Buku Program IConCEES2017 - With Abstract

TRANSFORMING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Contents
Foreword by the Vice-Chancellor

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Foreword by the Dean

Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Foreword by the Executive Chairman of IConCEES2017
Conference Theme
Programme Schedule
Parallel Session
Abstracts by Keynote Speaker
Conference Committee
Abstract: Podium
Abstract: Poster
Acknowledgements
1
FOREWORD BY THE VICE-CHANCELLOR

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Assalamualaikum wbkt and sincere greetings to all.
I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to the Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for their hard work in realizing this event.
I would also like to thank the participants from private and public sectors, as well as academia,
who have taken their precious time to participate in this conference. Next, I would like to extend
my warmest welcome to the foreign participants who have travelled long distance to be
presented here today.
In the past, the environmental concerns in civil engineering are relatively minimal. However,
due to the global warming, destruction to flora and fauna, depletion of non-renewable water
resources, difficulties in managing toxic waste and other environments issues triggered a better
awareness to this aspect. Many efforts are being directed to build sustainable construction. The
approach of sustainable construction will enable the engineers to be more responsible to the
environment without undermining the social and economical needs for the future. The
university aware of these needs and keep on encouraging our academic staff to explore this
issue in the class room and also in R&D. This conference can be a part of many other initiatives
by this university and hopefully will facilitate the government to see a better Malaysia in the
future. We should be prepared to embrace this philosophy. Therefore, I hope this conference
will serve as a gateway to share knowledge, integration and association among the participants.
With the cooperation and input especially from these conferences participants, I hope to see
more sustainable approaches that could be implemented and at the same time incorporate the
best practices for a sustainable civil and environmental engineering in Malaysia and other
countries as well.
Finally, I wish you all a fruitful discussion. Thank you.
YBHG. PROF. DR. WAHID RAZZALY

Vice Chancellor
2
FOREWORD BY THE DEAN

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Assalamualaikum wbkt and greetings to all participants,
First and foremost, on behalf of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), I would like to warmly welcome all participants to the
4th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering for Sustainability
(IConCEES 2017), held in Langkawi, Malaysia on the 4th and 5th December 2017.
This 4th IConCEES 2017 is an ideal platform to share current ideas and findings in topics
related to civil and environmental engineering. UTHM aspires to be a global university and we
have done much effort towards achieving this ambition, including this conference. The theme
‘Transforming Development Through Green Technology’ aims to encourage all prominent
scientists and researchers as well as industrial players together in one place so that they can
share and exchange ideas, knowledge and expertise, widen networking among each other and
promote new technology towards sustainable future.
To all distinguished representatives from government and non-government, higher learner and
research institutions, I thank you all for being present here today. I hope all delegates will
participate actively in the conference and share their thought and ideas in their scope of interest
within civil and environmental engineering area. It is also hope that during this conference,
delegates will take the opportunity to renew old friendship and meet new acquaintances, as
well as explore the Langkawi island. Many thanks are also extended to the conference
organizing committee for their efforts in ensuring the success of this conference.
Thank you.
ASSOC. PROF. DR ABDUL HALID ABDULLAH

Dean of Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
3
FOREWORD BY THE executive chairman icONcees2017
Assalamu’alaikum WR. WB.
Alhamdulillah, I am very grateful that this international conference is convened today to gather
more than one hundred speakers presenting papers pertaining to the field of Civil and
Environmental Engineering. This 4th IConCEES 2017 is organized as a platform for scientists,
researchers and engineers to share their knowledge and experiences in creating sustainable and
environmental friendly world for the present and the future. We all know that this world is
borrowed from the next generation and in other for us to ensure that it is well looked-after, we
have to maintain the three important pillars of sustainability i.e. Economics, Environment and
Society. These three pillars are the catalyst to ensure that the world is livable, continue to exist
and at the same time is developed to enhance the socio-culture of mankind.
With the IConCEES theme, ‘Transforming Development Through Green Technology’, the
conference hopes to interest participants on the wide range of issues and solutions in pursuing
sustainability from an engineering perspective. With research works on reducing the usage of
natural materials and increasing the use of recycled materials, pollution and negative
environmental impacts can be reduced. Thus, it is our duty to ensure that we conduct the
necessary steps towards sustainability of the world in whatever discipline and role that we have.
I would also like to congratulate and thanked all the 4th IConCEES 2017 committee members
for their hard work and diligence. I would like to thank UTHM Commercial Sdn. Bhd. and
FKAAS UTHM for their cooperation in managing the conference. It is always hoped that this
conference will be organized in the future with a more exciting theme to be discussed and
shared by all parties.
Thank you.
ASSOC. PROF. DR. MOHD ADIB MOHAMMAD RAZI

Executive Chairman of IConCEES2017
4
CONFERENCE THEME
 Theme 1: Water and Environment Engineering
 Theme 2: Infrastructure Engineering
 Theme 3: Civil Engineering Technology and Construction
 Theme 4: Building Environment and Architecture
 Theme 5: Materials and Structural Engineering
5
PROGRAMME schedule
Day-1: 4 December 2017 (Monday)
8.00 am : Registration
8.45 am : National Anthem – Negaraku
Doa Recital
8.50 am : Welcoming Remarks by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim
Deputy Dean (Academic & International)
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
9.00 am : Opening Speech by Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tarmizi Abd Karim

Dean, Centre for Graduates Studies
9.10 am : Opening Gimmick
9.15 am : Keynote Address I – Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tarmizi Abd Karim

(Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
10.00 am : Morning Refreshment / Break
10.15 am : Keynote Address II – Prof. Dr. Atsushi Koike

(Kobe University, Japan)
11.00 am : Memento Presentation
11.15 am : Preparation for Parallel Session
11.30 am : Parallel Session I
1.00 pm : Lunch Break
2.00 pm : Parallel Session II
4.00 pm : Afternoon Refreshment / Break
4.15 pm : Parallel Session III
7.00 pm : End Day-1
6
Day-2: 5 December 2017 (Tuesday)
8.00 am : Registration
8.45 am : Parallel Session IV
10.00 am : Morning Refreshment / Break
10.15 am : Parallel Session V
1.00 pm : Lunch Break
2.00 pm : Parallel Session VI
4.00 pm : Afternoon Refreshment / Break
4.15 pm : Parallel Session VII
6.00 pm : End Day-2
7
PARALLEL SESSIONS
WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION and BUILDING ENVIRONMENT AND
ARCHITECTURE
MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Time Ballroom Ruby Emerald Diamond Ruby Emerald Diamond
Day 1 : 4 Dec 2017 Day 2 : 5 Dec 2017
8.00 AM Registration Registration
2460 2461 2550

8.45 AM - Opening
2576 2443 2286
9.30 AM ceremony
2577 2450 2382
9.30 AM Morning Refreshment / Break 2479 2429 2730
2287 2442 2731
9.45 AM -
Keynote Morning Refreshment
10.15 AM
address 1
2520 2531 2650
2459 2507 2380
10.30 AM
- 11.00 Keynote 2396 2310 2553
AM address 2
2458 2409 2639
11.15 AM Preparation 2496 2509 2088
2421 2485 2275 2555 2530 2441 2119
2494 2517 2301 2732 2326 2455 2549
11.30 AM 2120 2562 2518 2424 2623 2519 2224
- 12.45
PM 2561 2289 2570 2744 2464 2617 2481
2447 2569 2168 2538 2728 2635 2244
2489 2693 2093 2563 2791 2427 2792
1.00 PM Lunch Lunch
2285 2399 2621 2513 2543 2492 2691

2529 2480 2618 2657 2401 2533 2557
2559 2484 2539 2050 2707 2454 2322
2.00 PM - 2547 2510 2717 2258 2668 2548 2565

3.45 PM 2721 2411 2629 2537 2724 2656 2528
2542 2250 2167 2339 2733 2551 2503
2490 2706 2378 2501 2745 2444 2613
2437 2688 2426 2628 2498 2651 2614
4.00 PM Afternoon Refreshment / Break Afternoon Refreshment
8
2304 2415 2525 2540 2521 2552 2591

2465 2476 2087 2558 2369 2080 2376
2532 2843 2486 2575 2566 2097 2560
2265 2495 2482 2573 2039 2098 1991
2578 2433 2631 2306 2524 2499 2312
4.15 PM -
2259 2684 2405 2298 2546 2514 2527
7.00 PM
2229 2103 2647 2471
2488 2147 2554 2384 END
2572 2526 2571

2045 2535 2590
2638
7.00 PM END
9
ABSTRACT
KEYNOTE SPEAKER 1
Development and Construction of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia’s Branch

Campus at Pagoh, Malaysia: From Planning to Delivery
The plan to set up a branch campus for Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), a
public technical university was decided in early 2008 when the remaining land area for future
development at UTHM's main campus in Parit Raja is getting smaller and will not be able to
accommodate the needs of further development in line with the increasing enrolment of
students. The increase in the enrolment of students will require increased use of space and other
physical facilities. This article will explain the process of the development of UTHM branch
campus which was located in Pagoh, Johor from 2008 until its completion in 2017. The
rationale of site selection is also explained. The elements of the campus development that
applied green technology is also highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of Public
Private Partnership (P3) procurement method which was used successfully to deliver the
branch campus is also discussed.
PROF DR AHMAD TARMIZI ABD KARIM

10
ABSTRACT
KEYNOTE SPEAKER 2
Japan’s High Speed Rail: An Integral Part of Economic Growth
Started in 1964, the Japanese High Speed Rail (HSR) in Shinkansen, Japan was just in time for
the Tokyo Olympics Game. The first line (515.4 km length) constructed between Tokyo and
Osaka, the two-mega cities in Japan, the network include 2,615.7km of lines with a maximum
speed of 320km/h. With the growth in Japanese economy, the number of HSR passengers was
also increasing.
Now, Japanese government has plans to build a next generation high-speed rail ‘Maglev’ to
connect Tokyo and Nagoya by 2027. The main aim of the project is to:
• Influence and increase the Gross National Products, calculated by Cost Benefit Analysis.
• The focus is on spatial economic effects. HSR is not only for urban area but also for rural
area that is under development. The balance of each is also important from national wide
spatial planning view.
• HSR’s environmental benefits could be calculated by the change in CO2 level.
The Spatial Computable General Equilibrium (SCGE) analysis can answer numerically above
the requirements. Therefore, we apply SCGE model for East Asian HSR projects that contains
Japanese Maglev, Korean KTX and Taiwan T-HSR.
Although benefit of Maglev is, the largest, benefit–cost ratio (B/C). The investment of Maglev
is the smallest due to the huge investment cost. However, all of B/C estimates of the three
projects are over one, and therefore, all projects have satisfied social efficiency criteria.
The benefit of GDP ratio (B/GDP) in KTX and T-HSR are 6.2 and 7.0% respectively, which
are much higher than Maglev (2.3%). Since the conventional HSR (Shinkansen) has already
existed in Japan, marginal effects of the additional HSR investment should be small. That is
why the B/GDP in KTX and T-HSR are relatively larger.
Regarding CO2 emissions from the transport sector, all three HSR projects can reduce the
emissions successfully. The reduction in amount of CO2 and the reduction rate of CO2 in T-
HSR are the highest among the three projects. This is because of the (exogenously given
assumption) shift of modal split share from air and car to HSR,100 and 52.7 % respectively, is
much higher than other countries.
On the other hand, improvement of inter-regional transport conditions by HSR develops the
overall economic activity, and then CO2 emissions from the industrial sector will increase.
From this result, we can point out following two environmental issues:
1) CO2 emission from HSR is good performance than air transport. However, in case of
Maglev, the result of CO2 is dominated by electrical power generation. This results,
calculated before Fukushima (last Japanese Great earthquake in 2011), sets unclear power
generator. If we set this scenario, the results of CO2 emission might be more serious.
Therefore, the scenario of what kind of electric sources is very important in these kinds of
analysis.
2) HSR projects decreases CO2 emission in transport sectors. However, HSR make an
economic growth at the same time. These indirect effects of HSR make additional CO2
11
emission. From our results, the amount could not be ignored. Therefore, we need
comprehensive policy to reduce all CO2 emissions in the entire society.
Table of effect and change of CO2 emissions of high-speed railway investment
PROF ATSUSHI KOIKE

Kobe University, Japan
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
*ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
12
Conference Committee
Chairman : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi
Vice-Chairman : Dr. Joewono Prasetijo
Secretary 1 : Dr. Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat
Secretary 2 : Dr. Nur Shaylinda Mohd Zin
Assistant Secretary Dr. Nor Hayati Abd Ghafar
Treasurer : UTHM Commercial Sdn Bhd
Promotions : Dr. Basil David Danial
Photo : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Anjang Ahmad
Indexing : Dr. Mohd Shalahuddin Adnan

Dr. Lee Yee Yong
Publication : Dr. Alvin John Lim Meng Siang

Dr. Mohd Hanif Ismail
Dr. Hartini Kasmin
Dr. Mohd Azlan Mohd Yusoff
Dr. Mohd Hairul Khamidun
Dr. Mohd Hanifi Bin Othman
Dr. Nickholas Anting
Dr. Muhammad Fikri Hasmori
Dr. Muhammad Salleh Abustan
Dr. Nor Haslinda Abas
Dr. Norwati Jamaluddin
Dr. Nur Adila Ab Aziz
Dr Tong Yean Ghing
Muhammad Hanafi Rahmat
Programme : Dr. Nor Amani Filzah Mohd Kamil

Dr. Goh Wan Inn
Dr. Noorwirdawati Ali
Hasniza Abu Bakar
Rosnawati Buhari
Logistics : Mohd Bahtiar Mohd Basri

Mohd Azwan Busu
Registration & : UTHM Commercial Sdn Bhd

Accommodation
Protocols : Shamsulkhairi Md. Salleh
13
*ADVISORY BOARDS
1. Prof. Dr. Massimo Fragiacomo (University of L'Aquila, Italy)

2. Prof. Dr. Hidenori Hamada (Kyushu University, Japan)
3. Prof. Dr. Leksmono Suryo Putranto (Universitas Tarumanagara, Indonesia)
4. Prof. Ir. Dr. Lim C.W. (City University of Hong Kong)
5. Prof. Ar. Dr. Julaihi Wahid (Ajman University, United Arab Emirates)
6. Prof. Dr. Dana Santoso (Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia)
7. Prof. Dr. Hamidi Abdul Aziz (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
8. Prof. Dr. Hasnah Osman (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
9. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Farhan Mohd Sadullah (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
10. Prof. Ir. Dr. Junaidah Ariffin (Universiti Teknologi MARA)
11. Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
12. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tarmizi Abd Karim (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
13. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainah Ibrahim (Universiti Malaya)
14. Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Sholihin As'ad (Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)
15. Hj. Rr. Iswachyu Dhaniarti (Universitas Narotama, Indonesia)
16. Dr. Walid Tizani (University of Nottingham, United Kingdom)
17. Dr. Niranjali Jayasuriya (RMIT University, Australia)
18. Dr. Guohui Zhang (University of Hawai'i at Manoa, USA)
19. Dr. Prabowo Setiyawan (Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Indonesia)
14
*EDITORIAL BOARDS
1. Prof. Dr. Ludfi Djakfar (Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia)

2. Prof. Dr. S.A. Kristiawan (Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)
3. Prof. Dr. Mudrik Alaidrus (Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia)
4. Prof. Dr. Megat Azmi Megat Johari (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
5. Prof. Ir. Dr. Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
6. Prof. Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
7. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bambang Trigunarsyah Suhariadi (King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Saudi Arabia)
8. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nastaein Qamaruz Zaman (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
9. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nasrul Hamidin (Universiti Malaysia Perlis)
10. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wardah Tahir (Universiti Teknologi MARA)
11. Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Halim Abdul Ghani (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
12. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noridah Mohamad (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
13. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zawawi Daud (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
14. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Zainorabidin (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
15. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Irwan Juki (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
16. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aeslina Abdul Kadir (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
17. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
18. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Yusri Aman (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
19. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Munzilah Md Rohani (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
20. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainal Abidin Akasah (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
21. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lokman Hakim Ismail (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
22. Dr. Widodo Kushartomo (Universitas Tarumanagara, Indonesia)
23. Dr. Henny Pratiwi Adi (Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Indonesia)
24. Dr. H. Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko (Universitas Narotama, Indonesia)
25. Dr. Noorsuhada Md Nor (Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia)
26. Dr. Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
27. Dr. Nurazuwa Md Noor (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)
28. Dr. Farah Nora Aznieta Abd Aziz (Universiti Putra Malaysia)
15
Abstract. Water Environment Engineering
2421 Development of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-ZIF-8 Membrane for
Wastewater Treatment
Nurul Asyiqin Ibrahim, Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal, Nik Abdul Hadi Sapiaa @
Md Nordin, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Zulfan Adi Putra, Aqsha Aqsha, Nur
Syakinah Abd Halim
Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Nowadays, the water shortage problem following the urbanization and increasing
pollution of natural water source have increased the awareness to treat wastewater.
Membrane filtration is often used in wastewater treatment plants to filter out more
residual activated sludge from aeration process in the secondary stage. However,
fouling is the main concern due to the fact it can happen to any membrane
application. Antifouling properties in membrane can be improved by blending
membranes with fillers or additives to make them more hydrophilic. This study
aims to improve the antifouling properties in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
membranes while optimizing the loading of Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8
(ZIF-8) fillers; at different loading (2.0 wt. %, 4.0 wt. %, 6.0 wt. %, 8.0 wt. % and
10.0 wt. %). Manual hand-casting of flat sheet membrane was done and the
fabricated membranes were tested for their filterability against pure water and
domestic wastewater. Both permeability tests showed that PVDF with 8% ZIF-8
membrane was the most permeable with a pure water and wastewater permeability
of 150 L/m2.h.bar and 94 L/m2.h.bar, respectively. The pure water permeability
of PVDF with 8% ZIF-8 membrane increases for about 130% compared to the
pure PVDF membrane. The turbidity test of the initial feed and final permeate of
wastewater, PVDF with 8% ZIF-8 membrane also gave out the highest reduction
rate at 87%, which is 36% higher than that of pure PVDF membrane. It can be
deduced that 8% of ZIF-8 is the ideal loading to PVDF in improving its antifouling
properties to be used in domestic wastewater treatment.
2120 Removal of Escherichia coli via low- electromagnatic field in riverbank filtration
system
Rossitah Selamat
University Sains Malaysia
The removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) via low frequency of electromagnetic
field (LF-EMF) with different magnetic field was studied. LF-EMF is known as a
high magnetic susceptibility method, which could affect E. coli growth without
the usage of chemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of E.
coli by using LF-EMF in water abstraction for the riverbank filtration (RBF)
application. The effect of LF-EMF with the intensity of 2 to 10mT and 50Hz on
coiled column of 1mm copper wire at 1 to 6 hours was assessed. The removal of
E. coli after exposing to LF-EMF on the column model was measured using most
probable number (MPN/100mL) and colonies forming unit (CFU/100mL)
methods. Water flows into the column were varied up to 6 hours and with flowrate
of 100mL/min. Experimental results demonstrate that 100% of E. coli was
removed at 8mT after 6 hours exposure. The magnetic field at 10mT removed
100% of E. coli after 4 hours exposure. The results obtained in this study proved
that the LF-EMF was efficient in E. coli removal from RBF system. These finding
indicated that the LF-EMF intensities and time of exposure can affect the removal
of E. coli.
2447 Sugarcane bagasse powder as biosorbent for reactive red 120 removals from
aqueous solution
Solehah Ahmad, Wong Yee Ching, Krishna Veni Veloo
Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, University of Malaysia Kelantan
Reactive red 120 is used as a textile dye for fabric coloring. The dye waste is
produced during textile finishing process subsequently released directly to water
bodies which giving harmful effects to the environment due to the carcinogenic
characteristic. Adsorption process becomes an effective treatment to treat textile
dye. This research emphasizes the treatment of textile dye namely reactive red 120
(RR120) by using sugarcane bagasse powder. The batch study was carried out
under varying parameters such as 60 minutes contact time, pH (1-8), dye
concentration (5-25 mg/L), particle size (125-500 µm) and biosorbent dosage
(0.01-0.2 g/L). The maximum adsorption percentage of RR120 was 94.62%. The
adsorption of dye was increased with the decreasing of pH, initial dye
concentration and particle size. Sugarcane bagasse powder as low-cost biosorbent
was established using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). This locally agricultural waste could be upgraded into useful
material which is biosorbent that promising for decolorization of colored textile
wastewater.
2285 Analysis the Accuracy of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Developing Flood
Modeling on Lowland Area
Ku Hasna Zainurin Ku Zainol Abidin, Mohamad Adib Mohd Razi, Saifullizan
Mohd Bukari
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Flood is one type of natural disaster that occurs almost every year in Malaysia.
Commonly the lowland areas are the worst affected areas. This kind of disaster is
controllable by using an accurate data for proposing any kinds of solutions.
Elevation data is one of the data used to produce solutions for flooding. Currently,
the research about the application of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in hydrology
was increased where this kind of model will identify the elevation for required
areas. University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia is one of the lowland areas which
facing flood problems on 2006. Therefore, this area was chosen in order to produce
DEM which focussed on University Health Centre (PKU) and drainage area
around Civil and Environment Faculty (FKAAS). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle used
to collect aerial photos data then undergoes a process of generating DEM
according to three types of accuracy and quality from Agisoft PhotoScan software.
The higher the level of accuracy and quality of DEM produced, the longer time
taken to generate a DEM. The reading of the errors created while producing the
DEM shows almost 0.01 different. Therefore, it has been identified there are some
important parameters which influenced the accuracy of DEM.
2529 Determining The Side Channel Area In The Ciliwung Watershed For Decreasing
The Hydrograf Flood
Fani Yayuk Supomo, Muh. Saleh Pallu, Muh. Arsyad Thaha dan Rita Tahir Lopa
Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University
The condition of Jakarta with high population density and green open space switch
function, causing the condition of flooding to be one of the risks that occur when
the rainy season. Ciliwung River that flows from Katulampa into Jakarta bay, is
considered as the largest contributor to flood discharge. This study will analyze the
flood discharge plan on the side channel area to lower the flood hydrograph peaks
and extend the detention time. The area to be side channel is Ciparigi with an area
of 608.7 hectare and the slope of 8-10%. The result of flood discharge planning
analysis at Ciparigi region (Sub watershed of Middle Ciliwung), obtained the
amount of flood discharge for return period 2 yearly equal to 10.10 m3/sec, 5 yearly
equal to 12,77 m3/sec, 10 yearly equal to 14.17 m3/sec, 25 yearly equal to 15.32
m3/sec, 50 yearly equal to 16.63 m3/sec and 100 yearly equal to 17.52 m3/sec. The
percentage of flood discharge plans that will be reduced by 10% of the total flood
discharge plan in sub watershed observation is 1.28 m3/sec with reservoir volume
of 4.608 m3 which will be fully charged for 1 hour. This will extend the flow time
from the control point in Depok to the Manggarai waterway to approximately 5
hours.
2622 Generation Of Flood Map Using Infoworks For Sungai Johor

