(/)

DESIGN DISCIPLINES

Architecture (/design-disciplines/architecture)

Architectural Programming (/design-disciplines/architectural-programming)

Civil Engineering (/design-disciplines/civil-engineering)

Commissioning Authority (/design-disciplines/commissioning-authority)

Cost Estimating (/design-disciplines/cost-estimating)

Electrical Engineering (/design-disciplines/electrical-engineering)

Fire Protection Engineering (/design-disciplines/ re-protection-engineering)

HVAC and Refrigerating Engineering (/design-disciplines/hvac-refrigerating-engineering)

Information Technologies Engineering (/design-disciplines/information-technologies-engineering)

Interior Design (/design-disciplines/interior-design)

Landscape Architecture (/design-disciplines/landscape-architecture)

Lighting Design (/design-disciplines/lighting-design)

Planning (/design-disciplines/planning)

Plumbing Engineering (/design-disciplines/plumbing-engineering)

Structural Engineering (/design-disciplines/structural-engineering)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING  
by Byron G Byraiah, P.E.
Member IEEE, Life Member Beta, Gamma, Sigma
Director of Electrical Engineering, Leo A Daly (http://www.leoadaly.com/)
Updated: 11-02-2016

INTRODUCTION
During the last century and a half, electricity has evolved from a
scienti c curiosity, to a luxury for wealthy people and to a daily WITHIN THIS PAGE
necessity in the developed and developing world. Just as water Introduction
is necessary for survival, electricity is indispensable in daily life. Description
Without electricity, our way of life comes to a grinding halt. Emerging Issues
Modern society requires smart, simple, safe, reliable, and Relevant Codes and Standards
economical electric power infrastructure for social, political, Additional Resources
and economic activities. The infrastructure should be ef cient,
exible to expand, economical to maintain and operate.

A BRIEF HISTORY
Electricity was never invented: its properties were discovered, examined, and explained.
Thales of Miletus a Greek in 600 AD wrote of static electricity that attracted pieces of straw and hair to
rubbed rods of amber. In 1752, during a dangerous electrical storm, Benjamin Franklin ew a kite that had
a metal key at the bottom of the string. When a bolt of lightning hit the kite, a spark of electricity ew from
the key. From this experiment, Franklin invented the lightning rod, which attracts lightning and draws it
into the ground. This saves many buildings from burning down. In 1779 Alessandro Volta invented the rst
source of continuous electric current in his experiments with non-static electricity. He created a battery
out of stacks of zinc and copper, with weak acids in between each layer.
In 1769 James Watt (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637673/James-Watt), a Scottish
Engineer transformed the limited use steam engine into a mega power source and radically transformed
the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one. In his honor, a unit of electric power was
named "Watts".
Ampere (Amp), a unit of electric current named after André-Marie Ampère
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/21416/Andre-Marie-Ampere) (1775-1836), French
mathematician and physicist, is considered the father of electrodynamics.
The rst practical application of electricity was the telegraph, invented by Samuel F.B. Morse
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393059/Samuel-FB-Morse) in 1837. The need for
electrical engineers was not felt until some 40 years later, upon the invention of the telephone (1876) by
Alexander Graham Bell (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59564/Alexander-Graham-Bell)
and of the incandescent lamp (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/284597/incandescent-lamp)
(1878) by Thomas A. Edison (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179233/Thomas-Alva-
Edison). These devices, and Edison's rst central generating plant in New York City (1882), created a large
demand for men trained to work with electricity.
Electrical Engineering covers power, electronics
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183904/electronics), control systems
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/135480/control-system), signal processing
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543768/signal-processing) and telecommunications
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585799/telecommunication) eld.

In engineering practice, the distinction between electrical engineering and electronics is based on the
comparative strength of the electric currents (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182467/electric- 
current) used. In this sense, electrical engineering is the branch dealing with "heavy current"—that is, electric
light and power systems and apparatuses—whereas electronics engineering deals with such "light current"
applications as wire and radio communication, the stored-program electronic computer, radar, and automatic
control systems.

The distinction between the elds has become less sharp with technical progress. For example, in the high-
voltage transmission of electric power (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182711/electric-power),
large arrays of electronic devices are used to convert transmission-line current at power levels in the tens of
megawatts. Moreover, in the regulation and control of interconnected power systems, electronic computers are
used to compute requirements much more rapidly and accurately than is possible by manual methods.

