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and many other areas throughout the
technology industry.
1990 :-
From 1990s until the turn of the century, AI has reached some incredible landmarks
with the creation of intelligent agents. Intelligent agents basically use their surrounding
environment to solve problems in the most efficient and effective manner. In 1997, the first
computer (named Deep Blue) beat a world chess champion. In 1995, the VaMP car drove an
entire 158 km racing track without any help from human intelligence. In 1999, humanoid
robots began to gain popularity as well as the ability to walk around freely. Since then, AI has
been playing a big role in certain commercial markets and throughout the World Wide Web.

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The more advanced AI projects, like fully adapting common sense knowledge, have taken a
back-burner to more lucrative industries.

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Why is artificial intelligence important ?

 AI automates repetitive learning and discovery through data. But AI is different

from hardware-driven, robotic automation. Instead of automating manual tasks, AI
performs frequent, high-volume, computerized tasks reliably and without fatigue. For
this type of automation, human inquiry is still essential to set up the system and ask
the right questions.

 AI adds intelligence to existing products. In most cases, AI will not be sold as an

individual application. Rather, products you already use will be improved with AI
capabilities, much like Siri was added as a feature to a new generation of Apple
products. Automation, conversational platforms, bots and smart machines can be
combined with large amounts of data to improve many technologies at home and in
the workplace, from security intelligence to investment analysis.

 AI adapts through progressive learning algorithms to let the data do the

programming. AI finds structure and regularities in data so that the algorithm acquires
a skill: The algorithm becomes a classifier or a predictor. So, just as the algorithm can
teach itself how to play chess, it can teach itself what product to recommend next
online. And the models adapt when given new data. Back propagation is an AI
technique that allows the model to adjust, through training and added data, when the
first answer is not quite right.

 AI analyzes more and deeper data using neural networks that have many hidden
layers. Building a fraud detection system with five hidden layers was almost
impossible a few years ago. All that has changed with incredible computer power and
big data. You need lots of data to train deep learning models because they learn
directly from the data. The more data you can feed them, the more accurate they
become.

 AI achieves incredible accuracy though deep neural networks – which was

previously impossible. For example, your interactions with Alexa, Google Search and
Google Photos are all based on deep learning – and they keep getting more accurate
the more we use them. In the medical field, AI techniques from deep learning, image
classification and object recognition can now be used to find cancer on MRIs with the
same accuracy as highly trained radiologists.

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 AI gets the most out of data. When algorithms are self-learning, the data itself can
become intellectual property. The answers are in the data; you just have to apply AI to
get them out. Since the role of the data is now more important than ever before, it can
create a competitive advantage. If you have the best data in a competitive industry,
even if everyone is applying similar techniques, the best data will win.

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 How it Works :-
AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent
algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data.
AI is a broad field of study that includes many theories, methods and technologies, as well as
the following major subfields:

 Machine learning automates analytical model building. It uses methods from neural
networks, statistics, operations research and physics to find hidden insights in data without
explicitly being programmed for where to look or what to conclude.

A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected

units (like neurons) that processes information by responding to external inputs, relaying
information between each unit. The process requires multiple passes at the data to find
connections and derive meaning from undefined data.

 Deep learning uses huge neural networks with many layers of processing units, taking
advantage of advances in computing power and improved training techniques to learn
complex patterns in large amounts of data. Common applications include image and speech
recognition.

Cognitive computing is a subfield of AI that strives for a natural, human-like

interaction with machines. Using AI and cognitive computing, the ultimate goal is for a
machine to simulate human processes through the ability to interpret images and speech – and
then speak coherently in response.

 Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize what’s in a
picture or video. When machines can process, analyse and understand images, they can
capture images or videos in real time and interpret their surroundings.

 Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to analyse, understand and
generate human language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is natural language
interaction, which allows humans to communicate with computers using normal, everyday
language to perform tasks.

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 Additionally, several technologies enable and support AI:

 Graphical processing units are key to AI because they provide the heavy compute power
that’s required for iterative processing. Training neural networks requires big data plus
compute power.

 The Internet of Things generates massive amounts of data from connected devices, most of
it unanalysed. Automating models with AI will allow us to use more of it.

 Advanced algorithms are being developed and combined in new ways to analyse more data
faster and at multiple levels. This intelligent processing is key to identifying and predicting
rare events, understanding complex systems and optimizing unique scenarios.

