GUIDELINES FOR WRITING PAPERS IN PHILOSOPHY1 Fall 2011

Note: Some papers and assignments may not call for using all of the following criteria. In such
cases the applicable criteria should be followed.

NO RULE OF WRITING IS ABSOLUTE.

1. FORM

1.1. Papers should be typed, double-spaced, and on only one side of the page. I will accept
hand-written papers, but I strongly prefer typed ones.
1.1.1. Papers should not have covers. Simply staple them in the upper left-hand corner.
1.2. Format, footnoting, and bibliography should be in accord with some standard manual of
style. See E. B. White, The Elements of Style or Kate Turabian, A Manual for Writers of
Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Robert Graves gives several good hints on
writing style in A Reader Over Your Shoulder. In Prof. Leddy’s classes use the Chicago
or Turabian style for proper citation. See
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/ for this style. I also include a short
version of the Chicago Manual Style at the end of this document. Other professors often
use the MLA style. If a citation is at the bottom of the page it is called a footnote, if at the
end of the paper, it is called an endnote. Either is acceptable. Please do not use the APA
style in my classes. A bibliography is not necessary if the material is already in footnotes.
1.2.1. There is a lot of confusion about interne citations. The basic rule for internet
citations is: make them as much like regular citations as possible. So in my classes
internet citations should follow the following format. Give: (a) author's name if
available [if not, give the name of the institution, and if that is not available, give
“anonymous”], (b) title of the Web site or publication [found usually at the top of the
page] (c) date of posting, writing, or original publication of the writing, [if the
material is from a previously published source, give a proper footnote for that
source] (d) URL, and (e) date you first accessed the material. Here’s a Chicago
Manual of Style example of a bibliographic entry: Ellison, Jim. "Assessing the
accessibility of fifty United States government Web pages: Using Bobby to check on
Uncle Sam." First Monday, volume 9, number 7 (July 2004)
http://www.firstmonday.org (accessed June 16, 2005).2
1.2.2. Do not put “PRINT” after a print source or “WEB” after a web source. This is
redundant.
1.2.3. Do not give URLs or any access information for material taken from journals that
exist in print form, even if you accessed these journals through the library on-line
database. Treat the footnote as if you were looking at the physical copy of the
journal itself.
1
These guidelines have a long history. They were adapted from Morris Keeton and Earl Harrison, Antioch College
in the 1980s and then from Steve Voss, who taught at SJSU in the 80s. They were amended by Tom Leddy based
on comments by Carolyn Black in the 80s and later by other SJSU department members in 2010. Prof. Leddy does
new versions as new issues arise and has recently added information on how to do footnotes.
2
Chicago Manuel of Style Citation Guide, Ohio State University Libraries (March 2006),
http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/chicagogd.php (accessed Aug. 30, 2010)