The rapid proliferation of new discoveries, products, and markets in the electrical and electronics industries has
made it dif cult for workers in the eld to maintain the range of skills required to manage their activities.
Consulting engineers, specializing in new elds, are employed to study and recommend courses of action.

In the United States, the regulation of licensed professional engineers is handled at the state level. Thus,
requirements for licensure can and do vary by state. The basis for most of the state legislation however is the
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) Model Law.

There are four main components of obtaining professional engineering licensure:

1. Education
2. Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam
3. Work Experience
4. Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) Exam

Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines, the most popular of which are high Voltage engineering (Power
Companies), power engineering (Facilities), and power electronics. Although there are electrical engineers who
focus exclusively on one of these sub-disciplines, many deal with a combination of them. Sometimes certain
elds, such as electronic engineering and computer engineering, are considered separate disciplines in their own
right.

Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity as well as the design of
a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, and electric motors. Power engineers
may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such
systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the
grid, or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid, called off-grid power
systems, which in some cases are preferable to on-grid systems. The future includes Satellite controlled power
systems, with feedback in real time to prevent power surges and prevent blackouts.

DESCRIPTION
Electrical Engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, especially the
speci cation and design of electrical systems and equipment for power generation and distribution, control, and
communications. An electrical engineer who has a certi able bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from a
recognized School or University and satis es the requirements for Engineer In Training (EIT) and Professional
Engineer (PE) examinations and experience can apply for the state PE license. Once state registered, an Engineer

by law has a primary duty to protect the public safety, health, and welfare in the facility electrical systems design
by following and applying the latest building codes.
The Engineer of Record for the Electrical Systems Design is a state Registered Professional Engineer who
develops the electrical system design criteria, performs the analysis, and is responsible for the design,
speci cation, preparation, and delivery of the electrical documents for the construction of projects. Projects may
include private /public works, institutional, commercial facilities such as banks, of ce buildings (/building-
types/of ce-building), schools and colleges (/building-types/educational-facilities), hospitals (/building-
types/health-care-facilities/hospital), medical clinics (/building-types/health-care-facilities/outpatient-clinic),
retail stores, parking ramps (/building-types/parking-facilities), airports, manufacturing facilities, food
distribution centers, warehouses (/building-types/warehouse), data centers, department stores, jails, libraries
(/building-types/libraries), theaters, and courthouses (/building-types/federal-courthouse-1) etc.

An Electrical System is any system and assembly of electrical components, materials, utilities, equipment, work
system, machines, products, or devices which require electrical energy in order to perform their intended
function.

Electrical Engineering Documents: The electrical drawings, speci cations, reports and other documents setting
forth the overall design and requirements for the construction, alteration, modernization, repair, demolition,
arrangement, and/or use of the electrical system, or analysis or recommendations, as prepared by the Engineer
of Record for the Electrical System.

Electrical Component: An individual electrical device to be part of an electrical system.

Electrical: Any device or mechanism that operates due to the action of electricity.

Electrical Submittals: Submittals, catalog information on standard products, or drawings prepared solely to serve
as a guide for fabrication and installation and requiring no engineering input.

Codes and Standards: Those nationally recognized Codes and Standards adopted directly or by reference.

To specify and design facility electrical systems including power systems, lighting, communications, alarm
systems, lightning protection, grounding system and controls, an electrical engineer needs to coordinate his
effort with the fellow designers: Architect (/design-disciplines/architecture), Civil Engineer, Structural Engineer
(/design-disciplines/structural-engineering), HVAC/Plumbing Engineer (/design-disciplines/hvac-refrigerating-
engineering), Fire Protection Engineer (/design-disciplines/ re-protection-engineering), Voice/Data low voltage
technology, Building Security, Vertical Transportation, Electric Utility, Telephone Company, and Internet Access
etc.

POWER SYSTEMS DESIGN

1. Power systems distribute electrical energy. Major factors to be included in the design and analysis of these
systems are: proper voltage levels, balances and quality, system capacity, reliability and redundancy,
steady state and transient loads, short circuit protection (design and analysis), load ow, voltage drop,
harmonics, and protective device coordination. The power systems design shall meet the local building
codes, National Electrical Code (NEC), National Electrical Safety Code (NESC), and other applicable codes
and standards.