Noor Farahain Muhammad Amin, & Faridah Othman
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya
Flood has become regular disaster in Malaysia which it is happens every year in
different states especially during northeast monsoon. Johor State, the most southern
part of Peninsular Malaysia experienced numerous flooding from 1926 to 2013.
However, Sungai Johor catchment had the most devastating impact during
December 2006 and January 2007 flood events. The objectives of this study are to
perform river modeling and generate a flood map fpr Sungai Johor. The river
modeling of Sungai Johor has been done using InfoWorks RS software. Necessary
data were collected and transferred into the required modelling procedures. The
results indicated that the model was able to simulate the flood depth to a reasonable
agreement and generate the flood map. The generated flood map can serve as a
beneficial planning and design tools for the local authority and community in
minimizing the flood effects and damage as well as in preparing the evaluation
plan.
2547 A hydrodynamic modelling of proposed dams in reducing flood hazard in
Kelantan Catchment
Syaza Faiqah Maruti, S Amerudin, W H W Kadir, Z M Yusof
Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Flood is natural disaster that can cause damage and death. The flood that hit
Kelantan in 2014 was the worst flood in Malaysian history. Although the disaster
could not be avoided, awareness and preparedness could have helped to reduce the
impact. Kuala Krai located at the downstream area in Kelantan catchment is the
most affected due to the 2014 floods. The confluence of Lebir and Galas rivers into
Kelantan river has led to the increase of flood magnitude to the downstream area.
Therefore, Kemubu dam and Lebir dam, located along Galas river and Lebir river,
respectively, have been proposed by the Kelantan authority to reduce the flood
hazard. In this paper, a hydrodynamic modelling study is carried out, which is
coupled of 1D and 2D model to simulate the flood event with and without the
proposed dams. The model is developed using a Digital Terrain Model (DTM),
which was generated from Airborne LiDAR and SRTM data sources. The
hydrograph and water level for 2014 floods event were obtained and was set as an
input data for boundary conditions. The modelling results of maximum velocity of
33 m/s and water depth of 19 m were used to generate flood hazard map. The result
has found that the proposed dams were able to reduce the flood hazard, particularly
at Kuala Krai, Kelantan.
2542 Evaluating Environment, Erosion and Sedimentation Aspects in Coastal Area to

Determine Priority Handling (A Case Study in Jepara Regency, northern Central
Java, Indonesia)
Slamet Imam Wahyudi, HennyPratiwi Adi
Department of Civil Engineering, Sultan Agung Islamic University
Many areas of the northern coastal in Central Java, Indonesia, have been suffering
from damage. One of the areas is Jepara, which has been experiencing this kind of
damage for 7,6 from total 72 kilometres long beach. Its damages are caused by
coastal erosion, sedimentation, environment and tidal flooding. Some efforts have
been done, such as replanting mangroves, building revetment and groins, but they
have not mitigated the coastal damage. The purpose of this study is to map the
coastal damage, to analyze handling priority and to determine coastal protection
model. The method of this study is identifying and plotting the coastal damage on
the map, assessing score of each variable, and determining the handling priority
and suitable coastal protection model. There are five levels of coastal damage used
in this study, namely, light damage, medium, heavy, very heavy, and extremely
heavy. Based on the priority assessment of coastal damage, it needs to be followed
up by designing in detail and implementing through soft structure for example
mangrove, sand nourishes and hard structure, such as breakwater, groins and
revetment.
2490 Natural Attenuation, Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Landfill Leachate
Management
Er Xin Yi, Seow Ta Wee, Lim Chi Kim, Zaharah Ibrahim
Faculty of Technology Management and Business, UTHM
Landfills used for solid waste management will lead to leachate production. Proper
leachate management is highly essential to be paid attention to protect the
environment and living organisms’ health and safety. In this study, the remedial
strategies used for leachate management were natural attenuation, biostimulation
and bioaugmentation. All treatment samples were treated via 42-days combined
anaerobic-aerobic treatment and the treatment efficiency was studied by measuring
the removal rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen. In this study, all remedial
strategies showed different degrees of contaminants removal. Lowest contaminants
removal rate was achieved via bioaugmentation of B. panacihumi strain ZB1,
which were 39.4% of COD and 37.6% of ammonia nitrogen removed from the
leachate sample. Higher contaminants removal rate was achieved via natural
attenuation and biostimulation. Native microbial population was able to remove
41% of COD and 59% of ammonia nitrogen from the leachate sample. The removal
efficiency could be further improved via biostimulation to trigger microbial growth
and decontamination rate. Through biostimulation, 58% of COD and 51.8% of
ammonia nitrogen were removed from the leachate sample. In conclusion, natural
attenuation and biostimulation should be the main choice for leachate management
to avoid any unexpected impacts due to introduction of exogenous species.
2304 An Overview for Enzymatic Treatment of Xenobiotic in Greywater by Fungi
Efaq Noman, Adel Al-Gheethi, Balkis A. Talip, Radin Maya Saphira Radin
Mohamed, Nagao Hideyuki, NiK N Ab. Rahman, Amir Hashim MK
Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Developments, UTHM
Xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) are aromatic compounds, which are

divided into three group polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
benzene/toluene/ethyl benzene/xylene (BTEX) and the synthetic substituted
aromatics typified by the chlorophenols. PAHs are among these compounds which
have carcinogenic effect and accumulated with high concentration in the industrial
sites. XOCs include pesticides, polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs),
pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting
chemicals (EDCs), active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and phosphorus-
containing flame retardants (PFRs). The aromatic structure of XOCs includes two
or more benzene rings. Despite many studies conducted and reviewed of those
compounds in soil by the fungi. This study aims to review the enzymatic
mechanism of fungi to degrade XOCs in the greywater.
2465 Applicability of anaerobic membrane bioreactors for landfill leachate treatment:
Review and opportunity
Mohammed J K Bashir, Salahaldin M A Abuabdou, Ng Choon Aun, Sumathi
Sethupathi
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green
Technology (FEGT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar
Sanitary landfilling is nowadays the most common way to eliminate municipal

solid wastes (MSW). The resulted landfill leachate is a highly contaminated liquid.
Even small quantities of this high-strength leachate can cause serious damage to
surface and ground water receptors. Thus, these leachates must be appropriately
treated before being discharged into the environment. In the last years, anaerobic
membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) technology is being considered as a very
attractive alternative for leachate treatment due to the significant advantages. In
the last decade, many studies have been conducted in which various types of
anaerobic reactors were used in combination with membranes. This paper is a
review of the potential of anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology for
municipal landfill leachate treatment. A critical review in AnMBR performance
interesting landfill leachate in lab scale is also done. In addition, the review
discusses the impact of the various factors on both biological and filtration
performances of anaerobic membrane bioreactors.
2532 Treatability of stabilize landfill leachate by using pressmud ash as an adsorbent

Nurul Nadiah Mohd Azme, Mohamad Fared Murshed
School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Leachate is a liquid produced from the landfill that contains high concentration of
heavy metals, chemicals and nutrient loading. The treatability of these
contaminants are complicated since the current treatment technology are costly
and site specific. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the treatability
of stabilized landfill leachate by using waste (pressmud ash) as an absorbent.
Pressmud ash was prepared by burning at different temperature from 100 to 700
degree celcius and test at 24 hours shaking time, pH 8, 4000 rpm. Leachate
samples were collected from municipal solid waste (MSW) Pulau Burung Sanitary
Landfill (PBSL) and were analyzed for heavy metal, COD, ammonia and colour.
This research was performed in two phases i) leachate characteristic, ii) treatability
assessment by using press mud ash. Press mud was sampled from the sugar mill,
Malaysian Sugar Manufacturing (MSM) Sdn Bhd, Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang.
The pressmud with 400oC are highly potential material with a low cost which can
be a good adsorbent was capable reducing efficiencies of COD (60.76%),
ammonia (64.37%) and colour (35.78%) from real wastewater leachate. Pressmud
showed good sorption capability. Surface modification with burning greatly
enhanced the reducing efficiency of sugar waste based adsorbent with adsorption
efficiency.
2265 Characteristic of leachate at Alor Pongsu Landfill Site, Perak, Malaysia: A
comparative study
Siti Nor Farhana Zakaria, Hamidi Abdul Aziz
School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Leachate is a harmful by product generated from the landfill site. Leachate

contains a high concentration of pollutant which can cause serious pollution to
environmental. In this study, characteristics of leachate in Alor Pongsu Landfill
Site (APLS) were monitored and analyzed according to the Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2005). Composition in leachate at
APLS was monitored for one year starting from January 2015 until January 2016.
Nine parameters were monitored including color, chemical oxygen demand
(COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N),
biodegradability ratio (BOD5/COD), temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total
dissolved solid (TDS) and pH. Based on the analysis, Alor Pongsu Landfill
leachate was categorized as stabilized landfill leachate by referring to the
BOD5/COD < 0.1. Comparison with allowable discharge limits for leachate shows
that most of parameters exceeded the standard discharge limitation. Thus, proper
treatment is needed before leachate can be discharged to the environment.
2259 Closed Landfill Leachate Treatment Using Brevibacillus Panacihumi Strain ZB1
Er Xin Yi, Seow Ta Wee, Lim Chi Kim, Zaharah Ibrahim, Siti Hajar Mat Sarip
Faculty of Technology Management and Business, UTHM
Landfills are widely used for solid waste disposal due to cost effectiveness and
ease of operation. Poor landfill management generally accompanied with
production of toxic leachate. Leachate refers to heavily polluted liquid produced
due to waste decomposition and rainwater percolation. Direct discharge of
untreated leachate into the environment will lead to environmental degradation
and health hazards. The aim of this study was to study the efficiency of leachate
biological treatment by B. panacihumi strain ZB1. In this study, leachate
wastewater was treated by B. panacihumi strain ZB1 via 42-days anaerobic-
aerobic treatment. Leachate characterization of both raw and treated samples was
carried out based on ammonia nitrogen content, chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and heavy metal content. Through leachate characterization, raw leachate carried
high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (1977 mg/L), COD (5320 mg/L) and
certain heavy metals exceeding discharge standard. From this study, B.
panacihumi strain ZB1 able to remove COD nearly 40%, ammonia nitrogen nearly
50% and different degrees of heavy metals from the leachate sample after
combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment. As a result, B. panacihumi strain ZB1was
expected to treat the leachate wastewater with certain treatment efficiency via
combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment.
2460 Effect of dope solution temperature on the membrane structure and MD
performance
Normi Izati Mat Nawi, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Nik Abdul Hadi Md.
NordinDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Membrane distillation (MD) is a non-isothermal process applicable to purify water

using hydrophobic membrane. Membrane in MD is hydrophobic, permeable to
water vapor but repels liquid water. MD membrane is expected to pose high flux,
high fouling and scaling resistances and most importantly high wetting resistance.
This study develops flat-sheet polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane by
exploring both liquid-liquid and liquid-solid phase inversion technique largely to
improve its wetting resistance and flux performance. We hypothesize that
temperature of dope solution play roles in solid-liquid separation during
membrane formation and an optimum balance between liquid-liquid and liquid-
solid (crystallization) separation leads to highly performance PVDF membrane.
Findings obtained from differential scanning calorimeter test show that increasing
dope solution temperature reduces degree of PVDF crystallinity and suppresses
formation of crystalline structure. The morphological images of the resulting
membranes show that at elevated dope solution temperature (40, 60, 80 and
100°C), the spherullite-like structures are formed across the thickness of
membranes ascribed from due to different type of crystals. The performance of
direct-contact MD shows that the obtained flux of the optimum dope temperature
(60°C) of 10.8 L/m2h is comparable to commercial PTFE-based MD membrane.
2576 Removal of iron and manganese in groundwater using natural biosorbent Fauzi
Baharudin, Mohd Yuhyi Mohd Tadza, Siti Nurulhuda Mohd ImranFaculty of
Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam
This study was conducted to measure and compare the concentration of iron,
manganese and hardness of the river and groundwater and to determine the
effectiveness of iron and manganese removal by using natural biosorbent which is
banana peels. The samples of river and groundwater were collected at riverbank
filtration site at Jenderam Hilir, Dengkil. Based on the water quality investigation,
the concentration of iron and manganese in the samples of groundwater have
exceeded the drinking water quality standard which are 0.3 mg/L for iron and 0.1
mg/L for manganese. The removal process of the iron and manganese in the
groundwater was done by using 2, 4 and 8 grams of banana peels activated carbon.
It is found that with higher amount of activated banana peels, the removal of iron
and manganese is more effective. The ranges of percentage of iron and manganese
removal are between 82.25% to 90.84% and 98.79% to 99.43% respectively. From
the result, banana peels activated carbon can be concluded as a one of the most
effective low-cost adsorbent for groundwater treatment.
2577 Comparison of phenanthrene removal by Aspergillus niger ATC 16404
(filamentous fungi) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442 (bacteria) in enriched
nutrient-liquid medium
Nurhidayah hamzah, Nor Amani Filzah Mohd Kamil, Naresh Singhal, Lokesh
Padhye, Simon Swift
Department of Water Resource and Environmental System, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one of the persistent and

carcinogenic pollutants that needs to be eliminated from the environment. The
study on degradation of PAHs by bacteria is thoroughly discussed in literature.
Many strains of bacteria were chosen in order to eliminate the PAHs compound in
the environment. However, there are less study on the filamentous fungi although
fungi appears to be an abundant population and as dominant group in PAHs
contaminated soil habitats [1], [2]. This study was conducted to determine and
compare the Phenanthrene (PHE) removal by fungi and bacteria in excessive
nutrient-liquid culture. Then, the survival for both strains was investigated in the
presence of PHE and finally, the analysis on the fungi-PHE interaction was carried
out. In condition of excessive nutrient, the removal of PHE was evaluated for fungi
and bacteria in batch experiment for 5 days. PHE removal for A.niger and P.putida
were found to be 97% and 20% respectively after 5 days. The presence of PHE
was negatively inhibits the grow of the bacteria and the fungus. The PHE uptake
mechanism for A.niger was observed to be a passive transport mechanism with 45
µg per g fungus dry weight within 24 hr of incubation. As a conclusion,
filamentous fungi have the potent role in the removal of PHE as well as bacteria
but depending on the strains and the condition of the environment. Fungi is known
to co-metabolize the PHE meanwhile, PHE can be used as sole carbon for bacteria.
This preliminary result is significant in understanding the bacteria-fungi-PHE
interaction to enhance the degradation of PAHs for co-culture study in the future.
2287 Investigation on the influence of bio-catalytic enzyme produced from fruit and
vegetable waste on palm oil mill effluent
Nazaitulshila Rasit
School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Pre-consumer waste from supermarket such as vegetables and fruits always discarded as
solid waste and disposed to landfill. Implementing waste recovery method as part of waste
management strategy will reduce the amount of waste disposal. One of the ways to
achieve this goal is through fermentation of the pre-consumer supermarket waste to
produce a solution named as garbage enzyme. This study was conducted to produce and
characterize biocatalytic garbage enzyme and to evaluate its influence on palm oil mill
effluent as a pre-treatment before further biological process. Garbage enzyme was
produced by three months fermentation of the mixture of molasses, pre-consumer
supermarket residues and water with the ratio of 1:3:10. Then characterization of enzyme
was conducted based on pH, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved
solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and enzyme activities. The influence of
produced enzyme was evaluated on oil & grease (O&G), TSS and COD of palm oil mill
effluent (POME). Different dilution of garbage enzyme to POME samples (5%, 10%,
15%) was experimented for pre-treatment (six days) and the result showed that the
garbage enzyme contained bio-catalytic enzyme such as amylase, protease and lipase. The
pre-treatment showed removal of 90% O&G in 15% dilution of garbage enzyme.
Meanwhile, reduction of TSS and COD were 50% and 25% in dilution of 10% garbage
enzyme respectively. The findings of this study are important to analyse the effectiveness
of pre-treatment for further improvement of anaerobic treatment process of POME
especially during hydrolysis stage.
2450 The classification of PM10 concentrations in Johor Based on Seasonal
Monsoons
Hazrul bin Abdul Hamid, Hazrul Abdul Hamid, Muhammad Hanafi Rahmat, Siti
Aisyah Sapani
Mathematics Division, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Air is the most important living resource in life. Contaminated air could adversely affect
human health and the environment, especially during the monsoon season. Contamination
occurs as a result of human action and haze. There are several pollutants present in the air
where one of them is PM10. Secondary data was obtained from the Department of
Environment from 2010 until 2014 and was analyzed using the hourly average of PM10
concentrations. This paper examined the relation between PM10 concentrations and the
monsoon seasons (Northeast Monsoon and Southwest Monsoon) in Larkin and Pasir
Gudang. It was expected that the concentration of PM10 would be higher during the
Southwest Monsoon as it is a dry season. The data revealed that the highest PM10
concentrations were recorded between 2010 to 2014 during this particular monsoon
season. The characteristics of PM10 concentration were compared using descriptive
statistics based on the monsoon seasons and classified using the hierarchical cluster
analysis (Ward Methods). The annual average of PM10 concentration during the
Southwest Monsoon had exceeded the standard set by the Malaysia Ambient Air Quality
Guidelines (50µg/m3) while the PM10 concentration during the Northeast Monsoon was
below the acceptable level for both stations. The dendrogram displayed showed two
clusters for each monsoon season for both stations excepted for the PM10 concentration
during the Northeast Monsoon in Larkin which was classified into three clusters due to
the haze in 2010. Overall, the concentration of PM10 in 2013 was higher based on the
clustering shown for every monsoon season at both stations according to the
characteristics in the descriptive statistics.
2429 Adsorption of Copper using Acrylic Acid-g-Polyaniline in Aqueous Solution
Masita Mohammad
Solar Energy Research Institute, SERI, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
A conductive polymer, polyaniline (PANI) has unique electrical behaviour, stable

in the environment, easy synthesis and have wide application in various fields.
Modification of PANI in order to improve its adsorption capacity has been done.
In this study, the polyaniline-grafted acrylic acid has been prepared and followed
by adsorption of copper ion in aqueous solution. Acrylic acid, PANI and acrylic
acid-g-polyaniline (Aag-PANI) were characterized by FTIR and SEM to
determine its characteristic. The adsorption capacity was investigated to study the
removal capacity of Cu ion from aqueous solution. Two parameters were selected
which are pH (2, 4 and 6) and initial metal ion concentration (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L
and 200 mg/L). The maximum adsorption capacity for PANI and Aag-PANI are
1.7 mg/g and 64.6 mg/g, respectively, at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. The
Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model
have been used and showed that it is heterolayer adsorption by follows the
Freundlich isotherm model.
2442 Potential of carbon dioxide storage from petroleum industries in the Gulf of
Thailand for green production
Monthicha Rawangphai, Kreangkrai Maneeintr
Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization Research Laboratory Department of
Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn
University
Recently, climate change and global warming are the global concern because of
an increase in the huge amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. This
gas comes from energy activities and industries like petroleum industries. Carbon
capture and storage (CCS) is the practical technology to reduce and storage CO2.
In Thailand, one of the main potential sites for storage is the Gulf of Thailand.
However, the research on this issue is very rare in Thailand. Consequently, this
work is aiming on the potential study of CO2 geological storage in formations in
the Gulf of Thailand by using simulation. The CO2 storage capacity, pressure
buildup and plume migration have been estimated. Also, this study has been
simulated with various conditions. CO2 injection is used from 1,000-4,000 tons
per day with the depth from 2,200-2,330 meters and the results are studied for 50
years as a monitoring period. The results present that with the formation
characteristics, CO2 storage in this area has potential. Moreover, pressure buildup
and plume migration are illustrated for the period of 50 years. As a fundamental
knowledge, this study can contribute to CO2 storage in an offshore area in
Thailand.
2520 Statistical downscaling of rainfall under transitional climate in Limbang River
basin by using SDSM
Taimoor Tahir Cheema, Ahmad Mustafa Hashim, Khamarzuman B Wan Yusof
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS
Climate change is a global phenomenon that has affected hundreds of people

around the globe. In transitional climatic patterns, it is essential to compute the
severity of rainfall in the regions prone to hydro-meteorological disasters.
Therefore, the main aim of this study is to assess the severity of rainfall under
three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) from Global Climate Model
data of CanESM2 in Limbang River basin. Furthermore, the objective is to check
the capability of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) in the tropical region.
The historical data of nine weather stations were used for the period of 30 years
(1976 - 2005) and Global Climate Model data of CanESM2 under RCPs of
RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the period of 2071-2100. The model was
calibrated for the period of 1976-1995 and validated for the period of 1996-2005.
After successful calibration and validation of SDSM, the future rainfall was
simulated separately for all the three scenarios of RCPs. The obtained results have
shown the values of R2 and RMSE for the model calibration and validation ranged
between 0.58 – 0.86 and between 1.49 and 4.7, respectively for all stations. The
obtained future rainfall data from 2071 – 2100 was then compared with the base
period rainfall from 1976 - 2005. It was shown that under RCP2.6 scenario there
will be an increase of 8.13%, while 14.7% rise in the RCP4.5 scenario during the
period of 2071- 2100. An abrupt increase of about 40.6% was observed under the
robust scenario of RCP8.5. Therefore, it is concluded that future pattern of rainfall
in Limbang River basin under all the scenarios is constantly increasing due to the
climate change.
2459 Model of Open Type Sabo Dam for Countermeasures to Reduce Energy
Haeruddin C Maddi, Saleh Pallu, Arsyad Thaha, Rita Lopa
Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University Makassar, Indonesia
Sabo dam has the main function as one of sediment control structure, the other
functions is to reduce flow energy velocity, during debris flow and post debris
flow events. This study examines the use of open-type Sabo-dam by analyzing the
debris deposits in front of Sabo dam after debris flow occur. By knowing the
number of energy to be controlled, it is expected to be useful in choosing the type
and the amonut of sabo dam structures series along the river. The reduction of
energy ultimately affects the stability of the structure at the bottom such as
reducing local scouring and reducing damage to the peak (crest) of Sabo dam
(abrasion). This research was conducted to investigate and analyze the relationship
of variables such as sediment thickness (T), sediment porosity (€), water discharge
(Q), sediment diameter (d50) and uniformity coefficient (Cu), to independent
variables of flow height (h1/h0), velocity of water (V1/V0)) and relative energy
(E1/E0). To facilitate the observation and retrieval of data, a 1:50 scale model of
physical modeling on a prototype in the field. Validation, verification and
calibration model is very important before the data is collected. This is a series of
research methodology conducted at the Hasanuddin University Hydraulics
Laboratory. Running was performed 27 times for each thickness of T1 = 50 mm,
T2 = 100 mm, and T3 = 150 mm, with water discharge variation Q1 = 2,8
l/sec, Q2 = 4,3 l/sec, and Q3 = 5.8 l/sec, uniformity coefficient variation Cu1 =
1.9 mm, Cu2 = 1.8 mm, Cu3 = 1.6 mm, and Cu4 = 1.0 mm, sediment porosity €1
= 0.596%, €2 = 0,536%, €3 = 0,552%, €4 = 0,565%, €5 = 0,574% and €6 =
0,596%, and diameter of sediment respectively d501 = 37,5mm, d502 = 26,5mm,
d503 = 25.0mm, d504 = 22.0mm, d505 = 19.2mm, and d506 = 19.0mm. The
results showed that the sediment thickness (T), porosity (€), water discharge (Q),
diameter (d50) and uniformity coefficient (Cu) had an effect on changes in flow
height (h1/h0), velocity of water (V1/V0) and relative energy reduction (E1/E0),
this is shown from the analysis of the relationship between variables and the Non-
Dimensional Parameter (NDP) analysis, the relationship between dependent
variables (T, Q, Cu, €, and d50) against the independent variables (V1/V0, h1/h0
and E1/E0) studied and observed in this study based on the results of distributed
patterns grouping that have been shown, then obtained a new formula that can
determine the magnitude of relative energy changes to each parameter used with
the value of linear equations of Y = 1.8669X-0.158, with the value of variables
relationship observed R = 0,5869.
2396 Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals in Wet Market Wastewater
Najeeha Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Atikah Latiffi, Siti Nor
Hidayah Arifin, Adel Al-Gheethi, Paran Gani
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, UTHM
The efficiency of phycoremediation using microalgae for removing nutrients and