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 1.2.4. All quotes must be footnoted.
1.2.5. Do not just repeat citations Use “ibid.” or “op. cit.” when appropriate. .
1.3. There are books devoted specifically to writing philosophy papers: e.g. A. P. Martinich,
Philosophical Writing: An Introduction (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1997), Louis
Vaughn, Writing Philosophy: A Student's Guide to Writing Philosophy Essays (Oxford
University Press, 2005).
1.4. Spelling and grammar should be correct. Good proofreading is essential to good writing.
Be sure to check words that your computer marks as misspelled. Do not assume
however that it will catch all of your errors. Common spelling errors that cannot be
noticed by your computer include "can not" for "cannot" and "there" for "their." One
student of mine recently wrote "disunion" for "decision," "out weight" for "outweigh,"
and "law suite" for "lawsuit": none of these errors could have been caught by his
computer. In addition, students who depend on their computer for spelling often forget
to put in hyphens in hyphenated words, for example "long term" instead of "long-term."
1.4.1. Although many journalists and novelists use sentence fragments, they are not
acceptable in scholarly papers. Here are some examples of sentence fragments:
"Also, that humans cannot possibly have free will in a civilized society." [The
sentence is not finished.] Usually sentence fragments are really just parts of a larger
sentence. For example, one student wrote: "Without free thought, people don the
manifestations of machines themselves. Creating waste with abilities." What the
student meant to say was "Without free thought people take on the character of
machines, thus wasting their own abilities." Here is another example: "This mass
devastation would most likely come in the form of nuclear warfare. Nuclear warfare
born from the womb of capitalism." The second passage is a sentence fragment.
What the student meant was: "This mass devastation would most likely come in the
form of nuclear warfare born in the womb of capitalism." Your computer will usually
underline sentence fragments with green.
1.4.2. "They" and "their" should not be used to refer to particular persons. I recognize
that the English language is changing and that this is becoming more acceptable. But
in formal academic prose we still avoid it. One of the reasons for the rise of the
singular “they” is the desire not to use sexist language. However you can avoid
sexist language by using the term “one.” Remember that if you start a sentence with
“one” you cannot then switch later to “they.” “If one is expected to write a term
paper one avoids sentence fragments” is correct.
1.4.3. It is wrong to say, "We may always do things that leads us to get the things we
want." It should be "lead."
1.4.4. Gender. It is alright to use "he" or "she" if you have a male or female specifically
in mind. But use sex-neutral language whenever you are thinking of persons in
general: "a person" works well. Again, do not use "they" or "their" to refer to
individual persons.
1.4.5. Spelling of Proper Names. Students commonly misspell the names of the
philosophers. Check the name against the spelling in the text or your other source.
Common misspellings include "Decartes" for "Descartes" and "Mills" for "Mill."
1.5. Do not use "right justification." If you are using Word, use the "Align left" function. Do
not use “Justify.” Right justification produces a jumpy line that is unpleasant to read.

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 Currently Word gives you three choices: you want the one with the jagged right edge.
1.6. Give Credit. You should give credit to others for ideas that are not your own. For
example, it is dishonest to present ideas from research you have done without crediting
the source through giving a footnote. In short, when you take material from another
writer's work, even if no word-for-word quotation is made, you should footnote the
material. This is also true for situations in which you are drawing from non-written
material.
1.7. Plagiarism. Failure to use quote marks around quoted text and to attribute the text
properly to the author is plagiarism. If you plagiarize you will receive an F on the paper.
Turning in a paper written by another student as your own also falls under this category.
2. LANGUAGE
2.1. Words are intended to communicate. Avoid vagueness and ambiguity. Always make sure
that the reader can figure out what pronouns like "it" refer to. Define the key terms in
your discussion. It is especially important to define technical terms. Do not use words in
unconventional ways without good reason. If you do, tell the reader. Turn to the
dictionary when you need help in choosing the right word. A thesaurus may help you to
think of the word you want, but do not use a word from the thesaurus if you do not know
what it means. Do not use any word you do not understand.
2.2. Philosophy papers should be as clear as possible. Do not use "big words" just to impress
the reader. However you should be familiar with the technical terms relevant to the
problem you are discussing and you should use them when appropriate. It is especially
important to use the technical terms of philosophy, e.g. "a priori," precisely.
2.3. Do not use the language of the streets, high school or home life. You are expected to
write this paper with language appropriate to college. Avoid slang. For example in the
sentence: "Terry could not get it right for nothing" the phrase "for nothing" is slang.
2.4. Avoid exaggerated or emotionally charged language. For example, a student of mine
once said, "Marcuse spitted on all that is associated with money." This would only be
appropriate if there was an actual quote in Marcuse's writing in which he said "I spit on
all associated with money."
3. RELEVANCE
3.1. Essays must be relevant to the questions of philosophy. A philosophy paper is very
different from a sociology, history or theology paper. A philosophy paper is concerned
with the truth of philosophical theories, answers to philosophical questions or
interpretation of philosophical texts. You should avoid giving mere informational reports.
Philosophy papers are philosophical in the sense that they are engaged with the questions
at issue.’
3.2. Avoid analyzing the style or the psychology of the author unless these things have a
strong relevance to the philosophical point.
3.3. Philosophical questions often ask about the nature of abstract things such as "love"
"truth" and "beauty" and about the truth of statements which contain terms of this sort. A
good rule of thumb is: if the question can be solved by the methods of science then it is
not a philosophical question. However it should be remembered that the nature of
philosophy, and hence of philosophical questions, is itself debated by philosophers. And
so even the previous point has been questioned by some philosophers.
3.4. Do not begin your papers with a biography of the philosopher unless this is