Photos 1A, 1B and 2 (left to right): Utility service

2. Electrical engineering documents applicable to power systems shall at a minimum indicate the following:
a. Electrical legend
b. System one line diagram or Riser Diagram
c. Conductor capacities (sizes) and insulation type
d. Protection devices and interrupting capability (Refer to Photo-2)
e. Utility Service (Refer to Photo 1A-B)
f. Transformer (Refer to Photo-3)
g. Main and distribution panel board locations and sizes (Refer to Photo-4)
h. Circuitry of all outlets and devices
i. Short circuit analysis
j. Load computations
k. Grounding and bonding
l. Low Voltage control diagrams
m. Schedules and details


Photo 3 (left): Transformer; Photo 4 (right): Electrical Room

LIGHTING SYSTEMS DESIGN

1. Lighting systems convert electrical energy into light. Items to be included in the lighting design and
analysis are: average illuminance, equivalent spherical illuminance, uniformity ratios, visual comfort
probability, special purpose lighting, and the requirements of the local, state, and federal and ASHRAE
90.1 Energy Ef ciency standards, and building Codes.
2. Electrical engineering documents for lighting systems shall, at a minimum, indicate the following:
a. Lighting xture performance speci cations and arrangements
b. Emergency Lighting
c. Exit Lighting
d. Lighting Control and circuiting

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS DESIGN

1. Communications systems are utilized to convey messages or data. Items to be included in the design or
analysis of these systems are: Human factors engineering, cabling requirements, installation
requirements, performance requirements, backup power requirements, the interrelationship of the
various systems, and applicable regulatory requirements.
2. Electrical engineering documents for communications systems shall, at a minimum, indicate the following:
a. System riser diagram
b. Equipment legend
c. Conductor type and installation requirements
d. Device type and locations
e. Backup power sources where applicable

ALARM SYSTEMS DESIGN 

 1. Alarm systems are used to monitor and alarm a re or other emergency condition. Items to be included in
the design or analysis of these systems are: structure alarm requirements, location and audibility, types of
alarms and initiation devices, noti cation requirements, installation requirements and backup power
requirements.
2. Design documents for alarm systems shall, at a minimum, indicate the following:
a. System riser diagram
b. Device types and locations
c. Type of conductors and installation requirements including rating identi cation and listing
requirements
d. Noti cation requirements
e. Backup power requirements

LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS DESIGN

1. Lightning Protection Systems are passive systems used to protect building and structures from damage
caused by lightning and static discharges. Items to be considered in the design or analysis of this system
include the requirements of NFPA 780.
2. Electrical engineering documents for lightning protection systems shall indicate:
a. Air terminals height and spacing
b. Arrangement of Main and Down conductors
c. Grounding points and spacing
d. Legend
e. Testing requirements of grounds

GROUNDING SYSTEMS DESIGN

1. Grounding Systems are passive systems used to establish an electrical potential reference point in an
electrical system for the proper dissipation of energy in case of abnormal or transient conditions.
2. Design documents for grounding systems shall indicate at a minimum the following:
a. type and location of grounding electrodes
b. bonding requirements
c. testing requirements
d. conductor material type, size and protection requirements
e. separate grounding systems, properly bonded, per code and use requirements

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS DESIGN

1. Instrumentation and control systems are used to automate processes. Items to be included in the design
and analysis of these systems are: reliability of control of critical processes, safety of personnel, and
suitability of instruments and control devices in the environment in which they are installed.
2. Electrical engineering documents for instrumentation and control systems shall indicate, at a minimum,
the following:
a. A description of the control system functions, or a functional diagram
b. Speci cations of control instruments and their location
c. Type of conductors and cables, and requirements for their installation

EMERGING ISSUES
Quality Assurance and Control of Construction Documents
Standardization, integration and promulgation of smart grid technology, smart power distribution system,
smart metering, smart peak load demand controls, smart building management systems etc.
Building commissioning or Integrated systems testing for building electrical, HVAC, all motor equipment
and control systems.
Energy Conservation
Renewable Energy
Energy Ef ciency

Emerging 3-D modeling platforms: BIM-Revit and Bentley

Coordination of design documents with: Architects, Interior Designer, Lighting Design, Structural
Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Low Voltage Technology

RELEVANT CODES AND STANDARDS

Telecommunications Industry Association (http://www.tiaonline.org/)
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard
(http://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy435/material/Cabling%20Standard%20-%20ANSI-TIA-
EIA%20568%20B%20-
%20Commercial%20Building%20Telecommunications%20Cabling%20Standard.pdf)
ANSI/TIA/EIA-569 Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunication Pathways and Spaces
(https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?document_name=TIA-569&item_s_key=00119503&rid=IHS)