heavy metals from wastewaters has been proved. However, the differences in the
composition of wastewaters as well as microalgae species play an important role
in the efficient of this process. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate
the effectiveness of Scenedesmus sp. to removal of heavy metals from wet market
wastewater. Scenedesmus sp. was inoculated with 106 cells/mL into each wet
market wastewater concentration included 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and incubated
for 18 days. The highest growth rate was recorded in 50% WM with a maximum
dry weight of 2006 mg L-1 which subsequently removed 93.06% of Cd, 91.5% of
Cr, 92.47% of Fe, 92.40% of Zn. These findings reflected the high potential of
Scenedesmus sp. in the treatment of wet market wastewater and production
microalgae biomass.
2458 Parameter Governing of Wave Resonance in the Water Chamber and its
Application
Firman Husain
Ocean Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
It has become known that the oscillating water column (OWC) device is very
popular as one of wave energy extraction facilities installed in coastal and ocean
structures. However, it has not been clarified sufficiently how to obtain an
effective cross section design of the structure until now. This paper describes
theoretical procedure to yield effective cross section of water chamber type of sea
wall, which is similar to the OWC type structure in relation to wave period or wave
length. The water chamber type sea wall has a water chamber partitioned by a
curtain wall installed in front of part of the structure. This type of sea wall also can
be applied to extract wave power same as of OWC function. When the wave
conditions on site are known, the dimensions especially the breadth of water
chamber type sea wall can be determined.
2496 Daily River Flow Forecasting with Hybrid Support Vector Machine – Particle
Swarm Optimization
Nuratiah Zaini, Marlinda Abdul Malek, Marina Yusoff, Nurul Hani Mardi,
Shuhairy Norhisham
Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
The application of artificial intelligence techniques for river flow forecasting can further
improve the management of water resources and flood prevention. This study concerns
the development of support vector machine (SVM) based model and its hybridization with
particle swarm optimization (PSO) to forecast short term daily river flow at Upper Bertam
Catchment located in Cameron Highland, Malaysia. Ten years duration of historical
rainfall, antecedent river flow data and various meteorology parameters data from 2003
to 2012 are used in this study. Four SVM based models are proposed which are SVM1,
SVM2, SVM-PSO1 and SVM-PSO2 to forecast 1 to 7 day ahead of river flow. SVM1
and SVM-PSO1 are the models with historical rainfall and antecedent river flow as its
input, while SVM2 and SVM-PSO2 are the models with historical rainfall, antecedent
river flow data and additional meteorological parameters as input. The performances of
the proposed model are measured in term of RMSE and R2. It is found that, SVM2
outperformed SVM1 and SVM-PSO2 outperformed SVM-PSO1 which meant the
additional meteorology parameters used as input to the proposed models significantly
affect the model performances. Hybrid models SVM-PSO1 and SVM-PSO2 yield higher
performances as compared to SVM1 and SVM2. It is found that hybrid models are more
effective in forecasting river flow at 1 to 7 day ahead at the study area.
2530 The Monitoring Method of Water Quality in Ciliwung River for Post Restoration
Diyanti, Muh. Saleh Pallu, Rita Tahir Lopa, M. Arsyad Thaha4
Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University
Ciliwung River is the biggest river which flows across DKI Jakarta, where the river flows
through the city, the settlements, and slums in Jakarta. Problems that occur in the
Ciliwung River in Jakarta one of which is the quality of water. This research using some
datas, there are secondary and primary data like river dimension and visualization of water
quality of Ciliwung River. This research using a descriptive method which describes the
comparison between a physical and chemical parameter for the durationn of 3 (three)
years post-restoration. The physical parameters used in this reasearch are temperature and
TDS, the chemical parameters are pH dan DO. Based on the result of data analyzing, we
get the temperature average parameter pre-restoration is 28.30°C and TDS level is
151.96mg/L, so the logical of standard quality criteria match with class 3. Post-restoration
got the temperature 22.06°C and TDS level 224.20mg/L, so that water quality criteria
match with class 2. For the chemical parameters the average pH and DO values pre-
restoration are 6.84 and 4mg/L, respectively which match with class 2 category. Post-
restoration, the chemical parameter about pH level is 7.41 and DO 8.4mg/L, so the
standard quality criteria match with class 1.
2326 Studies on the Current State of Water Quality in the Segamat River
Faridah Mohd Razelan
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University Technology Mara (UiTM) Shah Alam
Nowadays, pollution has become a major concern in developed and developing

countries. In a study on the current state of Segamat River water quality; on-site
data collection and observation and also laboratory data analysis have been
implemented. Studies showed that the downstream of the Segamat River has
recorded a significant reduction in quality of water during the dry season
compared to the wet season. The deterioration of water quality is caused by the
activities along the river such as palm oil plantation, municipal waste and waste
from settlements. It was also recorded that the point sources were dominating the
pollution at Segamat River during the dry season. However, during the wet
season, the water quality was impaired by the non-point sources which originated
from the upstream of the river.
2623 Bedload Sediment Concentration of Sungai Kahang Downstream Kahang Dam

in Johor.
Muhammad Nda, Mohd Shalahuddin Bin Adnan, Mohd Shazrin Bin Zakaria,
Mohamad Arif Bin Suhadak FKAAS UTHM
Dams construction globally on rivers have generated a significant adjustment to

stream hydrology and sediment dynamics. The impoundment of rivers by dam
reservoirs will trap the sediments following freely downstream the river channel.
Kahang dam is constructed to impound Sungai Kahang (Kahang River) for water
supply purposes; this may have adverse effects downstream the dam by starving
the river its natural sediments and changing the river flow. This study evaluates
the bedload sediments and river discharge downstream the dam by taking field
measurements, using the area-velocity and single increment method at three
selected gauging locations (St0, St1, St2). The results obtained between January
and July 2017 show the highest bedload discharge for all the gauging Stations to
be 0.0736 tones/day at St0 and 0.0077 tones/day at St2 while the river flow
remains relatively steady between 0.528 m3/s to 2.534 m3/s. The high bedload
discharge recorded can be attributed to the anthropogenic activities going on
during external construction works going on, as lower bedload concentration
values followed immediately after the external construction work was
completed.
2464 Water Quality and Trophic Status Study in Sembrong Reservoir during Monsoon
Season
Syarifah Intan Najla Syed Hashim, Siti Hidayah Abu talib, Muhammad Salleh
Abustan FKAAS, UTHM
Sembrong is one of the reservoirs in Johor that supplies raw water to consumer for
daily activities usage. Cleanliness and quality of water must be maintained to
ensure that contamination is not applicable. This study is to determine the effects
of sedimentation on water quality due to the deposition of sediment in the reservoir
and to identify the rate of ammonia based on the location of the study area. There
are several parameters required to obtain the data and reading for this study namely
the temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH value, ammonia nitrogen and trophic status
parameter that are consisting of Chlorophyll, total phosphorus and secchi depth.
Seventeen (17) locations along Sembrong reservoir had been identified for
sampling activities. From the result obtained, the reading of temperature and pH
value has less significant differences between the locations involved. However,
for dissolved oxygen, the highest readings were taken at location 6 and 7 which
are 9.12 mg/L and 9.05 mg/L respectively compared to other location with the
average reading of 8 mg/L. For ammonia nitrogen, the highest reading was at
location 1 which is 2.24 mg/L, while the lowest reading at location 13 and 14 with
0.29 mg/L. Chlorophyll readings showed the highest reading of 92.33 μg/L at
location 2 which is near to the inlet area while the lowest reading were taken at
location 14 with 55.97 μg/L. For total phosphorus, location 1 has the highest
reading of 19.50 μg/L compared to location 15 with 9.15 μg/L. The overall result
indicates that the reading is high near the inlet and decreasing at the next location.
So roughly, the river that connects to the Sembrong reservoir was carrying
contaminants.
2791 Water-sensitivity assessment of regional spatial plan based on the relation
between watershed imperviousness and aquatic ecosystem health
Prof. Dr-Ing. Dwita Sutjiningsih [email protected]
CE Department, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Upper Ciliwung watershed in the JABODETABEKPUNJUR area experiencing

rapid population growth, which in turn promotes the pace of infrastructure
development especially increasing impervious land cover. This will trigger
various stressors to the abiotic and biotic elements in the aquatic ecosystem. This
study aims to examine whether the relationship between imperviousness in the
subwatersheds in Upper Ciliwung and abiotic/biotic elements of its aquatic
ecosystems can be used to assess the degree of water-sensitivity of the related
regional spatial plan. Two scenarios of impervious cover changes have been
assessed, scenario 1 using constant growth of 7.56% per annum, while scenario 2
refers to regional spatial plan of Bogor Regency. Although there are
inconsistencies in four (out of 13) subwatersheds, the tests proved that the
procedure is succesful to be applied in Upper Ciliwung.
2507 Process Simulation of Bio-ethanol Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
via Acid Hydrolysis Pretreatment
Lupete Kaur Bhullar, Zulfan Adi Putra
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
This work developed bio-ethanol production process based on empty fruit bunch
(EFB) of palm oil and compared it with the literature benchmark model. Dilute acid
hydrolysis was used as the biomass pretreatment prior to enzyme hydrolysis and
fermentation. The amount of ethanol produced from the EFB was higher than that
in the literature, which used corn stover as the feedstock. This was because, EFB
had higher content of sugars compared to corn stover. The significantly lower price
of EFB ($5/ton) compared to corn stover ($58.50/ton) also contributed to the higher
profitability of the production of bio-ethanol from EFB.
2409 Production of H2 from aluminium/water reaction and its potential for CO2
methanation
Khor Khai Phung, Sumathi Sethupathi
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat 31900 Kampar
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a natural gas that presents in excess in the atmosphere.
Owing to its ability to cause global warming, capturing and conversion of CO2
have attracted much attention worldwide. CO2 methanation using hydrogen (H2)
is believed to be a promising route for CO2 removal. In the present work, H2 is
produced using aluminum-water reaction and tested for its ability to convert CO2
to methane (CH4). Different type of water i.e. tap water, distilled water, deionized
water and ultrapure water, concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (0.2 M to
1.0 M) and particle size of aluminum (45 m to 500 μm) were varied as parameter
study. It was found that the highest yield of H2 was obtained using distilled water,
1.0 M of NaOH and 45μm particle size of aluminium. However, the highest yield
of methane was achieved using a moderate and progressive H2 production (distilled
water, 0.6 M of NaOH and 45 μm particle size of aluminium) which allowed
sufficient time for H2 to react with CO2. It was concluded that 1130 ml of H2 can
produce about 560 ppm of CH4 within 25 min of batch reaction using nickel
catalyst.
2441 Evaluation of stability and viscosity measurement of emulsion from oil from
production in northern oilfield in Thailand
Onchanok Juntarasakul, Kreangkrai Maneeintr
Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization Research Laboratory Department of
Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn
University
Emulsion is normally present in oil due to the mixing occurring during oil recovery. The
formation of emulsion can cause some problems in production and transportation.
Viscosity and stability of emulsion play a key roles in oil transportation and separation to
meet sales specification. Therefore, the aims of this research are to measure the viscosity
of oil an emulsion and to evaluate the stability of emulsion of light oil from Fang oilfield
in Thailand. The parameters of this study are temperature, shear rate and water cut ranging
from 50 to 80 °C, 3.75 to 70 s-1 and 0 to 60%, respectively. These effects of parameters
on viscosity and stability of emulsion are required for the design of the process and to
increase oil production with various conditions. The results shows that viscosity decreases
as temperature and shear rate increase. In contrast, viscosity becomes higher when water
cut is lower. Furthermore, droplet sizes of water-in-oil emulsion at different conditions are
investigated the stability of emulsion. The droplet sizes become smaller when high shear
rate is applied and emulsion becomes more stable. Furthermore, correlations are developed
to predict the viscosity and stability of the oil and emulsion from Thailand.
2455 Assessment of Kinetic Models on Fe Adsorption in Groundwater Using High-

Quality Limestone
Nor Azliza Akbar, N A F Mohd Kamil, N S Md Zin, M N Adlan and H A Aziz
Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM Pulau Pinang
During the groundwater pumping process, dissolved Fe2+ is oxidized into Fe3+ and
produce rust-coloured iron mineral. Adsorption kinetic models are used to evaluate the
performance of limestone adsorbent and describe the mechanism of adsorption and the
diffusion processes of Fe adsorption in groundwater. This work presents the best kinetic
model of Fe adsorption, which was chosen based on a higher value of coefficient
correlation, R2. A batch adsorption experiment was conducted for various contact times
ranging from 0 to 135 minutes. From the results of the batch study, three kinetic models
were analyzed for Fe removal onto limestone sorbent, including the pseudo-first order
(PFO), pseudo-second order (PSO) and intra-particle diffusion (IPD) models. Results show
that the adsorption kinetic models follow the sequence: PSO > PFO > IPD, where the
values of R2 are 0.997 > 0.919 > 0.918. A high value of R2 (0.997) reveals better fitted
experimental data. Furthermore, the value of qe cal in the PSO kinetic model is very near
to qe exp rather than that in other models. This finding therefore suggests that the PSO
kinetic model has the good fitted with the experimental data which involved chemisorption
process of divalent Fe removal in groundwater solution. Thus, limestone adsorbent media
found to be an alternative and effective treatment of Fe removal from groundwater.
2453 Phosphoric Acid Activation of Sugarcane Bagasse for Removal of O-Toluidine
and Benzidine
M R M Adib, M H M N Attahirah and A R M Amirza
FKAAS UTHM
In the effort to find alternatives for low cost adsorbent, activated carbon using
sugarcane bagasse (SBAC) has been introduced in this study that has undergo
chemical treatment using phosphoric acid to determine the effectiveness of
adsorption process in removing o-toluidine and benzidine. Throughout this study,
92.9% of o-toluidine has been successfully removed by SBAC at optimum value
of 1.1 g of dosage with contact time of 10 minutes and concentration of 10 mg/L.
While benzidine was remove by 83.1% at optimum dosage of 1.1 g with 60 minutes
of contact time and at 20 mg/L concentrations. Testing of SEM proves that SBAC
has high porosity and comparable to CAC. In FTIR results, shows that CAC has
high number of double bond while SBAC shows no double bond at all. Presence of
double bond in CAC lead to increase in percentage of removal of adsorbate. After
considering other factor such as cost, energy and environmental friendly, it shows
that SBAC was considerable to replaced CAC.
2617 Removal Efficiency of Electrocoagulation Treatment Using Aluminium Electrode

for Stable Leachate
Laila Wahidah Mohamad Zailani, N S Mohd Amdan, N S M Zin
FKAAS UTHM
This research was conducted to investigate the performance of aluminium electrode

in electrocoagulation process removing chemical oxygen demand (COD),
ammonia, turbidity, colour and suspended solid (SS) from Simpang Renggam
landfill leachate. Effects of current density, electrolysis duration and pH were
observed in this study. From the data obtained, optimum condition at current
density was recorded at 200 A/m2with the electrolysis duration of 20-minutes and
optimum pH value at 4. The removal recorded at this condition for COD, ammonia,
colour, turbidity and suspended solid were 60%, 37%, 94%, 88% and 89%
respectively. Electrocoagulation treatment give a better result and can be applied
for leachate treatment in future. Thus, electrocoagulation treatment has the
potential to be used in treatment of leachate.
2635 Analysis the effectiveness of existing pond to accommodate storm water runoff in
UTHM campus
Mohd Azlan Mohd Yusoff and SM Bukhari
FKAAS UTHM
Rapid development within UTHM campus has changed the existing earth surface
from pervious to impervious layer thus increasing the surface runoff. This study
describe the application of XP SWMM software in determining the effectiveness
of existing pond to accommodate the increase of storm water runoff based on
designated rainfall event. Through this approach, the past studies, related journals,
and Storm-water Management Manual (SWMM) are used as a reference for this
study. Land and hydrographic survey is carried out in order to determine pond
profile. The selected study principle using XPSWMM software is based on
Rational Method as the catchment area is less than 80 ha and Manning Equation.
The existing pond is designed to receive storm water runoff from two different
catchments which are area around University Health Centre (PKU) and area
starting from Centre for Diploma Studies (PPD) until Information Technology
Centre (PTM). The input rainfall data is for 10 years rainfall event (2006-2016). It
was found that there are no overflow from the pond, thus the volume for the pond
(12356.39m^3) is effective to accommodate increasing storm water runoff from
both catchment area.
2543 Development of hybrid polymeric polyerthersulfone (PES) membrane
incorporated with powdered activated carbon (PAC) for palm oil mill effluent
(POME) treatment.
Wong LingYong, Ng Choon Aun, Bashir JK Mohammed
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green
Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat,
31900 Kampar
The development of water treatment system to produce low cost & high quality
effluent has become extremely important nowadays. Since year 1960, membrane
technology has transformed from laboratory stage to industrial applications stage.
The development of newer membrane modules in recent years helps the membrane
industry growth rapidly, but the technology is still not so universal due to
membrane fouling issue. Additional of PAC directly into the treatment system has
proven to be a promising strategy to reduce membrane fouling and improve
efficiency of the system. However, there are also drawbacks caused by excessive
PAC within a treatment system. In this study, the potential of integrating the PAC
into PES membrane was evaluated and its performance was assessed. The result
shows that the PAC integrated membrane has higher permeation rate, which is 231
L/m2.hr compare to the one without PAC integrated membrane, which only has 89
L/m2.hr. In addition, PAC integrated membrane was able to achieve up to 81% and
67% removal rate, compared to the one without PAC integrated which only can
remove 10% and 35% of COD and color respectively. Besides, the structural
property of the membranes was observed using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The results showed a trend where the membrane with higher concentration
of PAC integrated will have better performance in both pollutant removal ability as
well as the membrane fouling control.
2401 Kinetic study of chromium adsorption using Palm kernel shell activated carbon
Masita Mohammad
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Heavy metal contamination of industrial effluents is one of the most significant

environmental problems due to the toxicity of these contaminated effluents and
their accumulation throughout the food chain. In this study, activated carbon from
palm kernel shells was produced through a chemical activation process using zinc
chloride as an activating agent and carbonized at 800 °C. Palm kernel shell
activated carbon (PAC) was assessed for its efficiency to remove chromium (VI)
ions from aqueous solutions through a batch adsorption process.
Characterizations such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, surface
morphology, and SEM-EDX were conducted. The results show that the activation
process by ZnCl2 successfully improved the porosity and modified the functional
group of the palm kernel shell. The results indicate that the maximum adsorption
capacity of Cr is 11.40 mg/g at a 30 ppm initial metal ion concentration and a 0.1
g/50 ml adsorbate loading. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-
order kinetic model.
2404 Determination of Flow Resistance Coefficient for Vegetation in Open Channel:

Laboratory study
Noor Aliza Ahmad,ZarinaMd Ali, Nur Aini Mohd Arish , Azra Munirah Mat
Daud and NurFatin Amirah Alias
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Water and
Environmental Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia ,86400
ParitRaja,Batu Pahat,Johor
[email protected]
This study focused on determination of flow resistances coefficient for grass in

an open channel. Laboratory works were conducted to examine the effects of
varying of roughness elements on the flume to determine flow resistance
coefficient and also to determine the optimum flow resistance with five different
flow rate, Q. Laboratory study with two type of vegetation which are Cow Grass
and Pearl Grass were implementing to the bed of a flume. The roughness
coefficient, n value is determine using Manning’s equation while Soil
Conservation Services (SCS) method was used to determine the surface
resistance. From the experiment, the flow resistance coefficient for Cow Grass in
range 0.0008 - 0.0039 while Pearl Grass value for the flow resistance coefficient
are in between 0.0013 - 0.0054. As a conclusion the vegetation roughness value
in open channel are depends on density, distribution type of vegetation used and
physical characteristic of the vegetation itself
2435 Field Performance of a Constructed Litter Trap with Oil and Grease Filter
using Low-cost Materials
Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat, Algheethi Adel Ali Saeed Abduh, and Ahmad
Zurisman Mohd Ali
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
[email protected]
The current study was conducted to develop a litter trap by using crushed clay as
an adsorbent media filter to reduce oil and grease (O&G) contents in residential
wastewater and then to prevent the degradation of the environment and natural
water bodies. Clay acts as a magnet, drawing the oil molecules out of the water
and causing them to attach to the surfaces of the clay. The trap was built using
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and bamboo and installed at site-specific
discharge points of storm water for removal of O&G. The design achieved 94%
of O&G removal. However, the removal efficiency deepened on the rainfall
intensity, the increasing of rainfall effect negatively on the removal percentage
of O&G. Nonetheless, the designed system exhibited a potential to remove O&G
from the residential wastewater.
2519 Application of alum and chickpea (cicer arietinum) in removing color from
leachate
N S M Zin, N H Awang, N A Akbar
Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dual coagulant has the potential to improve the coagulation process. In leachate
treatment coagulation/flocculation can be used as a main treatment method or as
a polishing/tertiary treatment step. Application of natural coagulant as coagulant
aids able to increase the formation of floc and the removal ability of the
coagulation process. This study was focusing on the ability of dual coagulants
made from chemical coagulant (Alum) and natural coagulant (Cicer Arietinum
(CA)) in removing colour from leachate. Jar test was carried out to investigate
the effect of dose and pH on the removal ability of the dual coagulant. The
optimum pH and dose for dual coagulant were obtained at pH 6.0 with dose of
Alum at 4 g/L and dose of CA at 0.6 g/L with 94% removal of colour. While the
optimum removal of colour for single Alum (4 g/L) and single CA (1.4 g/L) were
recorded as 88% and 22%, respectively. The removals obtained using single
natural and chemical coagulants were not as good as those obtained by dual
coagulant. Thus, addition of CA as a coagulant aid for alum, able to increase the
removal of color from leachate and has the potential to be applied as a treatment
method for leachate.
2648 A solar-hydro (S2H) model for groundwater treatment
S Musa, M F Anuar, M M Shahabuddin, M B Ridzuan, R M S Radin Mohamed
and M A Madun
Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
[email protected]
Groundwater extracted in Research Centre for Soft Soil Malaysia (RECESS)

contains a number of pollutants that exceed the safe level for daily use. A Solar-
Hydro (S2H) model which is a practical prototype has been introduced to treat
the groundwater sustainably by solar energy process (evaporation method).
Selected parameters was tested which are sulphate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, pH
and dissolved oxygen. The water quality result shows that all parameters have
achieved 100% of the drinking water quality standard issued by the Ministry of
Health Malaysia. Evaporation method was proven that this solar energy can be
applied in sustainably treating groundwater quality with up to 90% effectiveness.
On the other hand, the quantitative analysis has shown that the production of
clean water is below than 2% according to time constraints and design factors.
Thus, this study can be generate clean and fresh water from groundwater by using
a S2H model and it has huge potential to be implemented by the local
communities with a larger scale and affordable design.
2099 Evaluation of fluoride concentration in water filter system for households
M Bahari, N A F Mohd Kamil, N A Akbar, M Mizad
Water and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil &
Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat,
Johor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Drinking water that has good quality is important to sustain human life. If the sources
of the drinking water have been contaminated by pollutants, it can give harmful
effects to human. Besides of pollutants, good quality of drinking water should have
optimum concentration of minerals and one of necessary minerals is fluoride.
However, fluoride concentration is less emphasized in factor of purchasing the water
filter system. In addition, Malaysians are not aware of the importance of optimum
fluoride concentration in their drinking. Water filter system is installed to obtain the
good quality of drinking water and needs the maintenance services to ensure the
quality of drinking water accomplishes a constant protection. However, the
performance of maintenance service is never being measured. Therefore, this study
was conducted to measure the fluoride concentration in drinking water for household
and evaluate the performance of maintenance service in water filter system. Two
residential areas in Johor were involved in data collection. Fluoride concentrations
at influent of water filter system were in range of 2.41 mg/L to 3.84 mg/L which
were above the permissible limit except for USEPA standard. Concentrations at
effluent for before maintenance service were reduced, in range of 0.89 mg/L to 1.28
mg/L, and thus water filter system is necessary to install in Malaysian household.
However, very low concentrations were detected after maintenance service, in range
of 0.08 mg/L and 0.12 mg/L, and thus the maintenance service needs to be revised
to obtain the optimum fluoride concentration.
Abstract. Infrastructure and Geomatic Engineering
2275 Prediction of soil anisotropic stress-strain behaviour incorporating shear strength
using improvise normalised stress-strain method
Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman, Mohd Jamaludin Md Noor, Ismacahyadi Bagus
Mohammed Jais, Anas Ibrahim
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam
Currently the soil anisotropic stress-strain behaviour can be predicted accurately at

