Frequency Tracking Burst-Mode PDM-controlled Class-D Zero Voltage Soft-Switching Resonant Converter For Inductive Power Transfer Applications
Frequency Tracking Burst-Mode PDM-controlled Class-D Zero Voltage Soft-Switching Resonant Converter For Inductive Power Transfer Applications
TABLE I. C IRCUIT T OPOLOGIES AND P OWER C ONTROL S CHEMES FOR IPT S YSTEMS
The key idea of the proposed burst mode PDM is to It is understood from (4) that the magnetizing inductance
keep the ON-state of the low-side switch for suspending Lm varies with the position shift and gap-length between
the power transfer interval from the input dc source to the sending and the receiving coils, so that the power
the sending coils by sustaining the undamped resonant transmission efficiency can keep as close to maximum by
current due to the high load quality factor of WPT adjusting the operation frequency around the resonance
system. Accordingly, the oscillation between the parasitic frequency.
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JK Flip-Flop JK Flip-Flop
J Out1
J Out1 Switching Pulse Q Q1
Switching Pulse Q Q1
CLK Dead Time Pulse
Dead Time Pulse
CLK Generator
Generator Q Q2
Q Q2 K Pulse
K Pulse Out2
Out2
(a)
(a)
t t
t t
PDM Controlled Pulse PDM Controlled Pulse
t t
K K
t t
Q Q
t t
Out1 Pulse Out1 Pulse
t t
Out2 Pulse Out2 Pulse
t t
Q1 Pulse Q1 Pulse
OFF OFF
t
t Q2 Pulse
Q2 Pulse
OFF ON
t
iQ t iQ 2
2
t t
ip ip
t t
(b) Proposed PDM pattern of switch-gate pulse sequence.
(b)
Fig. 5. Proposed PDM pattern of switch-gate pulse: (a) pulse sequences,
Fig. 4. Conventional PDM pattern of switch-gate pulse:(a) logic circuit and (b) pulse sequence.
diagram, and (b) pulse sequences.
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vgs,Q1
M M
ON OFF
vgs,Q2 t
ZVS&ZCS ZVS
vQ2 iQ2 [Mode 2] [Mode 7]
Vin t
ZVS ZVS&ZCS
vC1 vC2 M M
t
vL1 iL1
[Mode 3] [Mode 6]
t
M M
vL2 iL2
t [Mode 4] [Mode 5]
vDo1 iDo1 Fig. 7. Voltage and current waveforms during switching one cycle.
Vo t
iDo2 ZCS vDo2 ZCS Do1
C1 C2 a2
Vo t
C1 C2 a 2
Rac
ZCS ZCS vQ2 Us
Ts/2 Ts Do2
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fig. 8. Simplified equivalent circuits based on FHA method.
a = k L1 /L2 as 4 0.08
1 0.085
G = 3 0.15
2 2 2
1 1 fr1 fms 2
a 1+ S − S fs + fs (Qr ξ − Qms )
2
(5)
fs fr1 fs fms 1
ξ= − − (6)
fr1 fs fms fs
where
S = Lm /L r ,Zms = a2 Lm /C2 ,Zms = 0
a Lm /C2 ,Z
2 Lr /C1 ,Qms = Zms /Rac and 460 480 500 520 540
r =
fms = 1/(2π Lm C2 /a2 ). Referring to the characteristic Switching frequency fs [kHz]
impedance ratio λms = Zms /Zr obtained from Fig. 9, the
three resonance frequencies are defined respectively under Fig. 9. Voltage conversion ratios versus switching frequency.
the condition of loose coupling coefficient by
1
fr = √ (7)
2π L1 C1
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Γ 2 −4fr 2 fms 2
Γ−
fr1=
2
(8) Receiving coil Do1-
Do2
Γ + Γ 2 −4fr 2 fms 2
fr2= (9)
2
where Γ=fr 2 +λms fr fms +fms 2. Furthermore, consider-
Sending coil
C2
ing the energy balance between the leakage inductance of
the sending and receiving coils and the switch parasitic C1
capacitances, the turn-off current iQx, off (the suffix x GateDrivers
denotes 1 / 2 for Q1 / Q2 ) which is relevant to the ZVS
condition is given by
DSP
1 1
L1 i2Qx, off > (Coss1 + Coss2 )Vin
2
. (10)
Q1-Q2
2 2
As a result, the lower limit value by which the turn-off Fig. 10. Exterior appearance of the prototype converter.
dv/dt of Q1 and Q2 can be determined as
Vin TABLE II. E XPERIMENTAL C IRCUIT PARAMETERS
iQ, off > (11)
L1 Item Symbol Value [unit]
(Coss1 +Coss2 )
DC input voltage Vin 100[V]
100 [V]
= (12) Switching frequency fs 510[kHz]
19 [μH] Output power rating Po 410[W]
(100 [pF]+100 [pF])
Input smoothing capacitor Cin 10[μF]
= 0.32[A] (13) Resonant capacitors C1 ,C2 5.3[nF]
It is possible to satisfy (13) and perform the ZVS oper- Output parasitic capacitance Coss 100 [pF]
ation using the resonant current of primary coils at the Output smoothing capacitor Co 10[μF]
Dead time interval Td 150 [ns]
zero crossing point with the frequency tracking controller.