Department of Defense (/ffc/dod)

AFH 32-1084 Facility Requirements (/ccb/browse_doc.php?d=3591)
ER 1105-2-100 Planning Guidance Notebook (http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-
regs/er1105-2-100/toc.htm)
MIL-HDBK-419A Volume 1: Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipment and
Facilities (/ffc/navy-navfac/criteria-manuals/mil-hdbk-419a-v1)
MIL-HDBK-419A Volume 2: Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipment and
Facilities (/ffc/navy-navfac/criteria-manuals/mil-hdbk-419a-v2)
Technical Guide for Installation Information Infrastructure Architecture (I3A)
TI 800-01 Design Criteria (/ccb/browse_doc.php?d=3043)
UFC 5-683/MO-116/AFJMAN 32-1083 Electrical Interior Facilities (/ccb/browse_doc.php?d=2993)
UFC 3-580-01 Telecommunications Building Cabling Systems Planning and Design
(/ffc/dod/uni ed-facilities-criteria-ufc/ufc-3-580-01)
UFC 3-580-10 Navy and Marine Corps Intranet (NMCI) Standard Construction Practices
(/ccb/browse_doc.php?d=2805)

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (http://www.nfpa.org/)

NFPA 70: National Electrical Code (http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-
standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=70)
NFPA 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace (http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and- 
standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards?mode=code&code=70E)
 NFPA 780: Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems
(http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards?
mode=code&code=780)
NFPA 90A: Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
(http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards?
mode=code&code=90A)
NFPA 101: Life Safety Code (http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-
standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=101)
NFPA 900: Building Energy Code (http://catalog.nfpa.org/NFPA-900-Building-Energy-Code-2016-
Edition-P16439.aspx)
NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code (http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-
codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=5000)

International Code Council (http://www.iccsafe.org)

International Building Code (https://www.iccsafe.org/codes-tech-support/codes/2018-i-codes/ibc/)
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) (http://www.iccsafe.org/)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (http://www.ieee.org)

National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) (http://standards.ieee.org/about/nesc/)

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
WBDG
BUILDING TYPES/SPACE TYPES
Applicable to all building types (/building-types) and space types (/space-types).

DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Aesthetics (/design-objectives/aesthetics), Cost-Effective (/design-objectives/cost-effective), Functional /
Operational (/design-objectives/functional-operational), Productive (/design-objectives/productive), Secure /
Safe (/design-objectives/secure-safe), Sustainable (/design-objectives/sustainable)

PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS

Building Envelope Design Guide (/systems-speci cations/building-envelope-design-guide) and Uni ed Facility
Guide Speci cations (UFGS) (/ffc/dod/uni ed-facilities-guide-speci cations-ufgs)

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Building Commissioning (/building-commissioning)

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATION 
AABC Commissioning Group (ACG) (http://www.aabc.com/commissioning/)
 Acoustical Society of America (ASA) (http://asa.aip.org)
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) (http://www.ari.org)
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) (http://www.aia.org)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (http://www.ansi.org)
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE)
(http://www.ashrae.org)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (http://www.asme.org)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (http://www.astm.org)
Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) (http://www.aeecenter.org)
Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) (http://www.boma.org)
California Commissioning Collaborative (CCC) (http://www.cacx.org)
Construction Speci cations Institute (CSI) (http://www.csinet.org)
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) (http://www.epri.com)
Electrical Testing Laboratories, Inc. (ETL)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (http://www.ieee.org)
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) (http://www.iesna.org)
Instrument Society of America (ISA) (http://www.isa.org)
International Code Council (ICC) (http://www.iccsafe.org)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (http://www.iso.org)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (http://www.nfpa.org)
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) (http://www.nibs.org)
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) (http://www.nema.org)
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) (http://www.up.com)
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) (http://www.usgbc.org)

GOVERNMENT
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (http://www.eia.gov)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) (http://www.lbl.gov)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (http://www.nist.gov)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (http://www.nrel.gov)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (http://www.ornl.gov)
Paci c Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) (http://www.pnnl.gov)
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) (http://www.sandia.gov)
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (http://www.energy.gov/) – Energy Ef ciency and Renewable Energy
(EERE) (http://energy.gov/eere/of ce-energy-ef ciency-renewable-energy)
Building Technologies Program
Distributed Energy Program
Federal Energy Management Program
Geothermal Technologies Program
Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Program
Industrial Technologies Program
Solar Energy Technologies Program
Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (http://www.epa.gov)