any effective stress using the Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework. This
framework incorporates the developed of mobilised shear strength within the body
of the soil mass whenever the soil is subjected to anisotropic compression. However
the accuracy of the framework can be improvised since the failure axial strain is not
unique but increases as the effective stress increases. This improved method s call
normalised strain method. This method is applied to predict the stress-strain
behaviour of granitic residual soil grade V from Kuala Kubu Baharu. The improve
accuracy of this method will be presented in comparison with the conventional
method.
2301 Bamboo leaf ash as the stabilizer for soft soil treatment
Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman, Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais, Norbaya Sidek,
Juhaizad Ahmad, Mohd IkmalFazlan Rozli @ Rosli
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam
Soft soil is a type of soil that have the size of particle less than
0.063mm.Thestrength of the soft soil does not fulfil the requirement for
construction. The present of soft soil at the construction site always give a lot of
problems and issues to geotechnical sector. Soilsettlement is one of the problems
that related to soft soil. The determination of the soft soilphysical characteristics
will provide a detail description on its characteristic. Soft soil need to be treated in
order to gain the standard strength for construction. One of the method to strengthen
the soft soil is by using pozzolanic material as a treatment method for soft soil.
Furthermore bamboo leaf ash is one of the newly founded materials that contain
pozzolanicmaterial. Any material that consist of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) as the main
component and followed by Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) and Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) are
consider as pozzolanic material. Bamboo leaf ash is mix with the cement as the
treatment material. Bamboo leaf ash will react with the cement to produce
additional cement binder. Thus, it will increase the soil strength and will ease the
geotechnical sector to achieve high quality of construction product.
2168 Tools for Regulation of Travel Behaviour in Small and Medium Towns
Jiri Carsky, Jan Gallia
Department of Transportation Systems, Faculty of Transportation Sciences,
Czech Technical University in Prague, Konviktska 20, Praha 1, CZ – 110 00,
Czech Republic
Abstract. The subject of this paper is to analyse traffic-sociological surveys focused

on the attitudes of citizens living in small and medium-sized towns to solve selected
traffic problems. The basis for the following research is the data obtained through
questionnaire surveys carried out in selected Czech and Moravian towns.
Applications are for example a tool for optimal setting of the price for parking in
historic centres of towns as well as the suitability of closure of these centres for
vehicles or the regulation of entry through its charging.
2093 Comparison between satisfaction level of the blind and observation of the
researcher on urban transportation system
Leksmono Suryo Putranto, Dwi Amintra Putri
Tarumanagara University Civil Engineering Department
Abstract. The availability of transportation infrastructure and facilities accessible

for people with disability is required to provide convenience for people with
disability in conducting daily activities independently. Data collection was
conducted on a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with of 13 blind people as subjects
of research. They are members of Indonesian Visually Impaired Union (PERTUNI).
Other sources of data were field observation and secondary data of design and
service standards. Transportation related to blind people on this reseacrh consisted
of Urban Railway System and Transjakarta Bus Rapid Transit System. Observation,
FGD, and the study of design and service standards of the railway station include
type of information service, ticket counter, tap card equipment, priority seats, and
toilets. Observation, FGD, and the study of design and service standards of
Transjakarta line includes pedestrian facilities, stairs, guiding block, type of service
information, officers, convenience of Transjakarta boarding/ alighting, and TJ card.
In general blind people in Greater Jakarta have not been provided with easiness and
accessible urban public transport mode since universal design principle have not
been totally adopted, e.g. in terms of gap between train and station platform,
auditory information in the bus, gender identification of toilets, conditon of guiding
blocks etc.
2621 Road traffic noise prediction model for heterogeneous traffic based on ASJ-RTN model
2008 with consideration of horn
Muralia Hustim1, Z Arifin3, S H Aly1, M I Ramli2, R Zakaria1, and A Liputo2
1
Departement of Environmental Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Poros
Malino, Gowa Campus of Hasanuddin University
2
Departement of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Poros Malino, Gowa
Campus of Hasanuddin University
3
Magister Graduated of Departement of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Jl.
Poros Malino, Gowa Campus of Hasanuddin University
This research aimed to predict the noise produced by the traffic in the road network in
Makassar City using ASJ-RTN Model 2008 by calculating the horn sound.
Observations were taken at 37 survey points on road side. The observations were
conducted at 06.00 - 18.00 and 06.00 - 21.00 which research objects were motorcycle
(MC), light vehicle (LV) and heavy vehicle (HV). The observed data were traffic
volume, vehicle speed, number of horn and traffic noise using Sound Level Meter
Tenmars TM-103. The research result indicates that prediction noise model by
calculating the horn sound produces the average noise level value of 78.5 dB having
the Pearson’s correlation and RMSE of 0.95 and 0.87. Therefore, ASJ-RTN Model
2008 prediction model by calculating the horn sound is said to be sufficiently good for
predicting noise level.
2618 Optimization and Flight Schedules of Pioneer Routes in Papua Province Yoniman
Ronting, Sakti Adji Adisasmita, Sumarni Hamid, Muralia Hustim
Department of Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
The province of Papua has a very varied topography, ranging from swampy lowlands,
hills, and plateaus up steep hills. The total area of land is 410,660 km², which consists
of 28 counties and one city, 389 districts and 5.420 villages. The population of Papua
Province in 2017 was 3.265.202 people with an average growth of 4.21% per year. The
transportation services is still low, especially in the mountainous region, which is
isolated and could only be reached by an air transportation mode, causing a
considerable price disparity between coastal and mountainous areas. The purpose of
this paper is to develop the route optimization and pioneer flight schedules models as
an air bridge. This research is conducted by collecting primary data and secondary
data. Data is based on field surveys; interviews; discussions with airport authority,
official government, etc; and also from various agencies. The analytical tools used to
optimization flight schedule and route are analyzed by add-in solver in Microsoft
Excel.The results of the analysis we can get a more optimal route so that it can save
transportation costs by 7.26%.
2539 Model of Safety Commuter Train Passenger with Positive Behavior Approach in
Suburban Areas
Doddy Ari Suryanto, Sakti A Adisasmita, Sumarni Hamid, Muralia Hustim
Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Currently, passenger safety measures are more predominantly measurable using

negative dimensions in user mode behavior, such as accident rate, accident intensity
and accident impact. This condition suggests that safety improvements aim only to
reduce accidents. Therefore, this study aims to measure the safety level of light train
transit modes (KRLs) through the dimensions of traveling safety on commuters for
workers based on positive safety indicators. Travel safety measured by several
conditions such as departure time and travel time using KRL. The primary survey were
used in data collection methods. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used in
data analysis. The results show that there are different models of the safety level of
departure and return journey. The highest difference is in the security dimension which
is the internal variable of KRL users.
2629 The Relationship Analysis between Motorcycle Emission and Road Facilities under
Heterogeneous Traffic Situation
Zarah Arwieny Hanami, Muhammad IsranRamli, Sumarni Hamid Aly, Mubassirang
Pasra, Muralia Hustim
Department of Environmental Engineering, Hasanuddin University
Motor vehicles have long been a source of pollution in many major cities in the world,
including Indonesia.The increasing of the motor vehicle on the road leads to the rising
of air pollution that exhausted by the vehicles as consequently. This research is
intended to analyze the relationship between motorcycle emission and road facilities
for each kind of road facilities in four different arterial road types. This study is
quantitative research in which data collection is done directly in 4 types of road such as
2/1 UD, 4/1 UD, 4/2 D, and 6/2 UD in Makassar using motorcycle the Gas Analyzer
Portable Measurement System and GPS emission test for speed tracking. The results
are the emission tend to increase in road facilities where JS3TB (unsignalized junction)
has the highest amount of CO and CO2 emission compared to other types.
2167 Findings of the safety inspections done on the TEN-T road network in the Czech
Republic
Jiri Carsky, Adela Johanidesova, Josef Kocourek
Czech Republic
In 2015 the Czech Technical University in Prague carried out a safety inspection on the
TEN-T road network in the Czech Republic and on the selected 1st class roads
(in the future they are intended to replace the planned TEN-T network). This article is
designed to provide a basic overview of the most common problems in terms of both
the frequency with which these risks occur and their significance. This article will also
present a newly developed web application, CEBASS, which gives road operators an
effective and systematic tool to manage the process of solving these problems. The aim
of this article is to describe the classification created and used during the safety
inspection course, which is better for road operators than the existing methods for
safety inspections.
2378 Determination of Shear Wave Velocity in Offshore Terengganu for Ground Response
Analysis
Mazlina Mohamad, M.S. Liew, Azlan Adnan, Indra Sati Hamonangan Harahap, Nor
Hayati Abdul Hamid
Civil and Environmental Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610 Seri
Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
Amount of vibration received by any specified location can be predicted by using One
Dimensional Ground Response Analysis. This analysis focusing on vertical wave
propagation through soil layers up to soil surface. Related parameters in soil layers
were obtained from soil investigation conducted at related area. Soil investigation in
offshore area is very costly which led to limitation in data collection. Cone penetration
test with pore pressure is preferably in Offshore Terengganu. However, this method is
lack of direct measurement for shear wave velocity. In resolving this issue, a lot of
correlations were developed to allow prediction of shear wave velocity from cone
penetration test data. Thus, this study is intended to determine correlations suitable for
Ground Response Analysis in offshore Terengganu. In this study, correlations
developed for Quaternary geological age have been selected. Six equations have been
adopted comprise of all soil and soil type dependent correlations. Two platforms sites
consist of clay and combination of clay and sand have been analysed. Shear velocity to
be used in ground response analysis has been obtained. Results have been illustrated in
graphs where shear velocity for each case has been plotted. All soil correlation
produces lower shear wave velocities for clay. In avoiding under or over predicting of
shear wave velocity, the average of all soil and soil type dependent results was found
to be suitable as final shear wave velocity value in ground response analysis for
offshore Terengganu.
2525 A State-of-the-Art Anisotropic Rock Deformation Model Incorporating the
Development of Mobilised Shear Strength
Mohd Jamaludin Md Noor1, Ahmad Fadzil Jobli2
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak,
Malaysia
Currently rock deformation is estimated using the relationship between the

deformation modulus Em and the stress-strain curve. There have been many studies
conducted to estimate the value of Em. This Em is basically derived from conducting
unconfined compression test, UCS. However, the actual stress condition of the rock in
the ground is anisotropic stress condition where the rock mass is subjected to different
confining and vertical pressures. In addition, there is still no empirical or semi-
empirical framework that has been developed for the prediction of rock stress-strain
response under anisotropic stress condition. Arock triaxial machine GCTS Triaxial
RTX-3000 has been deployed to obtain the anisotropic stress-strain relationship for
weathered granite grade II from Rawang, Selangor sampled at depth of 20 m and
subjected to confining pressure of 2 MPa, 7.5 MPa and 14 MPa. The developed
mobilised shear strength envelope within the specimen of 50 mm diameter and 100
mm height during the application of the deviator stress is interpreted from the stress-
strain curves. These mobilised shear strength envelopes at various axial strains are the
intrinsic property and unique for the rock. Once this property has been established then
it is being used to predict the stress-strain relationship at any confining pressure. The
predicted stress-strain curves are compared against the curves obtained from the tests.
A very close prediction is achieved to substantiate the applicability of this rock
deformation model. This is a state-of-the art rock deformation theory which
characterise the deformation base on the applied load and the developed mobilised
shear strength within the rock body.
2087 Optilmisation of Nanocomposite Modified Asphalt Mixtures Fatigue Life using

Response Surface Methodology
Nura Bala, Madzlan Napiah, Ibrahim Kamaruddin and Nasiru Danlami
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas
In this study, modelling and optimization of materials polyethylene, polypropylene and
nanosilica for nanocomposite modified asphalt mixtures has been examined to obtain
optimum quantities for higher fatique life. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was
applied for the optimization based on Box Behnken design (BBD). Interaction effects
of independent variables polymers and nanosilica on fatique life were evaluated. The
result indicates that the individual effects of polymers and nanosilica content are both
important. However, the content of nanosilica used has more significant effect on
fatique life resistance. Also, the mean error obtained from optimization results is less
than 5% for all the responses, this indicates that predicted values are in agreement with
experimental results. Furthermore, it was concluded that asphalt mixture design with
high performance properties, optimization using RSM is a very effective approach.
2631 Laboratory Test on Maximum and Minimum Void Ratio of Tropical Sand Matrix Soils
Bakhtiar Affandy Othman, Aminaton Marto
Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Centre, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of
Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
Abstract. Sand is generally known as loose granular material which has a grain size
finer than gravel and coarser than silt and can be very angular to well-rounded in
shape. The present of various amount of fines which also influence the loosest and
densest state of sand in natural condition have been well known to contribute to the
deformation and loss of shear strength of soil. This paper presents the effect of various
range of fines content on minimum void ratio emin and maximum void ratioemax of sand
matrix soils. Laboratory tests to determineemin andemax of sand matrix soil were
conducted using non-standard method introduced by previous researcher. Clean sand
was obtained from natural mining site at Johor, Malaysia. A set of 3 different sizes of
sand (fine sand, medium sand, and coarse sand) were mixed with 0% to 40% by weight
of low plasticity fine (kaolin). Results showed that generally emin and emaxdecreased
with the increase of fines content up to a minimal value of 0% to 30%, and then
increased back thereafter.
2405 Effect of Lime Stabilization on Vertical Deformation of Laterite Halmahera Soil

Zubair Saing, Herry Djainal
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Maluku Utara, Ternate, Indonesia
Abstract. In this paper, the study was conducted to determine the lime effect on
vertical deformation of road base physical model of laterite Halmahera soil. The
samples of laterite soil were obtained from Halmahera Island, North Maluku Province,
Indonesia. Soil characteristics were obtained from laboratory testing, according to
American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM), consists of physical,
mechanical, minerals, and chemical. The base layer of physical model testing with the
dimension; 2m of length, 2m of width, and 1.5m of height. The addition of lime with
variations of 3, 5, 7, an 10%, based on maximum dry density of standard Proctor test
results and cured for 28 days. The model of lime treated laterite Halmahera soil with
0,1m thickness placed on subgrade layer with 1,5m thickness. Furthermore, the
physical model was given static vertical loading. Some dial gauge is placed on the
lime treated soil surface with distance interval 20cm, to read the vertical deformation
that occurs during loading. The experimentals data was analyzed and validated with
numerical analysis using finite element method. The results showed that the vertical
deformation reduced significantly on 10% lime content (three times less than untreated
soil), and qualify for maximum deflection (standard requirement L/240) on 7-10%
lime content.
2571 A Microscopic Analysis of Crowd Behaviour at Dewan Sultan Ibrahim (DSI), UTHM
on Convocation Day during the Emergency Situation by using the Crowd Behavior
Simulator for Disaster Evacuation
Mohd Firdaus Mohamad Ali, Muhammad Salleh Abustan, Siti Hidayah Abu Talib
Department of Infrastructure and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering
and Environmental, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat, Johor
This research focuses on the demonstration of the evacuation simulation as if

emergency situation is occurred at Dewan Sultan Ibrahim (DSI) of Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor from the perspective of microscopic dynamics
of crowd behaviour. DSI has been chosen as the place of this case study due to its
function as a place for most of big programs that have been and will be conducted in
UTHM such as convocation ceremony. The model was performed by using the DEM-
based crowd behaviour simulator, namely as Crowd Behavior Simulator for Disaster
Evacuation (CBS-DE) and its analysis is capable to track the trajectory and rotation of
each individual. This research is based on two different cases in which the first case
was using the average velocity of 1.16 m/s for both male and female and the for the
second case, the velocity of 1.25 m/s was applied for male while lower velocity was
applied for female which is 1.12 m/s. DSI building is considered as a well-designed
building in terms of safety and convenience factors. This is due to the short time taken
for the people to evacuate from the inside of the building by considering the crowds
are familiar with the building as all the doors are easy to be seen.
2550 Assessing Bus Performance Rating in Kajang, Selangor

Shuhairy Norhisham1, Amiruddin Ismail2 , Lairyah Mohd Sidek1, Muhamad Nazri
Borhan2, Nur'atiah Zaini1 , Andrew Tham Guan Yen1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional,
Malaysia.
2
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty Engineering and Built Enviroment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
For the past 10 years, the increasing Malaysian population has caused a huge problem
in major cities congestion . Improving the bus services is one of government’s
initiative for solution . Bus Network Revamp (BNR) in 2015 was implemented to
reorganise the existing bus corridors into smaller corridors so as to improve the service
efficiency. However, some setbacks and dissatisfaction were publicly voiced by
passengers since the beginning of implementation. As Kajang falls within the BNR,
and comprehensive studies were not previously conducted. there is a need for a
detailed analysis on bus service performance rating status in Kajang. This paper aims
to assess bus service performance in Kajang through services quality performance
rating.
2590 A case study of energy expenditure based on walking speed reduction during walking
upstairs situation at a staircase in FKAAS, UTHM, Johor Building
Mohd Firdaus Mohamad Ali, Muhammad Salleh Abustan, Siti Hidayah Abu Talib
Department of Infrastructure and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering
and Environmental, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat, Johor
Walking velocity is a vector quantity that can be determined by calculating the time
taken and displacement of a moving objects. In Malaysia, there are very few researches
that were done to determine the walking velocity of citizens to be compared with other
countries such as the study about walking upstairs during evacuation process is
important when emergency case happen, if there are people in underground garages,
they have to walk upstairs for exits and look for shelter and the walking velocity of
pedestrian in such cases are necessary to be analysed. Therefore, the objective of this
study is to determine the walking speed of pedestrian during walking upstairs situation,
finding the relationship between pedestrian walking speed and the characteristics of the
pedestrian as well as analysing the energy reduction by comparing the walking speed
of pedestrian at the beginning and at the end of staircase. In this case study, an
experiment was done to determine the average walking speed of pedestrian. The
pedestrian has been selected from different gender, physical character, and age. Based
on the data collected, the average normal walking speed of male pedestrian was 1.03
m/s while female was 1.08 m/s. During walking upstairs, the walking speed of
pedestrian decreased as the number of floor increased. The average speed for the first
stairwell was 0.90 m/s and the number decreased to 0.73 m/s for the second stairwell.
From the reduction of speed, the energy used has been calculated and the average
kinetic energy used was 1.69 J. Hence, the data collected can be used for further
research of staircase design and plan of evacuation process.
2286 Verification of Bayesian Clustering in Travel Behaviour Research – First Step to
Macroanalysis of Travel Behaviour
Petr Satra, Jiri Carsky
Czech Republic
Our research is looking at the travel behaviour from a macroscopic view, taking
one municipality as a basic unit. The travel behaviour of one municipality as a
whole is becoming one piece of a data in the research of travel behaviour of a
larger area, perhaps a country. A data pre-processing is used to cluster the
municipalities in groups, which show similarities in their travel behaviour. Such
groups can be then researched for reasons of their prevailing pattern of travel
behaviour without any distortion caused by municipalities with a different pattern.
This paper deals with actual settings of the clustering process, which is based on
Bayesian statistics, particularly the mixture model. An optimization of the settings
parameters based on correlation of pointer model parameters and relative number
of data in clusters is helpful, however not fully reliable method. Thus, method for
graphic representation of clusters needs to be developed in order to check their
quality. A training of the setting parameters in 2D has proven to be a beneficial
method, because it allows visual control of the produced clusters. The clustering
better be applied on separate groups of municipalities, where competition of only
identical transport modes can be found.
2088 Effect of Treated Coconut Shell and Fiber on the Resilient Modulus of Double-
layer Porous Asphalt at Different Aging
T. L. Ting, P. J. Ramadhansyah, A. H. Norhidayah, H. Yaacob, M. R. Hainin, M.
H. Wan Ibrahim, D. S. Jayanti and A. M. Abdullahi
Department of Geotechnics and Transportation Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Abstract. Coconut shell (CS) and coconut fiber (CF) are new waste products that
have been of growing interest recently in the highway asphalt pavement industry.
This study investigated the effect of CS and CF on the resilient modulus of double-
layer porous asphalt (DLPA). CS aggregate 5 mm in size was substituted for the
DLPA at 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight, while CF was added to the asphalt at 0.3%
and 0.5% by weight. Before mixing with other aggregates, the CS and CF were
treated with 5%wt Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to reduce their water absorption
ability. The samples were prepared via the Marshall method. The result shows that
DLPA with 10% CS aggregate has better resilient modulus under 25 °C for unaged
and aged samples compared with the other substitution percentages. However, the
sample with CF has a lower resilient modulus because the amount of CF has
increased. In general, the substitution of 10% CS provided better resilient modulus
among the other percentages.
2380 Cooling Time of Porous Asphalt Pavement Affecting Compaction Process Due to
Various Raining Condition
Wardati Hashim, Muhammad Nasri Mohd Nor, Ekarizan Shaffie, Zanariah Abd.
Rahman, Ahmad Kamil Arshad
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia
While bright sunshine and warm temperatures make for the best paving weather,
construction projects can get a bit rough in adverse weather conditions. In this case,
porous asphalt is used on paving. Light sprinkles can usually be handled without any
serious problems. Moderate rainfall events, on the other hand, will generally require
the paving project to be postponed. Steady downpours will cool the porous asphalt
mix and make proper compaction extremely difficult to obtain. For the viability of the
project , contractors will always wait until the sky clears up. According to the JKR
Specification 4(Clause 4.2.6.4), it clearly states that no pavement work should be done
during rain. The rain is a cold medium where it will actually cools down everything
that make contact with the water. Whereas, the mix porous asphalt (PA) is a hot
medium. When these two elements combined, the surface and the PA will harden at a
stage where it will not be well compacted. This will cause problems in the future. The
test is conducted by pouring water onto the pavement(through raining
simulation).Since the rain intensity can be determined by the size of the rain drops, the
difference in the shower hole size is good enough to create different rain intensities to
predict the PA cooling rate when it makes contact with water. These two variables will
work as a comparison in this study between raining and no rain condition. As a result ,
whenever the water make a contact with the PA, the rates of cooling drops 98% from
the normal rates of cooling of PA (without rain)giving the Time Available for
Compaction (TAC) to be less than 60 seconds. This study may be a knowledge on
how the rates of cooling work if the PA make contact with water. It can also be used
as future reference on the study of cooling rates of porous pavement during raining
condition.
2481 Evaluation of Road Deterioration for Arterial Road Network using Artificial
Neural Networks Soft Computing Compared to Pavement Condition IndexMethod
Dadang Iskandar, Sigit Pranowo Hadiwardoyo, Raden JachrizalS umabrata
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia,
Depok, Indonesia
The current development of the road network is rapidly growing, including the
development of the district road network as an infrastructure to improve the regional
economic. This is also the case for the development of the arterial road network in
Metro City Lampung-Indonesia as the selected location of the current study. Frequent
and recurrent road damage is a problem for the local government, therefore a deep
evaluation of road deterioration is required to ensure proper selection of corrections.
The evaluation of pavement performance using pavement condition indicators is a
basic component of any pavement management system (PMS). In this sense,
pavement condition index (PCI) have been commonly used to assign a maintenance
strategy for the existing pavements. However, a conventional PCI approach either
need more steps or expensive calculation software. Therefore, this study aims to
develop an alternative simple method by using optimization techniques of back
propagation artificial neural networks (ANN). For this purpose, more than 22 sections
of roads were investigated, and the results showed that the most dominant distresses
are alligator cracks and rutting that require more handling. The calculation performed
by ANN has shown that the priority of care should be provided in section 15 with the
smallest value of 51.23. This result is comparable with that of conventional PCI
method which is 51.42. It can be concluded that ANN soft computing can predict the
road damage in a simpler procedure.
2792 Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Kenaf Fibre