Load resistor Ro 40[Ω]
Winding turns w1 /w2 5 / 5 [turn]
IV. E XPERIMENTAL V ERIFICATION Self inductance of sending coil L1 19 [μH]
The practical effectiveness of the proposed converter Self inductance of receiving coil L2 19 [μH]
is investigated by experiment. The exterior appearance Mutual inductance of L1 and L2 M 1.52 [μH]
of a 400 W-510 kHz prototype is shown in Fig.10. The Coupling coefficient of L1 and L2 k 0.08
Air gap length between L1 and L2 g 15 [cm]
circuit parameters and specifications are summarized in
TABLE II. ∗ Super Junction-MOSFET : IPW50R190CE, 550[V], 18.5[A]
∗ Do1 -Do2 : C3D20060D, 600[V], 28[A]
The observed voltage and current waveforms are
displayed in Fig.11, where zero-voltage and zero-current
soft-switching (ZVZCS) turn-on and ZVS turn-off op- from the result that both the output voltage and power
erations can be confirmed for the primary-side active can be continuously adjusted for a wide range of load
switches. The operating waveforms with the conventional variations.
and proposed PDM are depicted in Figs.12–14, respec-
The results of power loss analysis at the rated output
tively. It can be confirmed that the inverter current iL1
are shown in Fig.18. It can be seen from the result that
through the primary-side coil is continuously regulated
the switching loss is suppressed by the effect of edge-
in accordance with Dp . The surge currents occur at
resonant ZVS. Thus, it becomes clear that it is necessary
the turn-on transition of each active switch due to the
to reduce the copper loss of the high frequency LITZ
residual capacitive energy in Coss1 and Coss2 , which
wire in the power sending and receiving coils besides
is the phenomenon inherent to the conventional PDM-
suppressing the conduction loss of the switch. Power loss
controlled voltage source class-D inverter. In contrast to
analysis of the prototype converter is revealed in Fig. 18.
that, no surge current emerges at the turn-on transitions
It can be confirmed from the breakdown that the power
with the proposed burst mode PDM.
consumption of switches are reduced than the sending and
The steady-state characteristics of the output power receiving coils, so the elimination of surge and ringing is
versus the PDM duty ratio are presented in Fig.15, where proven by experimental data.
the wide range of power regulation is verified for the
The effectiveness of resonance frequency tracking is
proposed converter. The actual efficiency curve is pre-
confirmed by the open-loop controller against the gap
sented in Fig. 16 and the maximum efficiency is obtained
length variation. The efficiency versus gap length curves
as 72.4 % at Po = 220 W with gap-length g = 15 cm.
are presented in Fig.19 with the frequency variation
The characteristics for the load-resistance variations between 505 kHz–530 kHz for the unique load resistance.
are depicted in Fig.17 when the load resistance of the The resonant frequency slightly declines as the air-
prototype is changed from 25 Ω to 55 Ω. It can be seen gap expands and the coupling coefficient aggravates as
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vgs,Q1:(10V/div) vgs,Q1:(10V/div)
vgs,Q2:(10V/div) vgs,Q2:(10V/div)
iQ1 vQ1
vQ1
vQ2 iQ2
iQ1
vL1:(2kV/div) iL1
vQ2
vL2:(2kV/div) iL2 iQ2
vDo1 ip
iDo1
vDo2 is
iDo2
vgs,Q1:(10V/div) vgs,Q1:(10V/div)
vgs,Q2:(10V/div) vgs,Q2:(10V/div)
vQ1 vQ1
iQ1 iQ1
vQ2 vQ2
iQ2 iQ2
ip ip
is is
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1.2%
350 Proposed PDM Control 8.9% 2.2%
300 L1:copper losses
250 Q1,Q2:conduction losses 50.7%
200 13.0% Total Power loss
150 167[W]
100
L2:copper losses
50
23.9%
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pulse density Dp
Fig. 18. Experimental power loss analysis of IPT ZVS-prototype.
Fig. 15. Characteristics of output power vs. pulse density.
400
150 burst mode PDM schemes. The higher power and higher
300
efficiency can be observed over the whole range under
the same duty cycle of Dp by the proposed PDM. The
100
efficiency is improved with the proposed PDM, espe-
200 cially 29.4 % of efficiency escalation can be observed as
Output power Po 50 maximum at the pulse Dp = 0.5. Thus, the practical
100 effectiveness of the proposed PDM control is actually
Output voltage Vo verified herein.
0 0
20 30 40 50 V. C ONCLUSION
Road resistor Ro [Ω]
A burst mode PDM controlled ZVS class-D resonant
converter for IPT systems has been proposed, which is
Fig. 17. Characteristic the load variation under same gap.
featured by resonant frequency tracking for high power
factor and wide range of soft switching. The validity
of the proposed converter has been demonstrated by
demonstrated in Fig. 9. This graph shows the effectiveness experiment, and the advantageous technologies over the
of the frequency tracking that can suppress the MOSFET conventional PDM scheme has been clarified. The power
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100 [5] W. Li, H. Zhao, S. Li, J. Deng, T. Kan, and C.C. Mi, ”Integrated
Proposed PDM Control LCC compensation topology for wireless charger in electric and
90 plug-in electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Ind Electron., vol.62, no,7,
Output power Po [W]
R EFERENCES
[1] G.A. Covic, and J.T. Boys, ”Inductive Power Transfer,” Proc. The
IEEE, vol.101. no.6, pp.1276-1289, Jun. 2013.
[2] S.Y.R. Hui, W. Zhong, and C.K. Lee, ”A critical review of recent
progress in mid-range wireless power transfer,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol.29, No.9, pp.4500–4511, Sep. 2014.
[3] U.K. Madawala, and D.J. Thrimawithana, ”A bidirectional induc-
tive power interface for electric vehicles in V2G systems,” IEEE
Trans. Ind Electron., vol.58, no,10, pp.4789-4796, Oct. 2011.
[4] G. Buja, M. Bertoluzzo, and K.N. Mude, ”Design and experi-
mentation of WPT charger for electric city car,” IEEE Trans. Ind
Electron., vol.62, no.12, pp.7436-7447, Dec. 2015.
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