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 philosophically relevant. Philosophy papers are not history papers.
3.5. A philosophy paper should not be too autobiographical. Your personal life and feelings
might be relevant as examples - but do not assume that they have any more importance
for the reader than any other examples.
3.6. Avoid using phrases like "I feel." A philosophical paper should be concerned with
reasoned beliefs, not with feelings. This is not to say, however, that feelings are bad or
totally irrelevant to philosophy. Good philosophical ideas often originate with a strong
feeling of some sort. Philosophy moves on from there in a rational manner.
4. EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENT
4.1. Philosophy papers take various forms. They may take a position on a philosophical issue,
interpret a philosophical writing, compare two philosophical positions, or simply explain
to the reader what some philosopher has said (exposition). All of these types of paper
should be based on good evidence.
4.1.1. Position papers require argumentation, as do interpretive papers. In these cases
you are presenting a thesis and defending it. This is also true sometimes in
comparison papers.
4.1.1.1. In position papers, take a position concerning the views of the philosophers
you discuss. You do not need to agree entirely or disagree entirely: you can
agree with some points and disagree with others. The position you take is your
thesis.
4.1.1.2. In position papers you should defend your position (your thesis) against
possible counterarguments.
4.2. You should be accurate in your statement of facts. One important set of facts is the
collection of actual statements made by the authors discussed. Your quotations of these
should be accurate. Your paraphrases of theories and arguments should show
understanding. One of the things your teacher is looking for is the extent to which you
understand the material you are looking at.
4.3. Many writers discussed by philosophers did not write in English. Thus, in many cases
you will be reading a translation of the original work. Be aware of this. If you know the
original language you might want to check it: it is the primary source for the philosopher's
ideas. Even if you do not know the language, be aware of how the key terms in the
original language might have a different meaning than their translations in English.
4.4. Other facts which are drawn on by philosophers include everyday common sense facts
that few would question, the well-established truths of modern science (for instance the
theory of evolution and Einstein's theory of relativity), and well-established historical
facts.
4.4.1. Speaking of facts, don’t say “In fact, that A is B...” “In fact” is redundant here.
4.5. However, philosophers are primarily concerned with the truth or falsehood of
philosophical theses, with the reasons and evidence presented in support of these, and
with the abstract concepts that are used in them. They are not primarily concerned with
facts. In general, philosophical theories are precisely those that cannot be proved by
facts.
4.6. Beware of hasty generalizations, oversimplifications, overgeneralizations, and distortions
of positions. In general, avoid the various fallacies: begging the question (arguing in a
circle), straw person (attacking a position that is weaker than, or other than, your