Mohd Rosli Hainin
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia
Kenaf fibre has been recognised to increase the strength of concrete, but its application
in asphalt concrete is still unanswered. This research investigated the performance of
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) incorporated with different percentages of kenaf fibre
(0.1 %, 0.2% and 0.3% by weight of dry aggregate) in term of resilient modulus,
rutting performance using Asphalt Pavement analyzer (APA) and moisture damage
using the Modified Lottman test (AASHTO-T283). The fibre was interweaved to a
diameter of about 5-10 mm and length of 30 mm which is three times the nominal
maximum aggregate size used in the mix. Asphaltic mixtures of asphalt concrete (AC)
10 were prepared and compacted using Marshall compactor which were subsequently
tested to evaluate the resilient modulus and moisture susceptibility. Twelve cylindrical
specimens (150mm diameter) from AC10, two control samples with two modified
ones for each percentage of kenaf fibres compacted using Gyratory compactor were
used for rutting test using APA. The laboratory results reveal that the addition of kenaf
fibres slightly reduce the resilient modulus of the mixes and that asphaltic mix with
0.3% kenaf fibre can mitigate both rutting and moisture damage which makes the
pavement more sustain to the loads applied even in the presence of water. 0.3% kenaf
fibre content is considered to be the optimal content which had the least rut depth and
the highest TSR of 81.07%. Based on grid analysis, addition of 0.3% kenaf fibre in
asphaltic concrete was recommended in modifying the samples.
2656 Peat soils stabilization using Effective Microorganisms (EM)
Nur ZulaikhaYusof
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Peat soil is known as geotechnical problematic soil since it is the softest soil having
highly organic and moisture content which led to high compressibility, low shear
strength and long-term settlement. The aim of this study was to obtain the stabilized
peat soils using the Effective Microorganisms (EM). The volume of EM added and
mixed with peat soils varied with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% and then were cured for
7, 14 and 21 days. The experiment was done for uncontrolled and controlled moisture
content. Prior conducting the main experiments, the physical properties such as
moisture content, liquid limit, specific gravity, and plastic limit etc. were measure for
raw peat samples. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test was performed
followed by regression analysis to check the effect of EM on the soil strength.
Obtained results have shown that the mix design for controlled moisture contents
showed the promising improvement in their compressive strength. The peat soil
samples with 10% of EM shows the highest increment in UCS value and the
percentage of increments are in the range of 44% to 65% after curing for 21 days. The
regression analysis of the EM with the soil compressive strength showed that in
controlled moisture conditions, EM significantly improved the soil stability as the
value of R2 ranged between 0.97 – 0.78. The results have indicated that the addition
of EM in peat soils provides significant improving in the strength of the soil as well
as the other engineering properties.
2551 Solidified Peat on Site Simulation: Lab Monitoring
Nor Haakmal Ab Ab Durahim, Abd Rahman, J., Mohd Tajuddin, S.F., Mohamed,
R.M.S.R., Al-Gheethi, A.A., Mohd Kassim, A.H
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia,86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia .
In the present research, the solidified peat on site simulation is conducted to

obtain soil leaching from soil column study. Few raw materials used in testing
such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA)
which containing in solidified peat (SP), fertilizer (F), and rainwater (RW) are
also admixed in soil column in order to assess their effects. This research was
conducted in two conditions which dry and wet condition. Distilled water used to
represent rainfall during flushing process while rainwater used to gain leaching
during dry and wet condition. The first testing made after leaching process done
was Moisture Content (MC). Secondly, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
will be conducted on SP to know the ability of SP strength. These MC and UCS
were made before and after SP were applied in soil column. Hence, the both
results were compared to see the reliability occur on SP. All leachate samples
were tested usingAbsorption Atomic Spectroscopy (AAS), Ion Chromatography
(IC) and Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) testing to
know the anion and cation present in it.
2444 Influence of Potassium on Sapric Peat under Different Environmental Conditions
Syafik Akmal Mohd Tajuddin, Junita Abdul Rahman, Nor Haakmal Abd Rahim,
Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
Potassium is mainly present in soil in the natural form known as the K-bearing
mineral. Potassium is also available in fertilizer as a supplement to plants and can
be categorized as macronutrient. The application of potassium improves the
texture and structure of the soil beside to improves plant growth. The main
objective of this study was to determine the concentration of potassium in sapric
peat under different conditions. Physical model was used as a mechanism for the
analysis of the experimental data using a soil column as an equipment to produce
water leaching. In this investigation, there were four outlets in the soil column
which were prepared from the top of the column to the bottom with the purpose of
identifying the concentration of potassium for each soil level. The water leaching
of each outlet was tested using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The
results obtained showed that the highest concentrations of potassium for flush
condition at outlet 4 was 13.58 ppm. Similarly, sapric under rainwater condition
recorded the highest value of 13.32 and 12.34 ppm respectively at outlet 4 for wet
and dry condition. However, the difference in Sapric, rainwater and fertilizer
category showed that the highest value for the wet condition was achieved at
outlet 2 with 13.99 ppm while highest value of 14.82 ppm was obtained for the
dry condition at the outlet 3. It was concluded that the outlets in the soil column
gave a detailed analysis of the concentration of potassium in the soil which was
influenced by the environmental conditions.
2651 Microbial Activity in Peat Soil Treated With Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
and Coal Ashes
Junita Abd Rahman, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed and Al-Gheethi AA
Peat soil is a cumulative of decayed plant fragment which developed as a result of

microbial activity. The microbes degrade the organic matter in the peat soils by
the production of hydrolysis enzyme. The least decomposed peat, known as fibric
peat has big particles and retain lots of water. This made peat having high
moisture content, up to 1500 %. The most decomposed peat known as sapric peat
having fines particles and less void ratio. The present study aimed to understand
the effects of solidification process on the bacterial growth and cellulase
(CMCase) enzyme activity. Two types of mixing were designed for fibric, hemic
and sapric peats; (i) Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at an equal amount of dry
peat, with 25 % of fly ash (FA) and total of coarse particle, a combination of
bottom ash and fibre of 22 – 34 %, (ii) fibric peat was using water-to-binder ratio
(w/b) = 1, 50% OPC, 25 % bottom ash (BA) and 25 % FA. For hemic and sapric
peat, w/b=3 with 50 % OPC and 50 % BA were used. All samples were prepared
triplicates, and were cured for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days in a closed container at room
temperature. The results revealed that the first mix design giving a continuous
strength development. However, the second mix design shows a decreased in
strength pattern after day 28. The influence of the environment factors such as
alkaline pH, reduction of the water content and peat temperature has no
significant on the reduction amount of native microbes in the peat. The microbes
survived in the solidified peat but the amount of microbes were found reduced for
all types of mixing Fibric Mixed 1 (FM1), Hemic Mixed 1(HM1) and Sapric
Mixed 1 (SM1) were having good strength increment for about 330 – 1427 %
with enzymatic activity recorded even after D56. Nevertheless, with increase in
the strength development through curing days, the enzymatic activities were
reduced. For the time being, it can be concluded that the microbes have the ability
to adapt with new environment. The reactivity of the microbes relates with the
strength of solidified peat.
2707 Drivers Drowsiness Detection with Speed Limiter Integrated Fatigue Anlyzer
(SLIFA) on Fuel Tank Truck
Hadi Pranoto, A.M.Leman, Danto Sukmajati, BethrizaHanum,
Faculty of Engineering, University Mercu Buana Jakarta.
Traffic accident is becoming the most serious problem in Indonesia as it happens

every day and every time. It was proved by increasing fatalities from 321,301 to
85,596 accident cases. It means that there are 10 road fatalities per day. There are
several factors that cause traffic accident, such as external 34%, attitude 24%,
fatigue20%, over speed 17% and technical vehicle 5%. Other factors might be
caused by rapid growth of vehicles and industries which increase significantly.
The average annual vehicle growth from 1996 to 2006 is 20% , which might take a
higher possibility in increasing road fatalities. The method is to pair SLIFA on the
fuel tank truck engine to control the driver's physical condition through the
heartbeat of the driver with a sensor that has been placed directly in front of the
driver and when the driver drowsiness speed will decrease up to 30 km /h.The
result of this research is the decrease of accident ignored by sleepy driver from
shift of incident data during January-Juny 2016 period there are 51 cases of Shift
of incident that is in morning 20%, afternoon 33%, night 25%, daylight 22%, then
after the SLIFA pair decreased the case shift of incident to 39 cases, consisting of
13% morning, 59% afternoon, night 23% and daylight 5%, a total decrease in
incident shift by 76% in July 2016-January 2017 so SLIFA to be very effective at
attach to the fuel tank truck in reducing the drivers drowsiness.What needs to be
done in future research is how to get SLIFA integrated with image processing.
2733 An Observation of The Walking Speed of Evacuees During A Simulated Tsunami

Evacuation In Padang
Yosritzal Andalas
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Andalas, Padang, 25116,
Indonesia.
This paper presents a simulation study to observe the walking speed of evacuee in
the case of tsunami evacuation in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. A number of
9 volunteers, 6 observers, 1 route with 5 segments were involved in the simulation.
The chosen route is the easiest path and the volunteers were ordered to walk in
hurry to a particular place which was assumed as a shelter. The observers were
placed at some particular places to record the time when an evacuee passes their
place. The distance between the observers were measured using a manual distance
meter. The study found that the average walking speed during the evacuation was
1.419 m/s. Walking speed is varied by age and gender of the evacuee.
2745 Evaluation of Public Awareness of The Tsunami Evacuation Plan in Pasar
YosritzalAndalas
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Andalas, Padang, 25116,
Indonesia.
This paper presents an investigation into the visitors’ awareness of the tsunami
evacuation plan at Pasar Raya Padang, a traditional market at the central business
district of Padang City, Indonesia. This study has been motivated by the fact that
Pasar Raya Padang is the largest traditional market in West Sumatera and visited
by many visitors from various origins. Pasar Raya Padang is chosen because it is
located at a tsunami prone area, but local government managed to keep businesses
in the area running and attract visitors. The awareness of the people in the market
would be crucial to increase the possibility to safe their life during an evacuation.
As much as 500 respondents were interviewed during daytime in the market. The
study found that most of the visitors are not aware of the tsunami evacuation plan
in the area. Local government is suggested to develop standard procedure for the
evacuation, to place more sign and make it more visible for most of the visitors
and do evacuation simulations periodically.
2556 Study of Car Acceleration and Deceleration Characteristics at Dangerous Route

FT050
Noorliyana Omar, Joewono Prasetijo, Basil David Daniel, Mohd Asrul Effendi
Abdullah and Isham Ismail
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tuh Hussein Onn
Malaysia
Abstract. Individual vehicle acceleration and deceleration are important to

generate vehicles speed profile. This study covered acceleration and deceleration
characteristics of passenger car in Federal Route FT050 Jalan Batu Pahat-Ayer
Hitam that was the top ranking dangerous road. Global Positioning System was
used to record 10 cars speed to develop speed profile with clustering zone. At the
acceleration manoeuver, the acceleration rate becomes lower as the drivers get
near to desired speed. While, at deceleration manoeuver, vehicles with high speed
needs more time to stop compare to low speed vehicle. This is because, the drivers
need to accelerate more from zero speed to achieve desired speed and drivers need
more distance and time to stop their vehicles. However, it was found out that 30%
to 50% are driving in dangerous condition that was proven in clustering
acceleration and deceleration speed profile. As conclusion, this excessive drivers
are the factor that creating high risk in rear-end collision that inline FT050 as
dangerous road in Malaysia.
2432 Analysis of Maximum Weaving Length and Lane-Changing Rate for Two-Sided
Weaving Section for Federal Road FT050 Based on HCM 2010
Joewono Prasetijo, Narain s/o Muthukrisnan, Nurul Elena Atasha Arifin, Basil
David Daniel, Mohd Erwan Sanik
Department of Transportation Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering
Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
Weaving is defined as a movement of vehicles that crossing over the direct traffic
from on-ramp to off-ramp. Apparently, weaving maneuver lead to collision risk and
weaving turbulence especially at two-sided weaving section. In order to analyze the
operational of two-sided weaving segment on Federal Route 50 (FT050), the
following study recognize the maximum weaving length and lane-changing rate.
Video recording technique was used at two different locations that are Site A (KM15)
and Site B (KM16). The volume data was extracted by playback the video using
computer. Analysis was made using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and applied the
methodology in the Highway Capacity Manual 2010. The study found that Site A has
more tendencies to encounter longer weaving turbulence with maximum weaving
length ranging from (1952 m – 2120 m) compared to site B that is 1866 m - 1882 m.
Site A with a longer distance of weaving section 358 m has higher intense of total
lane-changing rate that is 1142 lc/h compared to Site B with a distance of weaving
section 316 m has total lane-changing rate of 812 lc/h. Shorter weaving distance cause
less lane-changing activity because drivers does not prefer to perform weaving at
shorter weaving section as it is forced the drivers to perform weaving drastically in
more crammed situation and risk to dealing with accident is huge. The findings shall
help to understand more about causes of weaving turbulence at weaving section by
using HCM 2010.
2652 Power spectral density analysis of ocean wave by using GPS buoy
A M Salleh1 and M E Daud2
1,2
Faculty of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Wave buoy equipped with a mechanical or electrical sensors have been used
extensively to observe waves around the world but the integration of GPS technology
with wave buoy (GPS buoy) only has been explore usefulness in this field in the early
90's. This study present the capabilities of GPS buoy to observe wave data at Strait of
Malacca by using high precision kinematic positioning approach. The GPS buoy data
obtained from this observation were processed through a precise, medium-range
differential kinematic technique. These data were observed at a high rate (1 Hz)
interval over a period of more than 24 hours from a nearby coastal site. The kinematic
coordinates of the GPS buoy were estimated via epoch-wise pre-elimination and the
backward substitution algorithm. These kinematic coordinates are used to calculate the
magnitude of the Power Spectral Density (PSD). PSD analysis function able to shows
the strength of the variations (energy) as a function of frequency. The tidal changes
and monsoon wind has been found to greatly influence the wave energy as shown in
the PSD analysis. From the test result, GPS buoy and data processing technique
promises a total solution as a complete ocean wave monitoring solution for Strait of
Malacca.
2633 Survey on how fluctuating petrol prices are affecting Malaysian large city dwellers
in changing their trip patterns
M.M. Rohani, N. Pahazri,
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn
Malaysia
Abstract. Rising fuel prices shocks have a significant impact on the way of life of
most Malaysians. Due to the rising of oil prices, the costs of travel for private
vehicle users are therefore increasing. The study was conducted based on the
objective of studying the impact of rising fuel prices on three types of trip patterns
of Malaysians who are living in the city areas. The three types of trip patterns are,
workplaces trip, leisure trip and personal purposes trip during the weekdays. This
study was conducted by distributing questionnaires to respondents of private
vehicle users in selected city such as Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya,
Melaka, Perak, Selangor and Kelantan. This study, found that the trip patterns of
those who were using their own vehicles had changed after the rising of fuel
prices. The changes showed that many private vehicle users were taking steps to
save money on petrol by adjusting their trips.
Abstract: Civil Engineering Technology and Construction
2555 A Qualitative Comparison on Guidelines for Safe Commuting Specifically for
Construction Practitioners
Ezza Suliana Abd. Sukor, A. Suratkon, H. Mohammad, S. K. Yaman
Malaysia
The construction industry is a very active and dynamic industry, which proceeding as one of
the significant industry that contributing to the country’s economy. Unfortunately, the
construction industry has also earned the reputation of being the riskiest industry because of
the higher rates of accidents and fatalities. Nevertheless, overwhelming focus by many on
the accident in the workplace has shaded the alarming issue of the construction-related
commuting accident. As reported by the Malaysia’s Social Security Organisation (SOCSO)
in 2016, the number of commuting accidents and the compensations paid is increasing each
year, and it is including the construction sector. Aware of the importance of safe commuting,
several Malaysian agencies have developed their guidelines specifically for the improvement
of such issue. Regrettably, the number of guidelines published does not exemplify the
improvement of such issue when the number of commuting accidents is on the rise,
especially for the construction sector. Therefore, this preliminary research was conducted to
identify the safe commuting factors from the existing guidelines through manual document
analysis. The finding shows that there are four (4) major categories namely; (1) driver/human
factor, (2) vehicle factor, (3) environment factor, and (4) others. Hence, the research posits
for subsequent exploration to ensure strategic implementation of those factors that will
benefit the Malaysia’s construction sector.
2424 Categorization of Potential Project Cost Overrun Factors in Construction

Industries
K Priyadatchini, A A Halid, N Sasitharan, S Samiullah, V Kogilavani and K
Dharsni
Cost overrun has been severely hit down the economy and reputations for many construction
industries around the world. Many project management tools developed to control the budget
of a project. However, the cost management is still considered poor as there are many cost
overrun issues occurred in the construction industries. Thus, this paper aims to identify and
cluster the potential construction project cost overrun factors according to their originating
groups using the thematic approach. Basically, through literature review, all the potential
factors that may cause cost overrun were screened thoroughly before they were clustered into
seven (7) groups of the originating factors, namely project, contract, client, contractor,
consultant, labour and external. Each potential factor was explained clearly with some
examples based on the Malaysian case studies to illustrate the cost overrun scenario. These
findings may aid in the future to highlight on how to mitigate the critical potential factors of
cost overrun to reduce or overcome its impact on all the stakeholders involved.
2538 How Effective is Mandatory Building Energy Disclosure Program in Australia?
Sumin Kim, Benson T.H Lim
Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Mandatory green building regulations are often considered as the most effective tool
to promote better energy efficiency and environmental protection. Nevertheless, its
effectiveness compared to the voluntary counterpart has not been fully explored yet.
In addressing this gap, this study aims to examine the environmental performance of
green building stocks affected by the Australian mandatory building energy
disclosure program. To this, this study analysed energy savings and carbon reduction
efficiencies using the normalisation approach. The result shows that mandatory
energy disclosure program did contribute to the reduction in energy usage and carbon
emissions from the affected building stocks. More specifically, affected green
building stocks showed a good efficiency especially in carbon reductions. The
research results inform policymakers the possible improvement required for the
mandatory disclosure program to increase the effectiveness towards dealing with the
contemporary environmental issues aroused from the building sector, especially in
energy savings perspective.
2513 Constraints to 3R construction Waste Reduction among Contractors in Penang

Ng Lee Shan, Tan Lai Wai, Seow Ta Wee
Malaysia
Rapid development of construction industry increases construction waste on landfill leading

to shorter life span of the landfill. Waste reduction through Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (3R)
practice has been encouraged in construction industry towards sustainable waste
management since couple of decades ago. However, waste reduction through 3R is still at its
infancy in construction industry in Penang, Malaysia. The aim of this paper is to determinate
the constraints to construction waste reduction through 3R among contractors in Penang. The
findings reported herein is based on feedbacks from 143 construction contractors of grade
CIDB G7, G6 and G5 based in Penang, experts from Penang Local Authority, CIDB in
Penang and its headquarters, National Solid Waste Management Department, and
headquarters of Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation (SWCorp).
Based on interviews and questionnaire surveys, constraints identified are Time and cost,
Contractor’s attitude and low participation, Lack of enforcement law and regulation, Lack of
awareness and knowledge, Lack of coordination, and Lack of space. Awareness and
knowledge, and enforcement law and regulation are the major barriers which influence others
constraints as well. Therefore, these constraints should be emphasized by the authorities in
order to improve the implementation of 3R construction waste reduction.
2657 A Guideline for Interpersonal Capabilities Enhancement to support Sustainable
Facility Management practice
Norliana Sarpin
Faculty of Technology Management & Busness, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia
Facility management is the key phase in the development cycle of an assets and
spans over a considerable length of time. Therefore, facility managers are in a
commanding position to maximise the potential of sustainability through the
development phases from construction, operation, maintenance and upgrade leading
to decommission and deconstruction. Sustainability endeavours in facility
management practices will contribute to reducing energy consumption, waste and
running costs. Furthermore, it can also help in improving organisational
productivity, financial return and community standing of the organisation. Facility
manager should be empowered with the necessary knowledge and capabilities at the
forefront facing sustainability challenge. However, literature studies show a gap
between the level of awareness, specific knowledge and the necessary skills required
to pursue sustainability in the facility management professional. People capability
is considered as the key enabler in managing the sustainability agenda as well as
being central to the improvement of competency and innovation in an organisation.
This paper aims to develop a guidelines for interpersonal capabilities to support
sustainability in facility management practice. Starting with a total of 7 critical
interpersonal capabilities factors identified from previous questionnaire survey, the
authors conducted an interview with 3 experts in facility management to assess the
perceived importance of these factors. The findings reveal a set of guidelines for the
enhancement of interpersonal capabilities among facility managers by providing
what can be done to acquire these factors and how it can support the application of
sustainability in their practice. The findings of this paper are expected to form the
basis of a mechanism framework developed to equip facility managers with the right
knowledge, to continue education and training and to develop new mind-sets to
enhance the implementation of sustainability measures in FM practices.
2050 Impact of leadership qualities on employee commitment in multi-projects based
organizations
Muhammad Waris Ali Khan
Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of multiple leadership qualities
(MLQ) on employee commitment in multi-project-based organizsations. The
dimensions of leadership qualities develop a healthy organizational environment
which will lead to job satisfaction and, ultimately, job commitment. MLQ inspire
the subordinates, as collective in nature, to get extra ordinary goals in the hyper
competitive era. The main objective of this research is two fold ; firstly, to find out
the impact of MLQ on employee job affectiveness and calculative commitment and
secondly, to investigate the extent of the impact of MLQ on organizations. A total
of 213 respondents were included in the study from different organizations. The data
were analyzed through regression analysis by using the SPSS. The finding shows
that all of the variables have a positive correlation with each other. The correlation
of MLQ and employee job commitment was also found to be significant, which
shows that MLQ have an impact on the organizations. Conceptual framework of the
study is developed as MLQ an independent variables and its impact has been
examined on the Employee Job Commitment. The results supported the hypothesis
that MLQ have a positive and significant impact on employee job commitment.
2258 Occupational Fatal Injuries In Malaysian Construction Sector– Causes And