 APIs, or application processing interfaces, are portable packages of code that make it
possible to add AI functionality to existing products and software packages. They can add
image recognition capabilities to home security systems and Q&A capabilities that describe
data, create captions and headlines, or call out interesting patterns and insights in data.

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Advantages :-

 Less Errors: errors are reduced and the chance of reaching accuracy with a greater
degree of precision is a possibility.
 Faster Decisions: Using Artificial intelligence, decisions can be taken very fast.
 Daily Applications: In today’s era, A.I. is used in many applications just like
Apple’s Siri, Window’s Cortana, Google’s OK Google. Using these type of
applications we can communicate with our device using our voice. Which makes
our work easy.
 No Emotions: The complete absence of emotions makes machines to think
logically and take right decision where in humans emotions are associated with
moods that can affect human efficiency.
 No Breaks: Unlike humans, machines can work 24*7 without any break. H
 Medical Applications: Increasing the integration of A.I. tools in every day medical
applications could improve the efficiency of treatments and avoid cost by
minimizing the risk of false diagnosis.
 Taking risks on behalf of humans: In various situations, Robots can be used
instead of Humans to avoid the risks.
 Public Utilities: Self-Driving cars, which would greatly reduce the number of car
crashes. Facial recognition can be used for security. Natural language processing to
communicate with humans in their language.

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Dis-Advantages :-

 High Costs: The hardware and software need to get updated with time to meet the
latest requirements.
 Unemployment: The increasing number of machines leading to unemployment
and job security issues. As machines are replacing human resources, the rate of
people losing their jobs will increase.
 Can’t think out of box: Robots can only do the work that they are programmed to
do. They cannot act any different outside of whatever algorithm or programming is
stored in their internal circuits.
 Can’t feel Compassion and Sympathy: There is no doubt that machines are much
better when it comes to working efficiently but they cannot replace the human
connection that makes the team. Machines cannot develop a bond with humans.
 High dependence on machines: In today's generation, most of the people are
highly dependent on Applications like Siri. With so much assistance from machine,
if humans do not need their thinking abilities, these abilities will be gradually
decrease. In future with the heavy use of application of artificial intelligence,
human may become fully dependent on machines, losing their mental capacities.

 No Replicating Humans: Intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature. An ethical

argument continues, whether human intelligence is to be replicated or not. Machines
do not have any emotions and moral values. They perform what is programmed and
cannot make the judgment of right or wrong. Even cannot take decisions if they
encounter a situation unfamiliar to them. They either perform incorrectly or
breakdown in such situations.

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Applications :-

 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe,
etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on
heuristic knowledge.

 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that

understands natural language spoken by humans.

 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software,
and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation
and advice to the users.

 Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input
on the computer. For example,

o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.

o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.

 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and

comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

 Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text

written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the
letters and convert it into editable text.

 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They
have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors,
multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are
capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

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Future of AI :-

The present world is almost run by Artificial Learning. Alexa, Siri, Cortana and numerous
number of virtual assistants make our lives much faster. Ever since The world ‘Artificial
Intelligence’ was coined in the year 1956, it has made little breakthroughs which were never
appreciated based on it has seen advancements that has changed humanity a lot.

Speech recognition, dancing robots and smart homes are some of the many applications of AI
in the present world. Check the image for a better idea of the timeline:

However the future prospects of AI are more interesting:

1. Automated transportation will become a common thing in the future.

2. In future, humans will be able to augment themselves with robots.
3. There will be more numbers of smart cities as vehicles, phones, home appliances
will be run by AI.
4. ‘Home robots’ will help elder people with their day to day work.
5. Robots will take over hazardous jobs like bomb defusing, welding, etc.
Refer the image below:

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Conclusion :-
Till now we have discussed in brief about Artificial Intelligence. We have discussed
some of its principles, its applications, its achievements etc.

The ultimate goal of institutions and scientists working on AI is to solve majority of the
problems or to achieve the tasks which we humans directly can’t accomplish. It is for
sure that development in this field of computer science will change the complete
scenario of the world.

Now it is the responsibility of creamy layer of engineers to develop this field.

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References :-

 https://www.valluriorg.com/blog/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-and-
its-applications/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test
 https://www.hackerearth.com/blog/innovation-management/applications-of-
artificial-intelligence/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8Ox6H64yu8
 https://narrativescience.com/
 https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-artificial-intelligence/

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