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 opponent's actual position), and ad hominem (attacking your opponent as a person
instead of his or her argument) are the most common of these.
4.7. Be aware of the limitations of your case. Do the available evidence and arguments make
the conclusion drawn possible, probable, or certain? Are there relevant facts that fail to
support your thesis? Are there obvious objections to your thesis that should be
answered? If there are such objections, state them and suggest possible solutions. Are
you making any assumptions that you do not state? If so, it might be wise to state them.
4.8. You are not required to take one of the positions presented to you by the writers you are
reading. Neither are you required to come up with something completely new. Creative
philosophical writing often involves borrowing from, and modifying, the positions of
others to suit your own vision of things.
4.9. Be consistent. Avoid making statements which contradict one another or which imply
contradictions.
4.10. When looking at another person's (for example, a philosopher's) argument, deal
with each premise separately, then ask whether the premises are sufficient, if true, to
support the conclusion. Several things can go wrong with an argument: individual
premises can be false, doubtful, or meaningless; the conclusion can be poorly supported;
the key concepts could be poorly defined; the conclusion can be disproved by another
argument; and so on.
4.11. There are several ways to support a thesis. One way is to show problems with the
main competing views. You may attack competing views by showing that they lead to
inconsistencies or to unacceptable consequences. You may attack them by showing that
they are poorly argued or based on doubtful or false premises.
4.12. One problematic form of argument is the rhetorical question. An example is:
"Who am I to condemn the Nazis?" or "Who is to say what is right or wrong?" It is
important for the reader to know exactly what you are asserting. Thus, it makes more
sense to replace the question with an outright statement. For example: "No one has the
right to condemn the Nazis" or "There is no way to determine what is really right or
wrong."
4.13. It is a good idea at the beginning of your paper to formulate the problem and make
it more specific. For instance if you are asked to write on the problem of evil you might
reformulate the question as "How can God's perfect nature be reconciled with the
existence of evil in the world?" A well-formulated question can help produce a well-
organized paper.
4.14. One bad way of supporting your position is simply to label it as your own, as one
that your parents taught you, or as one that you and your friends believe. This is a form
of the "appeal to authority" fallacy.
4.15. In philosophy, there are no ultimate authorities. One does not, for instance, base
one's conclusions on appeals to religious authorities, whether the sayings of the Pope, the
Bible, or Buddha. There are important religious beliefs which have many interesting
similarities to positions held by philosophers. However even great religious philosophers
like Aquinas and Kierkegaard distinguished between their philosophical work and
revealed theology.
4.16. It is often useful to draw additional knowledge from secondary literature.
"Secondary literature" refers to commentaries, books and articles that seek to explicate

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 the writings of great philosophers. However, do not use any material from secondary
literature that you do not thoroughly understand. (Sometimes it is impossible to say
whether something is secondary or primary literature: for example a writing may start off
as explication and then switch to defending a particular position. So, at first it is
secondary, and then later it is primary.)
4.17. It is more valuable for you to come to your own conclusions about the meaning of
the primary readings than to simply follow the sayings of others. I recommend writing a
draft of what you want to say first before even looking at the secondary literature.
4.18. There is no need to tell the reader that these issues have been discussed for a long
time or that each person has his or her own opinion about these issues.
4.19. Some writings can have multiple errors. A student once wrote, "I think every
persons has their own opinion to answering these two question. In my point of view, I
think these two questions are true. In fact, I have my own answer to why they are both
true." There are many errors in this. There is no "s" after person, "their" is wrong, "to" is
not right here, "question" should have an "s" at the end, questions cannot be true or false,
"I think" is not needed, and "answer to why" is awkward. The student meant: "I believe
that the answer to each of the two questions is 'yes' and in this paper I will explain why I
think so."
5. ORGANIZATION OF PAPER
5.1. The title is an important part of the philosophical essay. It is the first thing that the reader
sees. It can give the reader an idea about what lies ahead. A good title lets the reader
know what the topic is to be considered.
5.2. A good introduction is especially important to a good philosophy paper. The introduction
should set out the problem that your paper will attempt to solve and give some idea of
how you are going to solve that problem. A good introduction helps to keep the paper on
the right track. If you commit yourself to refuting a thesis in the introduction then that is
what you must do. A good introduction is usually one or two paragraphs long.
5.3. Always keep in mind the overall organization of the paper. Some people find it helpful to
outline their paper before writing it. Avoid drifting away from your argument.
5.4. Avoid padding the text with unnecessary material. In particular, avoid quoting at length,
especially from secondary sources, unless it is really necessary for the reader to be
looking at the passage in question while you are discussing it. I prefer as little quotation
as possible. Too many long quotations interrupt the flow of your own argument. It is
generally better to paraphrase than to quote. However, quotation from a primary source
(such as the writings of a major philosopher) is sometimes necessary in the process of
interpretation.
5.5. Paraphrasing puts some material from another author in your own words. It usually is
shorter than the original passage and is written in more understandable contemporary
English. A good paraphrase expresses your understanding of the material. It may use
some individual words from the material paraphrased and may even use some very
quotations of important phrases. Just as with quotation, paraphrased material needs to be
properly cited.
5.5.1. It is often useful to devote a couple paragraphs to paraphrasing the positions
which you are discussing. A paraphrase is a reconstruction of the position which
brings out as clearly as possible the arguments which are offered in support of it.