Accidental Agents
Afizah Ayob, Afizah Ayob
School Of Environmental Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis
The construction sector is associated with various accidents and fatal injuries. These
occupational accidents are caused by numerous factors, such as lack of supervision;
lack of adherence to safe work technique; failure to wear personal protective
equipment; and failure to comply with the safe use of tools, vehicles, and machines.
Using 2013–2016 secondary data from the Department of Occupational Safety and
Health and Social Security Organization, this study conducted a descriptive
exploration survey to identify common fatal occupational injuries associated with
the Malaysian construction sector, as well as their causes and accidental agents.
Results indicated that construction, followed by manufacturing, agriculture,
forestry, logging, and fishery, are the riskiest job sectors in Malaysia. The highest
incidences of occupational casualties were reported in Sarawak, Johor, and
Selangor. These states accounted for approximately 13.33% to 18.18% of all cases
of fatal occupational accidents. In these states, the lack of safety and health
regulations and poor execution of risk management increased the risk of
occupational accidents. Falls from heights accounted for 46.28% of fatal
occupational injuries. Furthermore, being crushed by objects, materials, or vehicles
accounted for 9.09% to 17.36% of fatal occupational injuries. Substandard work
environment and transportation and lifting equipment, such as scaffolds, are primary
accidental agents. Results of this study could enhance the knowledge and awareness
of construction workers and management of job-related injuries to decrease the
incidence of fatal occupational accidents.
2501 Factors affecting performance of construction companies: exploratory factor
analysis
Eiei Soewin, T Chinda
School of Management Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of
Technology, Bangkadi, Pathum Thani
The present work attempts to develop a multidimensional performance evaluation

framework for a construction company by considering all relevant measures of
performance. Based on the previous studies, this study hypothesizes nine key
factors, with a total of 57 associated items. The hypothesized factors, with their
associated items, are then used to develop questionnaire survey to gather data. The
exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to the collected data which gave rise
10 factors with 57 items affecting construction performance. The findings further
reveal that the items constituting ten key performance factors (KPIs) namely; 1)
Time, 2) Cost, 3) Quality, 4) Safety & Health, 5) Internal Stakeholder, 6) External
Stakeholder, 7) Client Satisfaction, 8) Financial Performance, 9) Environment, and
10) Information, Technology & Innovation. The analysis helps to develop multi-
dimensional performance evaluation framework for an effective measurement of the
construction performance. The 10 key performance factors can be broadly
categorized into economic aspect, social aspect, environmental aspect, and
technology aspects. It is important to understand a multi-dimension performance
evaluation framework by including all key factors affecting the construction
performance of a company, so that the management level can effectively plan to
implement an effective performance development plan to match with the mission
and vision of the company.
2628 Policy analysis of the budget used in training program for reducing lower back pain
among heavy equipment
Hashini Paramitha Vitharana Vitharanage, Thanwadee Chinda
School of Management Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of
Technology, Bangkadi, Pathum Thani
Lower back pain (LBP), prevalence is high among the heavy equipment operators
leading to high compensation cost in the construction industry. It is found that proper
training program assists in reducing chances of having LBP. This study, therefore
aims to examine different safety related budget available to support LBP related
training program for different age group workers, utilizing system dynamics
modeling approach. The simulation results show that at least 2.5% of the total
budget must be allocated in the safety and health budget to reduce the chances of
having LBP cases.
2540 Overview of Building Information Modelling (BIM) Adoption for construction
organisations
Wan Nur Syazwani Mohammad, Mohd Rofdzi Abdullah, Sallehan Ismail, Roshana
Takim
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA
(UiTM)
Improvement and innovation in building visualization, project coordination and

communication are the major benefits generated by Building Information Modelling
(BIM) for construction organisations. Thus, as many firms across the world would
adopt BIM, however they do not know the clear direction in which path they are
moving as there is no specific reference available for them to refer to. Hence, the
paper seeks to identify the factors of BIM adoption from previous research. The
methodology used in this paper is based on literature review from various sources
such as conference articles and journals. Then, the findings were analysed using
content analysis. The findings show that there are 24 factors found from literature
that influence the adoption of BIM and four (4) factors such as vendor,
organisational vision, knowledge, and implementation plan are among the least
factors mentioned by previous researchers.
2558 Comparative Analysis of JKR Sarawak Form of Contract and Malaysia Standard
Form of Building Contract (PWD203A)
Awang Ihsan Awang Yunus, Wan Mohd Nurdden Wan Muhammad, Mohammad
Nabil Fikri Saaid
(UiTM) Sarawak
Standard form of contract is normally being used in Malaysia construction industry

in establishing legal relation between contracting parties. Generally, most of
Malaysia federal government construction project used PWD203A which is a
standard form of contract to be used where Bills of Quantities Form Part of the
Contract and it is issued by Public Works Department (PWD/JKR). On the other
hand in Sarawak, the largest state in Malaysia, the state government has issued their
own standard form of contract namely JKR Sarawak Form of Contract 2006. Even
both forms have been used widely in construction industry; there is still lack of
understanding on both forms. The aim of this paper is to identify significant
provision on both forms of contract. Document analysis has been adopted in
conducting an in-depth review on both forms. It is found that, both forms of
contracts have differences and similarities on several provisions specifically matters
to definitions and general; execution of the works; payments, completion and final
account; and delay, dispute resolution and determination.
2575 Procurement of construction services: a case study on Singapore public sector
contracts
Bee Lan Oo, Yimin Yan
There are many variables that public clients need to consider in their bidding
procedure to enhance efficiency in their procurement for construction services. This
paper focusses on the competitive bidding process for public sector procurement of
construction services in Singapore. A distinctive feature of the Singapore
government competitive bidding process is that full bidding feedback information
is released to all competing bidders (and public). The specific objectives are: (i) to
examine the degree of competition in the construction markets; and (ii) to examine
the bidding performance of competing bidders. Based on a collection of bidding data
for a 15-month period, the results show the market environment of the Singapore
public sector construction contracting is highly competitive with long bidders list.
In selection of contractors, only 50% of the contracts were awarded to lowest bidder.
The results also show that the competing contractors can be broadly classified into
three groups based on their bidding performance in terms of number of bidding
attempts, bidding success rate and bidding competitiveness. These results provide a
useful insight into the bidding competition in the Singapore public sector
construction contracting, especially to new market entrants and foreign contractors
who want to bid for jobs in Singapore.
2306 Wind load effects on high rise buildings in Malaysia

Nizamani Zafarullah
Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Green
Technology, Kamapar, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
Wind is a randomly varying dynamic phenomenon composed of a multitude of

eddies of varying sizes and rotational characteristics along a general stream of air
moving relative to the ground. These eddies give wind its gustiness, creating
fluctuation and results in a complex flow characteristics. The wind vector at any
point can be regarded as the sum of mean wind vector and the fluctuation
components. These components not only vary with height but also dependant on the
approach terrain and topography. Prevailing wind exerts pressure onto the structural
surfaces. The effects of wind pressure in the form of shear and bending moments
are found to be a major problem in structural failure. This study aims to study the
effects of wind load on a fifteen-storey high rise building using EN 1991-1- 4 code
and MS1553:2002. The simulation results showed that by increasing the wind speed,
the storey resultant forces, namely storey shear and storey moment increases
significantly. Furthermore, simulation results according to EN 1991-1-4 yield higher
values compared to the simulation results according to MS1553:2002.
2471 Green Related Practices For Construction Procurement
Zafikha Aida Bidin, Asmah Alia Mohamad Bohari, Syamimi Liyana Amat Rais,
Munira Mohd Saferi
(UiTM) Sarawak
Environment degradation issue has been a worldwide problem and various efforts
have been done to minimise the problem. Construction sectors are pointed as one of
the major contributors to its construction activities. Green-oriented procurement
(GP) is considered as an environmental strategy to integrate the environmental
practices into the construction delivery. Thus, this paper reviews the concept of GP
and the practices related to it. The outcome of this research findings provides a basis
for understanding the concept of GP and the further development of GP. The listed
GP practices identified from this paper can serve as guidelines for industry
practitioners to design, implement, and benchmarking the green practices in their
procurement delivery.
2384 Issues Engulfed Saudi Arabia Construction Workers

Nashwan Hamid Al-Emad, Ismail Abdul Rahman
Malaysia
This paper presents an exploratory study conducted in Makkah city to uncover issues
faced by construction workers from the construction leaders’ perspective. Eleven
construction leaders/experts were interviewed to unleash their experiences on
handling the foreign workers working in Makkah construction projects. Most of the
experts are senior management staffs with more than 10 years’ working experience
in Saudi Arabia construction industry. The interviews were carried out in semi
structured mode where all the information was captured manually and also
electronically. The identified issues were sorted based on its commonality into 10
clusters. Hence in each cluster, the numbers of issue considered by the experts are
reflecting the importance of that particular cluster. The result of the clusters
according to the number of issues mentioned by the experts are safety issues,
restricted government regulation, demotivated issues, lack of quality workers, poor
living quality, communication barriers, adaption issues, poor attitudes, lack of
logistical arrangements and lack of education. With these identified issues it will
assist the construction players in the construction industry of Saudi Arabia in dealing
with their workers.
2644 Significant Factors of Construction Delays Among Contractors In Klang Valley and
Its Mitigation
Muhammad Fikri Hasmori, Ilias Said, Rafikullah Deraman, Nor Haslinda Abas,
Sasitharan Nagapan, Mohd Hanif Ismail1, Faisal Sheikh Khalid, Ahmad Farhan
Roslan
1Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Malaysia
[email protected]
Construction industry has become one of the greatest income provider as it has
contributed to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Malaysia. However,
construction sector has been much affected by unexpected situation such as
construction delays. Delays in construction industry is one of the common problems
that happened to most construction projects. By considering all viewpoint from
various parties that involves in construction process such as contractors, client,
consultant and others, this research identified the major factor that contributes to
delays in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Questionnaires were distributed among
respondents that involved in construction project in Klang Valley. The process of
data analysis was conducted by using descriptive statistic that ranked the mean value
of factors that contributes to delays. By using the ranking method, financial
difficulties were recognized as the most significant factor that caused delays. Thus,
by using the same method, some mitigation action has been proposed in order to
avoid time overrun in construction.
2653 An Overview of Quality Management (TQM) Practice in Construction Sector
A J Likita1, N Y Zainun, Abdul Rahman, A S M Abdul Awal, A R Alias, M Q
Abdul Rahman, F E Mohamed Ghazali4
Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
[email protected]
In construction sector TQM can be termed as a philosophy which guides

construction professionals on the proper execution of construction projects in terms
of quality. The aim of this paper is to discuss on quality management practice in
construction sector. This paper evaluated five previous researches and the findings
were discussed to find a conclusion of TQM practise in construction sector. The
study found that TQM had been successfully practice in construction sector at Saudi
Arabia, India, US and South Africa. Application of Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) help to improve the implementation of TQM in construction sector. In
conclusion, quality management practices will give better control of processes in
construction sector.
Abstract: Building Environment and Architecture
2298 Challenges of integrating affordable and sustainable housing in Malaysia
Shariffah Zatil Hidayah Syed Jamaludin
(UiTM) Sarawak
Developing countries including Malaysia have begun to comprehend the needs for
affordable and sustainable housing development. The majority of the population is
still aspiring for a comfortable, safe and reasonably priced house. Households in the
low- middle income range face difficulties to find housing that can satisfy their
needs and budget. Unfortunately, most of the housing development programs are
considering affordability rather than sustainable aspects. Furthermore, developers
are more interested in profit and neglect sustainability issues. Thus, the aim of this
paper is to review the challenges in integrating affordable housing and sustainable
practices in Malaysia. This paper is produced based on an extensive literature review
as a basis to develop strategies of integrated affordable and sustainable housing in
Malaysia. The challenges are divided into four sections, namely market challenges,
professional challenges, societal challenges and technological challenges. The
outcomes of this paper will assist in the decision making involving housing
development and in enhancing quality of life for sustainable communities.
2339 Building Information Modelling: Challenges and Barriers Implement BIM for
Interior Design Industry in Malaysia
Abu Bakar Abd Hamid, Mohd Zafrullah Mohd Taib, Ahmad Haqqi Nazali Abdul
Razak, Mohamed Rashid Embi
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an innovative approach that has developed

crossways the global in architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry.
The construction industry of Malaysia has undergone a rapid development and
dynamic technology adoption in advance and methods between the players industry
and stakeholders. Consequently, limited technologies and devices have not been
successful as it should have been. This study will be emphasizing scenarios of
challenges and barriers in adopting BIM in interior design industry in Malaysia. The
study was emphasizing the challenges and barriers in BIM usage from the designer’s
perspective. The data are collected through the questionnaires as to identifying the
barriers, knowledge, readiness and awareness and distributed to interior design firms
were selected randomly. The finding of this research is to examine the barriers and
causes of variables BIM usage for interior design industry in Malaysia. The outcome
of this study is to identify the constraint of adoption BIM in interior design industry
compare to others players in same industry.
2537 Non-structural Components influencing Hospital Disaster Preparedness in
Malaysia
Nor Malyana Samsuddin, Roshana Takim, Abdul Hadi Nawawi, Muhammad Redza
Rosman
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Hospital disaster preparedness refers to measures taken by the hospital’s

stakeholders to prepare, reduce the effects of disaster and ensure effective
coordination during incident response. Among the measures, non-structural
components (i.e., medical laboratory equipment & supplies; architectural; critical
lifeline; external; updated building document; and equipment & furnishing) are
critical towards hospital disaster preparedness. Nevertheless, over the past few years
these components are badly affected due to various types of disasters. Hence, the
objective of this paper is to investigate the non-structural components influencing
hospital’s disaster preparedness. Cross-sectional survey was conducted among
thirty-one (31) Malaysian hospital’s employees. A total of 6 main constructs with
107 non-structural components were analysed and ranked by using SPSS and
Relative Importance Index (RII). The results revealed that 6 main constructs (i.e.
medical laboratory equipment & supplies; architectural; critical lifeline; external;
updated building document; and equipment & furnishing) are rated as ‘very critical’
by the respondents. Among others, availability of medical laboratory equipment and
supplies for diagnostic and equipment was ranked first. The results could serve as
indicators for the public hospitals to improve its disaster preparedness in terms of
planning, organising, knowledge training, equipment, exercising, evaluating and
corrective actions through non-structural components.
2563 Sustainable Procurement in Australia: Quantity Surveyors’ perception on Life

Cycle Costing
Benson Lim, Wanting Zhang, Bee Oo
In construction sector TQM can be termed as a philosophy which guides

construction professionals on the proper execution of construction projects in terms
of quality. The aim of this paper is to discuss on quality management practice in
construction sector. This paper evaluated five previous researches and the findings
were discussed to find a conclusion of TQM practise in construction sector. The
study found that TQM had been successfully practice in construction sector at Saudi
Arabia, India, US and South Africa. Application of Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) help to improve the implementation of TQM in construction sector. In
conclusion, quality management practices will give better control of processes in
construction sector.
2573 Study On Acoustic Quality Levels In Mosques At Batu Pahat
Nor Azizah Adnan, Raja Nafida Raja Shahminan, Fawazul Khair Ibrahim, Hannifah
Tami, M. Rizal Yusuff, Emedya Murniwaty Samsudin, Isham Ismail
Malaysia
Every Friday, Muslims has been required to perform a special prayer known as the
Friday prayers which involve the delivery of a brief lecture (Khutbah). Speech
intelligibility in oral communications presented by the preacher affected all the
congregation and determined the level of acoustic quality in the interior of the
mosque. Therefore, this study intended to assess the level of acoustic quality of three
public mosques in Batu Pahat. Good acoustic quality is essential in contributing
towards appreciation in prayers and increasing khusyu' during the worship, which is
closely related to the speech intelligibility corresponding to the actual function of
the mosque according to Islam. Acoustic parameters measured includes noise
criteria (NC), reverberation time (RT) and speech transmission index (STI), and was
performed using the sound level meter and sound measurement instruments. This
test is carried out through the physical observation with the consideration of space
and volume design as a factor affecting acoustic parameters. Results from all 3
mosques as the showed that the acoustic quality level inside these buildings are
slightly poor which is at below 0.45 coefficients based on the standard. Among the
factors that influencing the low acoustical quality are location, building materials,
installation of sound absorption material and the number of occupants inside the
mosque. As conclusion, the acoustic quality level of a mosque is highly depends on
physical factors of the mosque such as the architectural design and space volume
besides other factors as been identified by this study.
2588 Natural Ventilation Design Attributes Application Effect on Indoor Natural
Ventilation Performance of a Double Storey Single Unit Residential Building
Izudinshah Abd. Wahab, Lokman Hakim Ismail, Abd Halid Abdullah, Mohamad
Hanafi Rahmat, Nur Nasuha Abd Salam
Department of Architecture and Design Engineering, Faculty of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, UTHM.
[email protected]
In establishing a good indoor thermal condition, air movement is one of the

important parameter to be considered to provide indoor fresh air for occupants. Due
to the public awareness on environment impact, people has been increasingly
attentive to passive design in achieving good condition of indoor building
ventilation. Throughout case studies, significant building attributes were found
giving effect on building indoor natural ventilation performance. The studies were
categorized under vernacular houses, contemporary houses with vernacular element
and contemporary houses. The indoor air movement of every each spaces in the
houses were compared with the outdoor air movement surrounding the houses to
indicate the space’s indoor natural ventilation performance. Analysis found the wind
catcher element appears to be the most significant attribute to contribute most to
indoor natural ventilation. Wide opening was also found to be significant especially
those with louvers. Whereas it is also interesting to find indoor layout design is also
significantly giving impact on the performance. The finding indicates that a good
indoor natural ventilation is not only dictated by having proper openings at proper
location of a building, but also on how the incoming air movement is managed
throughout the interior spaces by proper layout. Understanding on the air pressure
distribution caused by indoor windward and leeward side is important in directing
the air flow to desired spaces in producing an overall good indoor natural ventilation
performance.
2732 Scheduling of House Development Projects with CPM and PERT Method for Time
Efficiency (Case Study: House Type 36)
Nurul Alfa Bonitasari, Muhammad Kholil
Industrial Engineering Study Program, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Mercu
Buana, Jakarta, Indonesia
Network planning is one of the management techniques used to plan and control the
implementation of a project, which shows the relationship between activities. The objective
of this research is to arrange network planning on house construction project on CV. XYZ
and to know the role of network planning in increasing the efficiency of time so that can be
obtained the optimal project completion period. This research uses descriptive method,
where the data collected by direct observation to the company, interview, and literature
study. The result of this research is optimal time planning in project work. Based on the
results of the research, it can be concluded that the use of the both methods in scheduling of
house construction project gives very significant effect on the completion time of the
project. The company's CPM (Critical Path Method) method can complete the project with
131 days, PERT (Program Evaluation Review and Technique) Method takes 136 days.
Based on PERT calculation obtained Z= -0.66 or 0,2546 (from normal distribution table),
and also obtained the value of probability or probability is 74,54%. This means that the
possibility of house construction project activities can be completed on time is high enough.
While without using both methods the project completion time takes 173 days. So using the
CPM method, the company can save time up to 42 days and has time efficiency by using
network planning.
2744 Airport Sustainability and Central Business District in Airport Area

Muhammad Ikhsan Setiawan
Narotama University, Surabaya, Indonesia
Airport is expected to play the role in enhancing the economic level of the region,
especially the local people around the airport. The Aero City concept in developing
an airport might also develop a city centreed in the airport that combining airport
oriented business development, business actors and local people around the airport
area. This study aims to generate development model of business centre at the
airports in Indonesia. This is a mixed method based study. The population includes
296 airports under government management, government subsidiary and military.
By using stratified random sampling, there were 151 sample airports. The results
show that business centre development in the airport area will be related with the
airport management and the commercial property (business centre) growth at the
airport. Aero City in Indonesia can be developed by partnership system between
government and private sector that consists of construction, development, and
implementation of commercial property such as hotel, apartment, retail, office, etc.
Based on the result of T-Value test, Airport Performance variable predicted to have
significant influence on Gross Regional Domestic Product Central Business District
performance.
2566 Development of form stable Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) coated thermal
phase change material for solar water heater applications
Y Munusamy*, S Shanmugam and Kee Shi-Ying
Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,
Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak.
Phase change material (PCM) is one of the most popular and widely used thermal
energy storage material in solar water heater because it able to absorb and release a
large amount of latent heat during a phase change process over a narrow temperature
range. However the practical application of PCM is limited by two major issues; 1)
leakage which leads to material loss and corrosion of tank and 2) large volume
change during phase change process which cause pressure build up in the tank. In
this work, form-stable PCM was prepared by coating myristic acid with Poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA) to prevent leakage of PCM. PMMA was mixed with
different weight percentage (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 wt%) of dicumyl peroxide
(DCP). The purpose of adding DCP to PMMA is to crosslink the polymer and to
increase the mechanical strength of PMMA to hold the myristic acid content inside
the coating during the phase change process. Leakage test results showed that
PMMA mixed with 0.1% DCP exhibit 0% leakage. This result is further supported
by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images and Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis results, where a compact and
uniform coating without cracks were formed for PCM coated with PMMA with
0.1% DCP. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results shows that the melting
point of form-stable PCM is 55oC, freezing point is 50oC, the latent heat of melting
and freezing is 67.59 J/g.
Abstract. Materials and Structural Engineering
2485 The Effect of Carbon Black Filler to the Rubber Bearing as Base Isolation
System
Rozaina Ismail, Zul Azarizi Mahadi and Izzul Syazwan Ishak
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam,
This paper presented the study on the effect of carbon black as filler to the
mechanical properties of natural rubber for base isolation system. This study used
the five formulations with the different amount of carbon black filler for every
sample. The samples were tested for tensile, hardness and resilience test. The
samples were cured or vulcanized at 1500C for 23 minutes for every formulation.
The filler used in this study was the carbon black filler with type N660. The tensile
test was done to determine the ability of the sample in term of the elongation with
the load at break. The hardness test, it has been done to determine the ability of
the sample to resist the load. This hardness was measured in the unit of IRHD. The
resilience test was being done to determine the properties of the sample in term of
rebound characteristics. The finding of this study showed that, the high the loading
of carbon black filler, the high the tensile strength of the sample and the high the
hardness of the sample. In term of resilience, it was inversely proportional to the
loading of the carbon black filler.
2517 Effects of different crumb rubber sizes on the flowability and compressive
strength of hybrid fibre reinforced ECC
Veerendrakumar C Khed, Bashar S. Mohammed & Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin
PETRONAS
The different sizes of crumb rubber have been used to investigate the effects on
flowability and the compressive strength of the hybrid fibre reinforced engineered
cementitious composite. Two sizes of crumb rubber 30 mesh and 1 to 3mm were
used in partial replacement with the fine aggregate up to 60%. The experimental
study was carried out through mathematical and statistical analysis by response
surface methodology (RSM) using the Design Expert software. The response
models have been developed and the results were validated by analysis of variance
(ANOVA). It was found that finer sized crumb rubber inclusion had produced
better workability and higher compressive strength when compared to the larger
size and it was concluded that crumb rubber has negative effect on compressive
strength and positive effect on workability. The optimization results are found to
an approximately good agreement with the experimental results.
2289 Effect of amorphous silica ash used as a partial replacement for cement on the
compressive and flexural strengths cement mortar.
Aliyu Usman, Muhammad B. Ibrahim, Nura Bala
Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
This research is aimed at investigating the effect of using amorphous silica ash
(ASA) obtained from rice husk as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) on the compressive and flexural strength of mortar. ASA was used
in partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in the following percentages
2.5 percent, 5 percent, 7.5 percent and 10 percent. These partial replacements were
used to produce Cement-ASA mortar. ASA was found to contain all major
chemical compounds found in cement with the exception of alumina, which are
SiO2 (91.5%), CaO (2.84%), Fe2O3 (1.96%), and loss on ignition (LOI) was
found to be 9.18%. It also contains other minor oxides found in cement. The test
on hardened mortar were destructive in nature which include flexural strength test
on prismatic beam (40mm x 40mm x 160mm) and compressive strength test on
the cube size (40mm x 40mm, by using the auxiliary steel plates) at 2,7,14 and 28
days curing. The Cement-ASA mortar flexural and compressive strengths were
found to be increasing with curing time and decreases with cement replacement
by ASA. It was observed that 5 percent replacement of cement with ASA attained
the highest strength for all the curing ages and all the percentage replacements
attained the targeted compressive strength of 6N/mm2 for 28 days for the cement
mortar.
2569 Application of nanomaterials to enhance microstructure and mechanical