Clean Energy

Combined Heat and Power Partnership (CHP)
 Design for the Environment (DfE)
ENERGY STAR
Green Power Partnership
National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)

U.S. General Services Administration/Buildings (GSA) (http://www.gsa.gov)

PUBLICATIONS
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATIONS
Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Of ce Buildings (http://www.ashrae.org/standards-research--
technology/advanced-energy-design-guides) by ASHRAE, 2005. ISBN 1-931862-55-9

GOVERNMENT
Energy Management for Motor Driven Systems
(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/NN0116.pdf) by DOE/EERE, 2000.
ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual (/ccb/browse_doc.php?d=2993) by EPA
Greening Federal Facilities (/ffc/doe/criteria/doe-go-102001-1165) by DOE

PERIODICALS
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATIONS
ASHRAE Journal (http://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/periodicals/ashrae-journal), ASHRAE
Energy Engineering (http://aeecenter.metapress.com/app/home/main.asp?referrer=default), AEE
IAQ Applications (http://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/periodicals/ashrae-journal), ASHRAE

GENERAL
Building Design & Construction (http://www.bdcnetwork.com/), SGC Horizon, LLC.
Consulting-Specifying Engineer (http://www.csemag.com/), CFE Media, LLC
EC&M - Electrical Construction and Maintenance (http://ecmweb.com/)
Energy and Power Management, BNP Media
Engineered Systems (http://www.esmagazine.com/), BNP Media
edc - Environmental Design + Construction (http://www.edcmag.com/), BNP Media
Today's Facility Manager (http://www.todaysfacilitymanager.com/), Group C Media
HPAC Engineering (http://hpac.com/), Penton
Plant Engineering (http://www.plantengineering.com/magazine.html), CFE Media, LLC
PM Engineer (pme) (http://www.pmengineer.com/), BNP Media
Transmission & Distribution (http://tdworld.com/), Penton Media

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS TOOLS

Eaton (http://www.eaton.com/)
Schneider (http://www.schneider-electric.com/)

GE (http://www.ge.com/)
 Siemens (http://www.siemens.com/)

GOVERNMENT
AIRMaster+ (http://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/articles/airmaster), DOE/EERE
BDA (Building Design Advisor) (http://gaia.lbl.gov/BDA/), DOE/LBNL
BLCC (Building Life Cycle Cost) (/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc), NIST
Chilled Water System Analysis Tool (CWSAT), DOE/EERE
Combined Heat and Power Application Tool (CHPT), DOE/EERE
COMcheck-EZ (/additional-resources/tools/comcheck), DOE/EERE
DOE-2 (http://www.doe2.com/), DOE
ENERGY-10, DOE/NREL
EnergyPlus (/additional-resources/tools/energyplus), DOE
Fan System Assessment Tool (FSAT) (http://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/articles/fan-system-assessment-
tool), DOE/EERE
FEDS (The Facility Energy Decision System) (/tools/feds.php), DOE/PNNL
GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool (SFTool) (http://sftool.gov/explore/green-
building/section/10/hvac/integrative-design-process)—SFTool's immersive virtual environment addresses
all your sustainability planning, designing and procurement needs.
IAQ Building Education and Assessment Tool (I-BEAM) (http://www2.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq), EPA
MotorMaster+ (/tools/motormaster.php), DOE/EERE
NOx and Energy Assessment Tool (NxEAT), DOE/EERE
Pumping System Assessment Tool (PSAT) (http://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/articles/pumping-system-
assessment-tool), DOE/EERE
QuikChill, EPA
QuikFan, EPA

GENERAL
SKM (http://www.skm.com/)
ETAP (http://www.etap.com/)
Elite (http://www.elitesoft.com/)

TRAINING
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATIONS
Construction Speci cations Institute (CSI) (http://csinet.org/Main-Menu-Category/Education)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
(http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/subscriptions/clientservices/xplore_training.html)

GOVERNMENT
U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (http://femp.energy.gov)

INSTITUTIONAL 
University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Engineering - Department of Engineering Professional
Development (http://epdweb.engr.wisc.edu/)