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 5.6. Quotation. When you quote something you should include the material word for word
exactly as it appears. You can however abridge some by putting in “…” for material that
is left out. Avoid too many quotations are quotations that are too long. The reader needs
to hear your voice.
5.7. When you quote be sure to make it clear who is saying what is quoted. Giving a good
footnote is not always enough. You may have to say something like “Cicero quotes
Crysippus as saying that…” so that we know that it is Crysippus who is saying what you
are quoting. Similarly, if quoting from an anthology it is not enough just to footnote the
anthology. You also need to make clear which author and which article or chapter is
being quoted. It is often useful to introduce quotations, such as by saying something like
“Aristotle perspicuously states that” followed by the quote.
5.8. Papers always need rewriting. Rewriting includes some of the following procedures. Cut
out material which does not further your argument or contribute to solving your problem.
Add sentences where the transition from one sentence to another is unclear. Add
examples where these are needed. Add new arguments to support premises which might
be questioned by others. Clarify individual sentences by rewriting them. Each paper
should be rewritten at least once.
5.9. Sentences need to be complete units. Sentences that contain several unrelated clauses are
called "run-on sentences." These should be divided into separate sentences.
5.10. Paragraphs also need to be complete units. Think of each paragraph as a unit
containing a series of closely related sentences. Paragraphs can be too long or too short.
Paragraphs that are a page long are probably too long. Most paragraphs that are only
three or four lines are too short. Revision often involves cutting longer paragraphs into
shorter ones or expanding shorter paragraphs by adding new sentences.
5.11. A concluding paragraph that sums up the argument of the paper is often helpful
for the reader. It may also be useful for you since it will encourage you to think of your
project as a whole. It is not necessary if you have already said what you intended to say
and do not think that a final wrap-up will actually help the reader. You should not
introduce new material in the concluding paragraph.
5.12. Martinich suggests the following as the basic organization of a philosophical
essay: state the proposition to be proved (the thesis), give the argument for that
proposition, show that the argument is valid, show that the premises are true, state the
upshot of what has been proven. This is one way to organize a philosophy paper: but as
we have seen there are many others.
6. CREATIVITY
6.1. Although creativity is not necessary for a good philosophy paper, it is often a plus.
Creative work is not just original but also deeply engaged with the material. (There can
be original foolishness.)
6.2. How to be creative. Make connections that are not immediately obvious. Look deeper
into the question than you would normally look. Question your own assumptions.
Imagine situations in which your view would prove to be true or your opponent's position
would prove to be false. Feel free to use hypothetical examples that read like science
fiction. Feel free to borrow ideas from other thinkers and transform them for your own
purposes, always giving credit where credit is due.
6.3. True creativity can only happen when you have a thorough understanding of the material.

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 6.4. There are many methods that can enhance creativity. Think out loud, have dialogues with
yourself, explain your ideas to someone else, write down any idea that comes into your
mind over a period of time and then select from the resulting collection, take a walk in the
woods or on the beach and think about philosophy.
7. SOURCES [see the supplement at the end for additional information about sources]
7.1. One of your most important resources is your instructor. Your instructor can help you
with your writing during his/her office hours. He/she can assist you with revising your
papers. Your instructor can also provide you with suggestions for research. Together,
student and instructor can engage in a dialogue that will give you good material for your
writing.
7.2. There are several important resources in the library. The Philosopher's Index, which is
available through the on-line catalog, contains references to most of the articles and
books written in philosophy over the last 40 years.
7.3. Books. You can discover whether the library has certain books by using the on-line
catalog. All students are expected to be able to use this valuable resource. Most
Philosophy books are on the sixth floor of MLK Library in the B section. This section
contains several histories of philosophy and whole shelves of commentaries on
philosophers and philosophies. There are entire sections on Ethics, Logic, Philosophy of
the Person, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Mind, and other subjects. There are also sections
related to philosophy in particular countries and continents: England, France, Germany,
Africa, Japan.
7.4. Journals. The library has several journals in philosophy, mostly through its on-line
databases. There are also some physical journals in the basement.
7.5. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy is another good resource
7.6. The Internet. The internet is becoming a better source for information. However, it is
still not nearly as good as the library. Most recent research is reported in the journals and
academic books, and few such items are on-line. The main problem with internet sources
is that the quality of the writing ranges widely, from really terrible to quite good.
8. FINAL COMMENTS
8.1. There are no ultimate authorities in philosophy. Never assume that simply because a
textbook says X that X is true, unless the matter is purely factual and uncontroversial.
8.2. Never assume that since you are a mere undergraduate or graduate student you can have
nothing to contribute. Each individual has his or her own perspective on the world which
constitutes his or her own unique source of creative thoughts. Every great philosopher
was once a beginner. And even if you are not someone who will become a great
philosopher you can contribute to the conversation.
9. SUPPLEMENT ON SOURCES
9.1. Because of changes in technology, research methods are constantly changing in
philosophy. Here is what I currently tell my students in my Introduction to Aesthetics
Course.
9.2. Library and Electronic Resources
9.2.1. Something new is the Assignment Calculator. It can help you organize your
time while doing your papers. http://tutorials.sjlibrary.org/tutorial/calculator/
9.2.2. Books Both physical and electronic books may be found through the Clark
Library catalog at http://catalog.sjlibrary.org/search/ Many philosophy books on