properties of concrete
M A Kewalramani and Z I Syed
Department of Civil Engineering – Abu Dhabi University
The advances of sustainable construction and the green building movement of the
past decade have encouraged comprehensive assessment of building materials and
construction practices worldwide. With superior fire resistance, strength, and a
long service life, concrete is the most widely used construction material in the
world. Considering the amount of concrete required for various construction
works, enhancing sustainability to concrete, both in terms of concrete production
and mix design would be a highly desirable prospect. Lately, nanotechnology is a
promising field in terms of environmental improvements including energy savings
and reduced reliance on non-renewable resources, as well as reduced waste,
toxicity and carbon emissions. Nanotechnology allows enhancement of available
concrete products by using nano-materials; these nano-materials could be in the
form of nano-particles, nano-chemical additives, and nano–fibers in cement based
materials matrix. The usage of nano-materials results in production of concrete
with lower volume of cement. The influence of addition of various nano particles
such as nano silica, nano Al2O3, nano TiO2, nano Fe2O3, nano clays, and highly
dispersed carbon nano tubes in concrete is thoroughly investigated in present work
with an initiative towards ‘Green Concrete’ incorporating these waste materials as
one of its ingredients.
2693 Effect of unground oil palm ash as mixing ingredient towards properties of
concrete
M A Sulaiman, K Muthusamy, S Mat Aris, M H Mohd Rasid, R Paramasivam, R
Othman
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Malaysia being one of the world largest palm oil producers generates palm oil fuel
ash (POFA), a by-product in increasing quantity. This material which usually
disposed as solid waste causes pollution to the environment. Success in converting
this waste material into benefitting product would reduce amount of waste
disposed and contributes towards cleaner environment. This research explores the
potential of unground oil palm ash being used as partial sand replacement in
normal concrete production. Experimental work has been conducted to determine
the workability, compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete when
unground oil palm ash is added as partial sand replacement. A total of five mixes
containing various percentage of oil palm ash, which are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
20% have been prepared. All specimens were water cured until the testing date.
The slump test, compressive strength test and flexural strength test was conducted.
The findings show that mix produced using 10% of palm oil fuel ash exhibit higher
compressive strength and flexural strength as compared to control specimen.
Utilization of unground oil palm ash as partial sand replacement would be able to
reduce dependency of construction industry on natural sand supply and also as one
of the solution to reuse palm oil industry waste.
2411 An accurate algorithm of numerical integration for computing seismic responses

of inelastic structures
M Miyahara, K Ijima, H Obiya and M Nizam
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Saga University, Japan
The paper proposes an algorithm that makes numerical integrations with

conditions for stability to be usable for computing inelastic seismic responses of
structures. The numerical integrations with conditions cannot be applied to solving
directly the equation of the motion, but the numerical integrations utilized for
linear problems generally give exacter responses than that without any conditions.
The method of modal analysis can clear the condition by applying the eigenvalue
analysis to the equation of the motion expressed by the tangent stiffness in the
inelasticity. The paper shows considerable difference between the result by the
numerical integration with conditions and that without any condition, and the
former result will be exacter than the latter from several proofs in the discussion.
2250 Vibration-response due to thickness loss on steel plate excited by resonance
frequency
S A Kudus, Y Suzuki, M Matsumura and K Sugiura
Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University Bldg.
C1, Katsura Campus, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
The degradation of steel structure due to corrosion is a common problem found

especially in the marine structure due to exposure to the harsh marine environment.
In order to ensure safety and reliability of marine structure, the damage assessment
is an indispensable prerequisite for plan of remedial action on damaged structure.
The main goal of this paper is to discuss simple vibration measurement on plated
structure to give image on overview condition of the monitored structure. The
changes of vibration response when damage was introduced in the plate structure
were investigated. The damage on plate was simulated in finite element method as
loss of thickness section. The size of damage and depth of loss of thickness were
varied for different damage cases. The plate was excited with lower order of
resonance frequency in accordance estimate the average remaining thickness based
on displacement response obtain in the dynamic analysis. Significant reduction of
natural frequency and increasing amplitude of vibration can be observed in the
presence of severe damage. The vibration analysis summarized in this study can
serve as benchmark and reference for researcher and design engineer.
2706 Earthquake Damping Device for Steel Frame

Mohd Zamri Ramli, Dezoura Delfy, Azlan Adnan, and Zaida Torman
Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research (e-SEER),
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Structures such as buildings, bridges and towers are prone to collapse when natural
phenomena like earthquake occurred. Therefore, many design codes are reviewed
and new technologies are introduced to resist earthquake energy especially on
building to avoid collapse. The tuned mass damper is one of the earthquake
reduction products introduced on structures to minimise the earthquake effect. This
study aims to analyse the effectiveness of tuned mass damper by experimental
works and finite element modelling. The comparisons are made between these two
models under harmonic excitation. Based on the result, it is proven that installing
tuned mass damper will reduce the dynamic response of the frame but only in
several input frequencies. At the highest input frequency applied, the tuned mass
damper failed to reduce the responses. In conclusion, in order to use a proper design
of damper, detailed analysis must be carried out to have sufficient design based on
the location of the structures with specific ground accelerations.
2688 Prediction of optimum compressive strength of lightweight concrete using
response surface design
D O Oyejobi, NHR Sulong and H Adebayo
Department of Civil Engineering University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603,
Malaysia
Palm kernel shells (PKS) are vast agricultural by-products which are abundant in
Nigeria and possess silica minerals to be classified as aggregates. In this study,
lightweight Palm Kernel Shell Concrete (LWPKSC) was produced with an oven-
dry density less than 2000 kg/m3. The trial mix was calculated based on ACI code
and design mix ingredients were refined by factorial design of Design-Expert
software. Consequently, the model compressive strength of 22 MPa was achieved
and the effect of each design mix ingredient was investigated, followed by a
prediction of optimal response which was confirmed by laboratory procedure.
Fresh and hardened properties of the LWPKSC and properties of the PKS were
tested and recorded. From the statistics, it is concluded that the statistics analytical
tool helped in achieving the maximum strength. The statistics from the Design
Expert shows that the optimal prediction is reliable and can be adopted to predict
the maximum compressive strength correctly for lightweight concrete.
2415 Mechanically rational forms of curved surface structures shaped from the
uniform strain elements
K Tanaka, K Ijima, H Obiya and M Nizam
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Saga University, Japan
The paper proposes a method for finding mechanically rational and practical forms
of curved surface by using the uniform strain elements. Numerical methods for
form finding already published give exact solutions but the application is restricted
to the problems with the conditions possible to form a minimal surface. This is
because the methods use the mechanical model without material stiffness but with
only the geometric stiffness of isotropic tension. When the uniform strain elements
composing a structural form have even isotropic strain in all over the form, the form
is an isotropic tension form. Since the uniform strain element has the material
stiffness, the method can stably yield a form with the strains varying as narrowly
as possible in the curved surface under the condition impossible to shape a minimal
surface.
2476 Potential function of element measurement for form-finding of wide sense
tensegrity
Cho Kyi Soe, H Obiya, D Koga, M Nizam b Z and K Ijima
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University,JAPAN
Tensegrity is a unique morphological structure in which disconnected compression

members and connected tension members make the whole structure in self-
equilibrium. Many researches have been done on tensegrity structure because of its
mysteriousness in form-finding analysis. This study is proposed to investigate the
trends and to group into some patterns of the shape that a tensegrity structure can
have under the same connectivity and support condition. In this study, tangent
stiffness method adopts two different functions, namely power function and
logarithm function to element measurement. Numerical examples are based on a
simplex initial shape with statically determinate support condition to examine the
pure effectiveness of two proposed methods. The tangent stiffness method that can
evaluate strict rigid body displacement of elements has a superiority to define
various measure potentials and to allow the use of virtual element stiffness freely.
From the results of numerical examples, the finding of the dominant trends and
patterns of the equilibrium solutions is achieved although it has many related
solutions under the same circumstances.
2843 A case studies of residential buildings subjected to cracking failures

N Jamaluddin, D Yeoh, A H Abdul Ghani, K H Boon, S S Ayob, M H Wan
Ibrahim, N Mohamad, T N Tuan Chik, and N H Abd. Ghafar
Jamilus Research Center, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
The purpose of this paper is to present some preliminary findings of residential

buildings which subjected to cracks. The study case covered in this paper is to
determine the cause of cracking of semi-detached residential houses which initially
expected due to a construction project nearby. Several types of buildings and
infrastructures were evaluated through the preliminary qualitative forensic
assessment for the hypothesis on the cause of the problems on residential buildings.
The initial assumption that caused the cracking was due to the nearby construction
works. From the inspection it was suggested that the piling work from the
construction project does not have an impact that could damage or jeopardize the
main structures. It was expected that the failures occurred on the walls and floors
of the houses are more reflected due to the soil settlement on the housing area.
2495 Utilization of construction and agricultural waste in Malaysia for development of
Green Concrete: A Review
M. A. Tambichik, A. A. Abdul Samad, N. Mohamad, M. Z. Bosro and M. A.
Iman
Department of Structural and Material Engineering, Faculty of Civil and
Environment Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Green Concrete (GC) is defined as a concrete that utilize a waste material for at least
one of its component. The production of GC has been increasing due to the drawback
of conventional concrete that create many environmental problems. In Malaysia, the
amount of waste generates from agricultural and construction industries were
increasing every year. Hence, one of the solutions to reduce the impact of conventional
concrete and limited landfill spaces due to excessive waste is by utilizing it in concrete.
This paper reviews the possible use of construction waste (Recycle Concrete
Aggregate) and agricultural waste (Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Palm Oil
Fibre) as partial replacement for the basic material in a concrete to produce an
innovative Green Concrete. The optimum replacement level for each type of waste was
also been review. Green Concrete also has the potential to reduce environmental
pollution and solve the depletion of natural sources. The result from this review shows
that the addition of agricultural waste or construction waste in concrete indicate
positive and satisfactory strength when compared to normal concrete. Finally, a mass
production of Green Concrete can fulfils the Construction Industry Transformation
Plan (CITP) 2016-2020 made by CIDB that emphasizes on a construction system
which is environmentally sustainable.
2433 Performance of composite sand cement brick containing recycle concrete

aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate with different mix design ratio
Nurul Bazilah Azmi. Faisal Sheikh Khalid.
Faculty of Civil and Environment Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia
This study is focuses to the performance of composite sand cement brick containing
recycle concrete aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate. The objective is
to determine the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water
absorption of composite brick containing recycled concrete aggregate and
polyethylene terephthalate waste and to determine the optimum mix ratio of bricks
containing recycled concrete aggregate and polyethylene terephthalate waste. The
bricks specimens were prepared by using 100% natural sand, they were then
replaced by RCA at 25%, 50% and 75% with proportions of PET consists of 1.0%,
1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% by weight of natural sand. Based on the results of
compressive strength, it indicates that the replacement of RCA shows an increasing
strength as the strength starts to increase from 25% to 50% for both mix design
ratio. The strength for RCA 75% volume of replacement started to decrease as the
volume of PET increase. However, the result of water absorption with 50% RCA
and 1.0% PET show less permeable compared to control brick at both mix design
ratio. Thus, one would expect the density of brick decrease and the water absorption
to increase as the RCA and PET content is increased.
2684 Properties of High Strength Concrete Applied on Semarang - Bawen Highway
Prabowo Setiyawan, Antonius, R Hawik Jenny Wedyowibowo
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sultan Agung Islamic
University, Semarang, Indonesia
To fulfill the needs of highway construction then a high quality concrete is expected
to be produced by a short time and high workability, therefore the addition of
additive chemicals needs to be conducted. The objective of the study was to find
out the properties of high quality concrete including slump value, compressive
strength, flexural strength, elasticity modulus and stress-strain diagrams with the
addition of fly ash and superplasticizer. There were five types of mixtures were
made in this study with a fas (cement water factor) was 0,41 and an additional 15%
of fly ash and a varied superplasticizer of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% towards the
weight/volume and cement/water. Test samples of cylinders and prisms or beams
were tested in the laboratory at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The test results were then
compared with the test results made without additional additives.
Based on the result of this research, it can be concluded that the increase of slump
value due to the addition of 15% fly ash is 0,53 cm of the base slump value. The
use of superplasticizer causes the weight of the type to be greater. The optimum
dose of superplasticizer is 1,2%, it is still in the usage level according to the F-type
admixture brochure (water reducing, high-range admixture) such as 0,6 % -1,5 %.
All mixture types which use addition materials for flexural strength (fr'=45kg/cm2)
can be achieved at 3 days.
2103 Variation of Time Domain Failure Probabilities of Jack-up with Wave Return
Periods
Ahmad Idris, Indra S H Harahap and Montassir Osman Ahmed Ali
Petronas
Bandar Universiti, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Malaysia.
This study evaluated failure probabilities of jack up units on the framework of time
dependent reliability analysis using uncertainty from different sea states representing
different return period of the design wave. Surface elevation for each sea state was
represented by Karhunen-Loeve expansion method using the eigenfunctions of prolate
spheroidal wave functions in order to obtain the wave load. The stochastic wave load
was propagated on a simplified jack up model developed in commercial software to
obtain the structural response due to the wave loading. Analysis of the stochastic
response to determine the failure probability in excessive deck displacement in the
framework of time dependent reliability analysis was performed by developing Matlab
codes in a personal computer. Results from the study indicated that the failure
probability increases with increase in the severity of the sea state representing a longer
return period. Although the results obtained are in agreement with the results of a study
of similar jack up model using time independent method at higher values of maximum
allowable deck displacement, it is in contrast at lower values of the criteria where the
study reported that failure probability decreases with increase in the severity of the sea
state.
2147 Deformation and Heat Transfer on Three Sides Protected Beams under Fire
Accident
M. Imran, M. S. Liew, E. M. Garcia, M.S. Nasif , A.Y.M Yassin and U.M. Niazi
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
Fire accidents are common in oil and gas industry. The application of passive fire
protection (PFP) is a costly solution. The PFP is applied only on critical structural
members to optimise project cost. In some cases, beams cannot be protected from
the top flange in order to accommodate for the placement of pipe supports and
grating. It is important to understand the thermal and mechanical response of beam
under such condition. This paper discusses the response of steel beam under ISO
834 fire protected, unprotected and three sides protected beams. The model
validated against an experimental study. The experimental study has shown good
agreement with FE model. The study revealed that the beams protected from three
sides heat-up faster compare to fully protected beam showing different temperature
gradient. However, the affects load carrying capacity are insignificant under ISO
834 fire.
2526 Precast Self-Compacting Concrete (PSCC) Panel with added Coir Fiber: An
Overview
Muhamad Afif Iman, Noridah Mohamad, Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad, W. I. Goh,
M. A. Othuman Mydin, Muhamad Afiq Tambichik, Mohamad Zulhairi Mohd
Bosro, A. Wirdawati, N. Jamaluddin
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the alternative way to reduce construction time

and improve the quality and strength of concrete. The panel system fabricated from
SCC contribute to the IBS system that is sustainable and environmental friendly.
The precast self-compacting concrete (PSCC) panel with added coir fiber will be
overview in this paper. The properties of SCC and coir fiber are studied and
reviewed from the previous researches. Finite element analysis is used to support
the experimental results by conduction parametric simulation study on PSCC under
flexure load. In general, it was found that coir fiber has a significant influence on
the flexural load and crack propagation. Higher fiber incorporated in SCC resulted
with higher ultimate load of PSCC.
2535 Review on factors influencing thermal conductivity of concrete incorporating
various type of waste materials
Z Misri, M H W Ibrahim, A S M A Awal, M S M Desa and N S Ghadzali
Concrete is well-known as a construction material which is widely used in building

and infrastructure around the world. However, its widespread use has affected the
reduction of natural resources. Hence, many approached have been made by
researchers to study the incorporation of waste materials in concrete as a
substitution for natural resources besides reducing waste disposal problems.
Concrete is basically verified by determining its properties; strengths, permeability,
shrinkage, durability, thermal properties etc. In various thermal properties of
concrete, thermal conductivity (TC) has received a large amount of attention
because it is depend upon the composition of concrete. Thermal conductivity is
important in building insulation to measure the ability of a material to transfer heat.
The aim of this paper is to discuss the methods and influence factors of TC of
concrete containing various type of waste materials.
2691 Study on bond behaviour exposed to fire using beam specimen

Mohammad Suhaib Ahmad, Pradeep Bhargava and Umesh Kumar Sharma
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee India
The composite action of concrete and steel in a reinforced concrete structure

depends upon the bond between them. Bond behaviour is studied in terms of bond-
slip relationship. The bond between them depends upon mechanical properties of
concrete and steel. In an event of fire these mechanical properties degrades and
hence the bond behaviour changes. Some researches were performed to study the
effect of temperature on the bond-slip relationship which are based on pull out
specimens. Generally these relationships are obtained using pull out specimen
which over estimates the bond properties. In this study beam specimens were used
which is recommended by Rilem. These specimens were exposed to elevated
temperatures up to 650 °C and there bond-slip behaviour were studied. The study
shows that bond strength decreases while peak slip increases with increases in
temperature. Also an equation proposed was proposed which can predict the bond
strength between concrete and steel exposed up to the temperature of 650 °C.
2322 Repair of heat damaged reinforced concrete slab with High Strength Fibre
Reinforced Concrete materials
Nur Ain Hamiruddin, Rafiza Abd Razak, Khairunnisa Muhammad, and Muhd
Zulham Affendi Mohd Zahid
Department of Civil Engineering Technology. Faculty of Engineering
Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis
The purpose of this study is to investigate the flexural behaviour of heat damaged
reinforced concrete (RC) slab by using High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete
(HSFRC) as repair materials. The slab samples consist of twelve one-way columns
heated at 200 ° C, 400 ° C and 600 ° C for 120 minutes. The thickness of the HSFRC
layer used to heat damaged slab samples is 40 mm thick. Two distinct curing methods
were implement during this study: i.e. normal curing (standard room temperature
26°C) and heat curing (temperature of 90°C for 48 hours). The center-point loading
flexural strength test based on ASTM C 293 were referred to examine the flexural
strength of the slab samples other than evaluated the mechanical properties of repaired
samples (i.e. flexural strength, secant stiffness, toughness and ductility). The HSFRC's
results showed that compressive strength at 28 days was 88.66 MPa. Whereas the
flexural strength of heat damage repaired samples that exposed to 200°C (R200),
400°C (RNC400) and 400°C (RHC400) were gained by about 3.06% (34.93 MPa),
14.47% (38.79 MPa) and 30.95% (44.38 MPa) respectively, contrasted to the control
sample (CS) which is 33.89 MPa. However, heat damage for non-repaired samples that
exposed to 200 ° C (NR200) and 400°C (NR400) decline by about 0.77% (33.63 MPa)
and 8.13% (31.14 MPa) respectively. Therefore, the utilized of HSFRC as repair
materials can improve the flexural strength than control sample (CS). This is clearly
indicate that HSFRC can enhance the mechanical properties of heat damaged
reinforced concrete (RC) slab which can illustrate that the results of flexural behaviour
reﬂected the superiority by using HSFRC as repair materials.
2528 Mechanical Properties and Flexure Behaviour of Lightweight Foamed Concrete

Incorporating Coir Fibre
Noridah Mohamad, Muhamad Afif Iman*, M. A. Othuman Mydin, A.A.A
Samad, J. A. Rosli, A. Noorwirdawati
Malaysia
This paper presents an experimental investigation on the mechanical properties and

flexural behaviour of lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) with added coir fibre as
filler. The compressive strength (Pt), tensile strength (Ft), modulus of elasticity (E),
ultimate load and crack pattern of the foamed concrete were determined. The coir
fibre was added to the foamed concrete mixture at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% of the total
weight of cement. Effects of various percentage of coir fibre used on foam
concrete’s mechanical and properties and flexural behaviour were studied and
analysed. It was found that the increase percentage of fibre resulted in increase in
compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of LFC mixture.
LFC with added coir of 0.3% experienced the smallest crack propagation.
2503 Experimental investigation on temperature distribution of foamed concrete filled
steel tube column under standard fire
Bishir Kado, Shahrin Mohammad, Yeong Huei Lee, Poi Ngian Shek, Mariyana
Aida Ab Kadir
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayero University
Kano, Nigeria.
Standard fire test was carried out on 3 hollow steel tube and 6 foamed concrete
filled steel tube columns. Temperature distribution on the columns was
investigated. 1500 kg/m3 and 1800 kg/m3 foamed concrete density at 15%, 20%
and 25% load level are the parameters considered. The columns investigated were
2400 mm long, 139.7 mm outer diameter and 6 mm steel tube thickness. The result
shows that foamed concrete filled steel tube columns has the highest fire resistance
of 43 minutes at 15% load level and low critical temperature of 671 ºC at 25% load
level using 1500 kg/m3 foamed concrete density. Fire resistance of foamed
concrete filled column increases with lower foamed concrete strength. Foamed
concrete can be used to provide more fire resistance to hollow steel column or to
replace normal weight concrete in concrete filled columns. Since filling hollow
steel with foamed concrete produce column with high fire resistance than unfilled
hollow steel column. Therefore normal weight concrete can be substituted with
foamed concrete in concrete filled column, it will reduces the self-weight of the
structure because of its light weight at the same time providing the desired fire
resistance.
2614 Shear transfer capacity of reinforced concrete exposed to fire

Subhan Ahmad and Pradeep Bhargava
Research scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee, India
Shear transfer capacity of reinforced concrete elements is a function of concrete

compressive strength and reinforcement yield strength. Exposure of concrete and
steel to elevated temperature reduces their mechanical properties resulting in
reduced shear transfer capacity of RC elements. The objective of present study is
to find the effect of elevated temperature on shear transfer capacity of reinforced
concrete. For this purpose pushoff specimens were casted using normal strength
concrete. After curing, specimens were heated to 250oC and 500oC in an electric
furnace. Cooled specimens were tested for shear transfer capacity in a universal
testing machine. It was found that shear transfer capacity and stiffness (slope of
load-slip curve) were reduced when the specimens were heated to 250oC and
500oC. Load level for the initiation of crack slip was found to be decreased as the
temperature was increased. A simple analytical approach is also proposed to predict
the shear transfer capacity of reinforced concrete after elevated temperature.
2552 Fundamental and assessment of concrete structure monitoring by using acoustic
emission technique testing: A review
M S M Desa, M H W Ibrahim, S Shahidan, N S Ghadzali, Z Misri1
Department of Structural and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering
and Environmental, University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Acoustic emission (AE) technique is one of the non-destructive (NDT) testing,

where it can be used to determine the damage of concrete structural such as crack,
corrosion, stability, sensitivity, as structure monitoring and energy formed within
cracking opening growth for the concrete structure. This article give a
comprehensive review of the acoustic emission (AE) technique testing due to its
application in concrete structure for structural health monitoring (SHM).
Assessment of AE technique used for structural are review to give perception of its
structural engineering such as dam, bridge and building, where the previous
research has been reviewed based on AE application. The assessment of AE
technique focusing on basic fundamental of parametric and signal waveform
analysis during analysis process and its capability in structural monitoring.
Moreover, the assessment and application of AE due to its function has been
summarized and highlighted for future references.
2097 Abrasion Resistance of Nano Silica Modified Roller Compacted Rubbercrete:

Cantabro Loss Method and Response Surface Methodology Approach
Musa Adamu, Bashar S Mohammed, Nasir Shafiq
PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
Roller compacted concrete (RCC) when used for pavement is subjected to

skidding/rubbing by wheels of moving vehicles, this causes pavement surface to
wear out and abrade. Therefore, abrasion resistance is one of the most important
properties of concern for RCC pavement. In this study, response surface
methodology was used to design, evaluate and analyze the effect of partial
replacement of fine aggregate with crumb rubber, and addition of nano silica on the
abrasion resistance of roller compacted rubbercrete (RCR). RCR is the terminology
used for RCC pavement where crumb rubber was used as partial replacement to
fine aggregate. The Box-Behnken design method was used to develop the mixtures
combinations using 10%, 20%, and 30% crumb rubber with 0%, 1%, and 2% nano
silica. The Cantabro loss method was used to measure the abrasion resistance. The
results showed that the abrasion resistance of RCR decreases with increase in
crumb rubber content, and increases with increase in addition of nano silica. The
analysis of variance shows that the model developed using response surface
methodology (RSM) has a very good degree of correlation, and can be used to
predict the abrasion resistance of RCR with a percentage error of 5.44%. The
combination of 10.76% crumb rubber and 1.59% nano silica yielded the best
combinations of RCR in terms of abrasion resistance of RCR.
2499 A review on past and present development on the interlocking loadbearing hollow
block (ILHB) system
M Z M Bosro, A A A Samad, N Mohamad, W I Goh, M A Tambichik and M A
Iman
Malaysia
Massive migration and increasing population in Malaysia has contributed to the

increasing demand of quality and affordable housing. Over the past 50 years, the
Malaysian housing industry has seen the growth of using conventional construction
system such as reinforced concrete frame structures and bricks. The conventional
system, as agreed by many researchers, causes delays and other disadvantages in
some of the construction projects. Thus, the utilization of interlocking loadbearing
hollow block (ILHB) system is needed to address these issues. This system has
been identified as an alternative and sustainable building system for the
construction industry in Malaysia which the PUTRA block system is the latest
example of the ILHB developed. The system offers various advantages in terms of
speed and cost in construction, strength, environmentally friendly and aesthetic
qualities. Despite these advantages, this system has not been practically applied and
develop in Malaysia. Therefore, this paper aims to review the past and present
development of the interlocking loadbearing hollow block (ILHB) system that
available locally and globally.
2591 Properties of palm oil fuel ash cement sand brick containing pulverized cockle
shell as partial sand replacement
S Mat Aris, K Muthusamy, A Uzer, S Wan Ahmad,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Environmental pollution caused by the disposal of solid wastes generated from both
palm oil industry and cockle shell trade has motivated researches to explore the
potential of these wastes. Integrating these wastes in production of construction
material is one of the way to reduce amount of waste thrown at dumping area. Thus,
the present investigation investigates the performance of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
cement sand brick containing pulverized cockle shell as partial fine aggregate
replacement. All mixes used contains 20% of POFA as partial cement replacement.
Total of six mixes were prepared by adding a range of pulverized cockle shell that
is 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% as partial sand replacement. The mixes were
prepared in form of brick. All the water cured samples were tested for compressive
strength and flexural strength until 28 days. Findings show that brick produced
using 20% pulverized cockle shell exhibit the highest compressive strength and
flexural strength also the lowest water absorption value.
2376 Development of Interlocking Masonry Bricks and its’ Structural Behaviour: A
Review Paper
Amin Al-Fakih, Bashar S Mohammed, Fadhil Nuruddin, and Ehsan Nikbakht
PETRONAS (UTP), Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
Conventional bricks are the most elementary building materials for houses
construction. However, the rapid growth in today’s construction industry has
obliged the civil engineers in searching for a new building technique that may
result in even greater economy, more efficient and durable as an alternative for the
conventional brick. Moreover, the high demands for having a speedy and less
labour and cost building systems is one of the factor that cause the changes of the
masonry conventional systems. These changes have led to improved
constructability, performance, and cost as well. Several interlocking bricks has
been developed and implemented in building constructions and a number of
researches had studied the manufacturing of interlocking brick and its structural
behaviour as load bearing and non-load bearing element. This technical paper aims
to review the development of interlocking brick and its structural behaviour. In
conclusion, the concept of interlocking system has been widely used as a
replacement of the conventional system where it has been utilized either as load
bearing or non-load bearing masonry system.
2560 Study on effect of variations of meta-kaolin addition on Self-Compacting

parameter of High Strength Concrete.
Wibowo, Mediyanto and E A Dharmawan
SmartConMart Research Group, Civil Engineering Department, Universitas
Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
High strength self-compacting concrete (HSSCC) is one of the concrete

innovations that have a high quality standard. This type of concrete has a high
compressive strength and can compact without tools. Meta-kaolin (MK) is used in
this research as an addition (admixture) to increase the quality of HSSCC and to
meet criteria of SCC. Meta-kaolin (MK) is made from kaolin which is a white
powder measuring 0,5 to 5 micron that then heated at 500– 900oC. Parameters that
are studied in this research are setting time, workability, and the compressive
strength of HSSCC. Based on results of research, addition of MK decrease
workability of HSSCC. Only MK addition at 5%, 7,5%, and 10% fulfils filling
ability and passing ability parameter of SCC, otherwise the compressive strength
increases linearly.
2527 Properties of concrete containing different type of waste materials as aggregate
replacement exposed to elevated temperature – A review
Nor Syafiqah Ghadzali , Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim, Mohd Syahrul Hisyam
Mohd Sani, Norwati Jamaludin , Mohd Shaffiq Desa , Zainora Misri Jamilus
Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Concrete is the chief material of construction and it is non-combustible in nature.

However, the exposure to the high temperature such as fire can lead to change in
the concrete properties. Due to the higher temperature, several changes in terms of
mechanical properties were observed in concrete such as compressive strength,
modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and durability of concrete will decrease
significantly at high temperature. The exceptional fire-proof achievement of
concrete is might be due to the constituent materials of concrete such as its
aggregates. The extensive use of aggregate in concrete will leads to depletion of
natural resources. Hence, the use of waste and other recycled and by-product
material as aggregates replacement becomes a leading research. This review has
been made on the utilization of waste materials in concrete and critically evaluate
its effects on the concrete performances during the fire exposure. Therefore, the
objective of this paper is to review the previous search work regarding the concrete
containing waste material as aggregates replacement when exposed to elevated
temperature and come up with different design recommendations to improve the
fire resistance of structures.
2722 Axial compression behaviour of reinforced wallettes fabricated using wood-wool

cement panel
M S Md Noh, A F Kamarudin, S N Mokhatar, A R Jaudin, Z Ahmad, A Ibrahim,
A A Muhamad
Wood-wool cement composite panel (WWCP) is one of wood based composite

material that produced in a stable panel form and suitable to be used as building
wall system to replace non-ecofriendly material such as brick and other masonry
element. Heavy construction material such as brick requires more manpower and
consume a lot of time to build the wall panel. WWCP is a lightweight material with
a density range from 300 kg/m3 to 500 kg/m3 and also capable to support an
imposed load from the building. This study reported on the axial compression
behaviour of prefabricated reinforced wallettes constructed with wood-wool
cement panel. A total of six specimens was fabricated using two layers of cross
laminated WWCP bonded with normal mortar paste (Portland cement) at a mix
ratio of 1:3 (cement : sand). As part of lifting mechanism, the wallettes were
equipped with three steel reinforcement (T12) that embedded inside the core of
wallettes. Three replicates of wallettes specimens with dimension 600 mm width
and 600 mm length were fabricated without surface plaster and with 16 mm
thickness of surface plaster. The wallettes were tested under axial compression load
after 28 days of fabrication up to failure.The result indicated that, the application
of surface plaster significantly increases the loading capacity about 35 % and
different orientation of the panels improve the bonding strength of the wall.
2719 Structural health monitoring on medium rise reinforced concrete building using
ambient vibration method
A F Kamarudin, S N Mokhatar, M H Zainal Abidin, M E Daud, M S Rosli, A
Ibrahim, Z Ibrahim and M S Md Noh
Monitoring of structural health from initial stage of building construction to its

serviceability is an ideal practise to assess structural defect or damage. A structural
vulnerabilities might be subjected to natural or artificial effects such as aging,
excessive loading or forces, faulty structural design and unsuitable configurations,
unsatisfactory construction materials, failure of ground-structure interaction etc.
The structural integrity could be intruded by any types of these deterioration and
destruction activities, and worse if without remedy action of monitoring, building
re-assessment or maintenance is taken. In this study the application of ambient
vibration (AV) testing is utilized to evaluate the health of eighth stories medium
rise reinforced concrete building in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM), based comparison made between the predominant frequency, fo,
determined in year 2012 and 2017. For determination of fo, a popular method of
Fourier Amplitude Spectra (FAS) was used to transform the ambient vibration time
series which were recorded by 1 Hz tri-axial seismometer sensors and CitySharkII
data recorder. From analysis of the peaks FAS curves, the first mode frequencies
indicate at 2.04 Hz in 2012 and 1.97 Hz in 2017 with 3.14% of frequency reduction
after five years interval, but in steady state frequencies shown for the second and
third modes of frequencies which are 2.42 Hz and 3.31 Hz in both years. Two
translation mode shapes were found at the first and second mode frequencies in the
North-South (NS-parallel to building transverse axis) and East-West (EsW-parallel
to building longitudinal axis) components, while the torsional mode shape shown
at the third mode frequency in both years. No excessive deformation amplitude was
found at any selective floors based on comparison made between three mode shapes
produced, that could bring to potential feature of structural deterioration. Finally,
the low percentages of natural frequency disparity within five years of duration
interval shown by the first mode frequencies under ambient vibration technique
was considered in good health state, according to previous researchers
recommendation which acceptable below 5 to 10% over the years.
2451 Simulation of Shear and Bending Cracking in RC Beam: Material Model and its
Application to Impact
S. N Mokhatar, Y. Sonoda, S. S. M Zuki, A. F Kamarudin and M. S Md Noh
This paper presents a simple and reliable non-linear numerical analysis

incorporated with fully Lagrangian method namely Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) to predict the impact response of the reinforced concrete
(RC) beam under impact loading. The analysis includes the simulation of the effects
of high mass low-velocity impact load falling on beam structures. Three basic ideas
to present the localized failure of structural elements are: (1) the accurate strength
of concrete and steel reinforcement during the short period (dynamic), Dynamic
Increase Factor (DIF) has been employed for the effect of strain rate on the
compression and tensile strength (2) linear pressure-sensitive yield criteria
(Drucker-Prager type) with a new volume dependent Plane-Cap (PC) hardening in
the pre-peak regime is assumed for the concrete, meanwhile, shear-strain energy
criterion (Von-Mises) is applied to steel reinforcement (3) two kinds of constitutive
equation are introduced to simulate the crushing and bending cracking of the beam
elements. Then, these numerical analysis results were compared with the
experimental test results.
2399 Rotational Stiffness of Precast Beam-Column Connection using Finite Element
Method
N Hashim1 and J Agarwal2
1UTM Razak School Engineering and Advance Technology, Malaysia,
2University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Current design practice in structural analysis is to assume the connection as pinned

or rigid, however this cannot be relied upon for safety against collapse because
during services the actual connection reacts differently where the connection has
rotated in relevance. This situation may lead to different reactions and consequently
affect design results and other frame responses. In precast concrete structures,
connections play an important part in ensuring the safety of the whole structure.
Thus, investigates on the actual connection behavior by construct the moment-
rotation relationship is significant. Finite element (FE) method is chosen for
modeling a 3-dimensional beam-column connection. The model is built in
symmetry to reduce analysis time. Results demonstrate that precast billet
connection is categorized as semi-rigid connection with Sini of 23,138kNm/rad.
This is definitely different from the assumption of pinned or rigid connection used
in design practice. Validation were made by comparing with mathematical equation
and small differences were achieved that led to the conclusion where precast billet
connection using FE method is acceptable.
Abstract: Poster Presentation
Rock-water interaction on the effect of drying and wetting to the mechanical and
dynamic properties of tropical weathered granite
Ahmad Syauqi Md Hasan1*, Nur Masyitah Osman 1, Mohd Khairul Azhar Ismail 1,
Aniza Albar 1 and Mohd Mustaqim Mohd Nordin1
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang,
Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
This study deals with the effect of water on the tropical weathered granite rock
characteristics. Water act as an agent in the weathering process that lead to the
weakness of the cementation and bonding condition. The process of wetting and
drying are able to take place with the presence of water inside the rock
microstructure, then further created the numbers of micro-pore which contributing
2288 IE to weakens the rock structure. Thus, this study is focusing to analyses the effect of
the presence of water on the mechanical and dynamic properties of granitic rock
depending on its weathering degree. The interaction between water and rock was
observed through the water-rock interaction test by using saturation and caliper
method, where all the rock samples, totaling 81 samples are allowed to experience
the wet and dry conditions for 21 days, 56 days and 90 days. Uniaxial compressive
strength test, indirect (Brazilian) tensile strength and point load tests were
conducted to determine the strength of the rock, meanwhile, P-wave velocity test
was conducted to measure the wave velocity that able to penetrate through the
intact rock. In conclusion, the increasing of weathering degree, will allowed the
rock to absorb the water as their particles has not more tightly bonding. Therefore,
it found that the strength of tropical weathered granite was decrease as the
interaction with water causes the interlocking of the rock particles is reduces from
the process of weathering.
Study of Relationship Level of Utilization Field with Influencing factors by Using
Factor Analysis
Dzuhran Ashari Farid1 , Andi St Chairunnisa2
Department of Naval Architecture Laboratory of Transportation Naval
Container Yard (CY) is the main port facility that plays an important role in
expediting the process of container flow from ship to shore or vice versa, and as a
place for loading and unloading of container contents. In supporting the
performance of the container pile field in a port cannot be separated from various
factors that can influence such as Dwelling Time, Storage Capacity Building, Port
Facility, Infrastructure Condition, Port Service as well as loading and unloading
2544 IE
equipment of a port so it can be known in a harbor of this factor that big influence
on the performance of the Container Stacking Field at the port. The purpose of this
study is to model the factors that affect the utilization of container cultivation field
(YOR) at the port. This research methodology is by using factor analysis method
with SPSS software to identify factors that strongly influence the utilization of
YOR and model it and the result of this research there are 3 factors formed which
then give a big influence on the utilization level of the cultivation field that is
container flow, the availability of the land and the condition of hinterland region
which each correlates strongly with the variables that have been grouped based on
characteristic equation after testing with factor analysis method using SPSS
Study Services Port of Jayapura Papua as Sea Toll Port in Indonesia
Bahtiar 1) Sakti Adisasmita 2) Isran Ramli 3)
Department of Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
The port of Jayapura Papua as one of the main ports of Indonesian Toll Road plays
an important role in the distribution of goods to the mountainous regions of Papua,
the low performance of the port gives impact to the duration of goods in the port
and the resulting cost. This study is to determine the ability of existing port
facilities and their development potential. From the data and analysis obtained by
the time the ship waits for the highest day 8 days. Limited pier capacity due to
only one mooring with BOR value reaching 85% and CY max capacity. is 109,027
2620 IE
teus. With the growth of containers in Jayapura harbor ± 7% per year and 2015 has
reached 86.601 and assuming dwelling time and other indicators are the same,
then about 4 years forward port of Jayapura is not able to accommodate the
number of containers available. Based on the SWOT matrix for determining the
chosen strategy of increasing the port capacity, the chosen strategy is the SO
strategy, which is utilizing the existing strength such as resources, supporting
facilities, spatial plan, natural conditions to capture opportunities (Opportunities)
in the form of agricultural export potential, , fisheries and others are quite large.
Generation of Flood Map Using Infoworks for Sungai Johor

Noor Farahain Muhammad Amin, Faridah Othman,
Flood has become regular disaster in Malaysia which it is happens every year in
different states especially during northeast monsoon. Johor State, the most
southern part of Peninsular Malaysia experienced numerous flooding from 1926 to
2013. However, Sungai Johor catchment had the most devastating impact during
December 2006 and January 2007 flood events. The objectives of this study are to
perform river modeling and generate a flood map fpr Sungai Johor. The river
modeling of Sungai Johor has been done using InfoWorks RS software.
Necessary data were collected and transferred into the required modelling
procedures. The results indicated that the model was able to simulate the flood
depth to a reasonable agreement and generate the flood map. The generated flood
2622
map can serve as a beneficial planning and design tools for the local authority and
WEE
community in minimizing the flood effects and damage as well as in preparing
the evaluation plan.
HEC-RAS Hydraulic Model for Floodplain Area in Sembrong River
Nor Azimah Marimin, M.R.M. Adib, Mustaffa Anjang Ahmad
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, BatuPahat, Johor, Malaysia.
The study of floodplain is significant to human life and social economy. It can be
seen that by using most computer models, locations of structures affected by
floodwaters, such as bridges and roads cannot be effectively compared to the
floodplain location in stream floodplain analysis. The purpose of this study is to
develop an output of Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System
(HEC-RAS) hydraulic model and to enable one dimensional steady flow analysis.
This study is applied to Sembrong river catchment area, located in Batu Pahat.
2627 Floodplain data features such as length of streams, bank position, streamline and
WEE cross-sections were used to produce river flow and its cross-sectional shape for
each station along the study area. Total of 7 flow rate values were used to indicate
an increase in the water level in order to accommodate the additional amount of
water that flow into river. The results show that water will overflow into the
floodplain at maximum flow rate of 24 m3/s. The hydraulic model had indicated
that 33 out of 65 stations were unable to accommodate the maximum flow rate and
thus will led to flooding. By developing the hydraulic model, it clearly shows that
the results are more reliable and the affected area can be easily identified. The
developed flood model can be a very useful tool in flood management of
Sembrong river in terms of river development planning, flood mitigation
measures, flood evacuation planning and addressing public awareness. This study
proved that HEC-RAS is one of effective instrument for analysis and modeling.
Keywords: Floodplain; Hydraulic model; HEC-RAS; Sembrong river
Effect of incremental static damage on modal frequencies of reinforced concrete
beams
Muhammad Usman Hanif, Zainah Ibrahim, Huan Xin Lim, You Xian Hang
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
The modelling and the failure mechanisms of RC structures is a complex

phenomenon because the constituent materials’ strengths are combined to
overcome their weaknesses. Therefore, the failure mechanisms have not been
understood completely. Modelling concrete beams using plasticity approaches has
gained a lot of attention because of its versatility. This research incorporates the
plasticity model with continuum damage model to evaluate the modal frequency
2655
deterioration of the reinforced beams. These beams were incrementally damaged
MS
in flexure using finite element modelling. It was observed that the model
represents the damage mechanism of RC beams quite reasonably. The dynamic
response of the beams is also in line with the experimental results. Based on the
dynamic response, it was observed that the modal frequencies are sensitive to
damage at initial stages and there is not significant reduction in the natural
frequencies at complete damage.
Overview on the Utilization of Quarry Dust as a Replacement Material in
Construction Industry
Nur Jannah Abdul Hamid, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Nor Amani Filzah Mohd Kamil,
Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan
In line with economic development of the country, demand of raw materials for
the construction, building and manufacturing sectors are also increasing. Concrete
is a great significance that contributes to every construction practices. Concrete is
the most widely used construction material in the world because of its ability to
get cast in any form and shape. The strength and durability of concrete can be
2683 changed by utilizing suitable improvements in its ingredients such as cementitious
MS material, aggregates and water. One of the raw materials used to produce
conventional concrete is river sand which has significantly become very costly and
becoming scarce due to river bed depletion therefore alternative material is in
need. On the other hand, the growth of human population has led to concerns in
solid waste management prior to major environmental problems that arose due to
urbanization and industrial activities thus lead to its utilization in building
material. There are different types of waste materials being used in the
construction industry such as stone quarry dust, fly ash, rice husk, clay brick,
metakaolins, palm oil fuel ash, bamboo leaf ash, volcanic ash, ground nut husk
ash, waste glass, slurry glass powder, quarry dust and marble dust powder.
Nevertheless, this paper only reviews on quarry dust as sand replacement in
construction industry.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Organizing Committee of IConCEES2017 expresses its deep appreciation to the following
for their support and contribution to the success of the program:

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TRANSFORMING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Foreword by the Vice-Chancellor

Foreword by the Dean

Foreword by the Executive Chairman of IConCEES2017

Abstracts by Keynote Speaker

FOREWORD BY THE VICE-CHANCELLOR

Assalamualaikum wbkt and sincere greetings to all.

Finally, I wish you all a fruitful discussion. Thank you.

YBHG. PROF. DR. WAHID RAZZALY

FOREWORD BY THE DEAN

Assalamualaikum wbkt and greetings to all participants,

ASSOC. PROF. DR ABDUL HALID ABDULLAH

FOREWORD BY THE executive chairman icONcees2017

Assalamu’alaikum WR. WB.

ASSOC. PROF. DR. MOHD ADIB MOHAMMAD RAZI

 Theme 1: Water and Environment Engineering

 Theme 2: Infrastructure Engineering

 Theme 3: Civil Engineering Technology and Construction

 Theme 4: Building Environment and Architecture

 Theme 5: Materials and Structural Engineering

8.45 am : National Anthem – Negaraku

9.00 am : Opening Speech by Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tarmizi Abd Karim

9.10 am : Opening Gimmick

9.15 am : Keynote Address I – Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tarmizi Abd Karim

10.00 am : Morning Refreshment / Break

10.15 am : Keynote Address II – Prof. Dr. Atsushi Koike

11.00 am : Memento Presentation

11.15 am : Preparation for Parallel Session

11.30 am : Parallel Session I

1.00 pm : Lunch Break

2.00 pm : Parallel Session II

4.00 pm : Afternoon Refreshment / Break

4.15 pm : Parallel Session III

7.00 pm : End Day-1

Day-2: 5 December 2017 (Tuesday)

8.45 am : Parallel Session IV

10.00 am : Morning Refreshment / Break

10.15 am : Parallel Session V

1.00 pm : Lunch Break

2.00 pm : Parallel Session VI

4.00 pm : Afternoon Refreshment / Break

4.15 pm : Parallel Session VII

6.00 pm : End Day-2

Time Ballroom Ruby Emerald Diamond Ruby Emerald Diamond

Day 1 : 4 Dec 2017 Day 2 : 5 Dec 2017

8.00 AM Registration Registration

2460 2461 2550

2285 2399 2621 2513 2543 2492 2691

2.00 PM - 2547 2510 2717 2258 2668 2548 2565

2304 2415 2525 2540 2521 2552 2591

2572 2526 2571

Development and Construction of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia’s Branch

PROF DR AHMAD TARMIZI ABD KARIM

Japan’s High Speed Rail: An Integral Part of Economic Growth

Table of effect and change of CO2 emissions of high-speed railway investment

PROF ATSUSHI KOIKE

Vice-Chairman : Dr. Joewono Prasetijo

Secretary 1 : Dr. Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat

Secretary 2 : Dr. Nur Shaylinda Mohd Zin