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 aesthetics are found in the BH section on the 6th floor of the library.
9.2.3. One way to access materials relevant to this course is to go to SJLibrary.org then
to “LibGuides,” then to “Humanities and Arts” then down the alphabet to
“Philosophy” then click on “Journal Articles.” Or go directly to
http://libguides.sjsu.edu/content.php?pid=61925&sid=455419
9.2.4. If you access one of the on-line journals or databases, such as “Philosopher’s
Index” and “JSTOR” you will need your user name and your password. The user
name is your Library Card number, and your password is the access code (usually the
last four digits of your phone number.)
9.2.5. In the Philosophy page you will find, among other things, the Philosopher's
Index. It indexes nearly all articles and books in philosophy since, I believe, the
1940s. There are short descriptions of most of the articles. You can research a
topic by doing a keyword search. For instance, you could write in “Dance” and it
would reveal all articles written by philosophers on dance, and many books as well.
If you want to make your search more specific, use two or more key words
connected by the word “and,” as in “Theater and Plato.” Philosopher’s Index does
not provide full-text journal articles, but gives directions on how to find them.
9.2.6. You can also gain electronic access to full-text in many journals. Under
“Newspapers, Magazines and Journals” in the Philosophy page you will find a list of
journals in philosophy, both on-line and in print, available through the library. Under
“Background and Reference Sources” is a list of dictionaries and encyclopedias of
philosophy.
9.2.7. JSTOR is my favorite electronic data base. It includes not only several
philosophy journals but also several journals in “Classics.” Mark both when you
wish to research a topic in Ancient (Greek and Roman) aesthetics. For example,
many important essays on Plato appear in Classics journals. Similarly, you can do
research in various arts categories, for example in music or theater arts.
9.3. On-Line Sources
9.3.1. There are now many on-line journals in philosophy. Some are listed at
Philosophy Resources and Internet Episemelinks
http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Journals
9.3.2. Another source of online information about on-line research in philosophy is
Noesis Philosophical Research On-line http://hippias.evansville.edu/
9.4. LINK+ and Interlibrary Loan
9.4.1. If you want a book that is not in our library you can order one online through the
library site LINK+. The book comes in one to two weeks.
9.4.2. If you want a photocopy of an article in a journal not accessed by our library or a
book not available through out library or LINK+ go to Interlibrary Services (also
online at the library site). You will need to get an account with them. These may
take up to a month, and it might be easier to go to another college library.
9.5. Other Libraries
9.5.1. Santa Clara University library is just a few miles away. You do not have to be a
Santa Clara University student to use the library, although you cannot check books
out. Other good libraries relatively nearby are at California State University East
Bay and UCSC.

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 9.6. Bookstores
9.6.1. My favorite bookstores around here for philosophy are Stanford University
Bookstore and Borders in Palo Alto. Barnes and Noble on Stevens Creek is also
pretty good, as is the branch in the Pruneyard in Campbell. My favorite used
bookstore is Recycled Books on the Alameda in San Jose. There is another branch in
Campbell. Further away, I like Moe’s on Telegraph Ave in Berkeley, University Press
Books on Bancroft in Berkeley, Green Apple Books on Clement Street in San
Francisco, and City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco. For aesthetics and
philosophy of art I also like the various art museum bookstores in the Bay Area,
especially the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. If you are looking for books
on architecture, the best is Architectural Books on Montgomery in San Francisco.
9.6.2. On-line. My favorite on-line bookstore is Amazon.com You can actually read
large portions of many books without purchasing them through using the “look
inside” function. If you cite from one of these sources cite it as though you had the
book in your hand. Do not footnote amazon.com in this kind of case. This also goes
for books accessed through Google books or through electronic books in the library.
10. How to do Footnotes, Endnotes, and Bibliography. 3
This material is taken from the Chicago Manual of Style For online or other electronic
sources that do not have a direct print counterpart (such as an institutional Web site or a
Weblog), give as much information as you can in addition to the URL.
N = footnote or endnote, B = bibliographic entry, T = in text citation [Leddy: You can use
“in text” citations for quotes from, or references to, our textbooks. Do not put the N, B or T
into the citation. They are just used here to indicate which is the footnote method, which is
the bibliographic method, and which is “in text.” Insert footnotes or endnotes using the
reference function on your word-processing program. This will automatically produce a
raised footnote number. If you use the in-text citation method you must have a bibliography.
If you use the footnote method you do not have to have a bibliography as long as page
numbers for the article (e.g. 15-46) are included in the footnote. Do not repeat footnotes or
footnote information. If you cite more than once from the same text, simply use the in text
citation method.]
One author book
N: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999),
65. [Leddy: The letter N simply notes that this is a footnote style: do not put the letter N into
your footnote. The last number given here is the page number you are referencing. If you
quote anything you need to give it a footnote and the page number. The city here is the place
of publication. You will find the place of publication, publisher and year of publication on the
copyright page which is usually on the back of the title page for the book. Sometimes this
information is on the bottom of the title page. If more than one city is given for city of
publication give the first one given. If more than one copyright date is given, give the most
recent.]
B: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
T: (Doniger 1999, 65)

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This information is adapted from Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
http://library.bowdoin.edu/1st/docs/chicago.pdf (accessed Oct. 13, 2011)

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Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author
N: 16. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 22.
B: Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
T: (Bonnefoy 1995, 22)

Chapter or other part of a book

N: 5. Andrew Wiese, “‘The House I Live In’: Race, Class, and African American Suburban
Dreams in the Postwar United States,” in The New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and
Thomas J. Sugrue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 101–2.
B: Wiese, Andrew. “‘The House I Live In’: Race, Class, and African American Suburban
Dreams in the Postwar United States.” In The New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M.
Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99–119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
T: (Wiese 2006, 101–2)

Article in a print journal [Leddy: This includes most journals accessed through MLK Library
databases. For example it includes all journals accessed through JSTOR. These journals
should be treated as print journals not as on-line journals.]
N: 8. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.
B: Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.
T: (Smith 1998, 639)

Article in an online journal [Leddy: These are journals that are just published online and
have no print version. An example would be the journal Contemporary Aesthetics.]
N: 33. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal
Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin
Replacement Study (HERS) Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5
(2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo.
B: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley.
"Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving
Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study
(HERS) Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002),
http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo.
T: (Hlatky et al. 2002)

Web site
Web sites may be cited in running text (“On its Web site, the Evanston Public Library Board of
Trustees states . . .”) instead of in an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a
bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions
of the citations. [Leddy: in my classes please use the more formal footnote method making it
as much like an article citation as possible, for example if there is an author or a publication
date, give this information just as you would for an article.] If an access date is required by
your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the
second example below.

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N: 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,
2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library,
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.
B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,
2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
T: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)

Book review
N: 1. James Gorman, “Endangered Species,” review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth
Gilbert, New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002, 16.
B: Gorman, James. “Endangered Species.” Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth
Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002.
T: (Gorman 2002, 16)

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