DISCIPLINE WORKING PROGRAMME

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

For appointing responsible people

Educational Area of study

programme
code
01.06.01 Mathematics and Mechanics
02.06.01 Computer Information Sciences
03.06.01 Physics and Astronomy
04.06.01 Chemical Sciences
05.06.01 Earth Sciences
07.06.01 Architecture
08.06.01 Engineering and Technology of Construction
09.06.01 Informatics and Computer Facilities
11.06.01 Electronics, Radio Engineering and Communication Systems
13.06.01 Power and Heat Engineering
14.06.01 Nuclear, Thermal and Renewable Energy and Related Technologies
15.06.01 Mechanical Engineering
18.06.01 Chemical Technology
20.06.01 Technosphere Safety
22.06.01 Material Technologies
27.06.01 Controls in Technical Systems
37.06.01 Psychological Sciences
38.06.01 Economy
39.06.01 Sociological Sciences
44.06.01 Education and Pedagogical Sciences
45.06.01 Science of Language and Literary Studies
47.06.01 Philosophy, Ethics and Religious Studies
49.06.01 Physical Culture and Sports
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COURSE ON HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
The working programme of the course is compiled in accordance with the Federal State
Educational Standards of Higher Professional Education

1.1 Abstract of the course contents

The programme of the History and Philosophy of Science discipline was developed taking
into account the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
Modern approaches to teaching and the prospects for the development of Russian and European
education and science. Contemporary scientific culture and social conditions of the information
society stipulate the need for multifaceted training delivery to the research personnel. Therefore,
the basic competence, which is developed in people assigned to take the PhD examination through
mastering the History and Philosophy of Science discipline, is the ability to complete the theoretical
and research work. Theoretical thinking promotes creativity in approaches to the creation of
scientific concepts and the development of new technical solutions. The development of theoretical
thinking will allow the future researcher not only to meet the actual needs of the state and society
but also think strategically and make creative scientific and technical products that are ahead of the
times.
The ability to theoretically think and transform ideas into research is the basic competence
of any researcher. Understanding the essence of theoretical thinking, its difference from direct
perception of reality allows developing the ability to perceive interdisciplinary links and comprehend
the unity of scientific knowledge, the laws of nature and society.
The presented conception of the History and Philosophy of Science course is based on the
best Russian and European experiences in the field of future researcher training. This applies
primarily to the fact that the content of the training course focuses not only on the philosophical
problems of scientific knowledge but also covers a fairly wide range of practice-oriented issues
directly related to the development of modern methods of scientific activity, scientific creativity and
generation of new scientific ideas.

The novelty of the presented curriculum for the History and Philosophy of Science course:
- master the ways of building an individual trajectory of an academic career and promoting the
research activity outputs:
- introduce active forms of learning, training technologies related to the creation, discussion,
correction, design and presentation by future scientists of the results of their own research
activities;
- focus on the research work (analysis of the historical formation of the scientific problem under
study; writing a research paper based on the course);
- focus on developing the student’s professional qualities and encouraging his/her intellectual
initiatives;
- address the scientific activity ethics not only with respect to its results and outputs (technical
inventions, scientific concepts) but also the intellectual culture in general, scientific values and
traditions as well as the scholar’s self-awareness.

The purpose of the History and Philosophy of Science course is to enable an assigned person
to create an integrated image of the essence of science, the main stages of the history of science and
the philosophical foundations of its historical consideration, the structural elements of scientific
methodology and the philosophical interpretation of its problems.

Course Objectives:
- study the main sections of Philosophy of Science;
- get acquainted with the basic modern concepts of science;
- acquire skills of independent scientific and philosophical analysis and assessment of the content of
scientific problems.

Planned outcomes of mastering the discipline

The result of mastering the discipline is the formation of the following universal
competences (UC):
- the ability to critically analyse and evaluate current scientific achievements, generate new
ideas in solving research and practical problems including in interdisciplinary areas (UC-1);
- the ability to design and implement complex research including interdisciplinary ones on
the basis of an integral system-based scientific world outlook using the knowledge in the field of
History and Philosophy of Science (UC -2);
- readiness to participate in the work of Russian and international research teams in solving
scientific and scientific educational problems (UC -3);
- the ability to follow ethical standards in professional activities (UC -5 for directions
07.06.01, 08.06.01, 09.06.01, 11.06.01, 13.06.01, 14.06.01, 15.06.01, 18.06.01, 20.06.01, 22.06.01,
27.06.01, 38.06.01, 39.06.01, 44.06.01, 49.06.01);
- the ability to plan and solve the tasks of their own professional and personal development
(UC -5 for directions 01.06.01, 02.06.01, 03.06.01, 04.06.01. 05.06.01, 37.06.01, 45.06.01, 47.06.01);
(UC -6 for directions 07.06.01, 08.06.01, 09.06.01, 11.06.01, 13.06.01, 14.06.01, 15.06.01, 18.06.01,
20.06.01, 22.06.01, 27.06.01, 38.06.01, 39.06.01. 44.06.01, 49.06.01).

As a result of mastering the discipline the students should:

Know:
- the conceptual categorical mechanism of History and Philosophy of Science:
- historical stages in the development of scientific knowledge, basic research schools and trends in
History and Philosophy of Science;
- the logic of development and the methodology of science;
- the essence and specificity of theoretical knowledge, types of scientific rationality;
- the main regularities and tendencies of modern scientific research in specific areas of scientific
knowledge;
- the fundamentals of the organization of the scientific research work;
- ethical norms and values of the scientist’s professional activity.
Be able to:
- critically analyse and objectively evaluate modern scientific ideas and achievements;
- use scientific methods and techniques in the cognitive activity;
- define promising directions of research, to design and carry out complex scientific research
including interdisciplinary ones;
- apply the knowledge of History and Philosophy of Science to solving specific problems of the
dissertational research;
- competently present the results of their scientific activity, plan and solve the problems of their own
professional and personal development.
Master:
- the conceptual technique and methodology of the philosophical analysis of phenomena and
processes in the field of science;
- the skills of a systematic approach to the evaluation of the history of science and the analysis of
scientific problems;
- the skills of independent formulation and solution of the scientific research problem;
- the skills of reflexive knowledge and conducting scientific discussions.
2. CONTENTS OF THE COURSE

Code of the
section
and the Section, topic of the course Contents
theme

1. General Issues of Philosophy of Science

Science in the culture of modern civilization. Science as the
generation of new knowledge, as a social institution, as a special
sphere of culture. Philosophy of Science in the system of
philosophical knowledge.
Subject and the main issues of philosophy of science. The variety of
types of scientific knowledge. Types of extra-scientific knowledge.
The problem of demarcation and scientific criteria, the problem of
truth, the problem of universality and the necessity of the
provisions of science. Verification and falsification.
The basic concepts of philosophy of science: relativism, fallibilism,
evolutionary epistemology, empirical constructivism. The positivist
tradition in philosophy of science. K. Popper’s, I. Lakatos’s P.
Feyerabend’s and M. Polanyi’s concepts. The problem of
externalism and internalism. M. Weber’s and A. Koire’s concepts.
Logico-epistemological approach to the philosophy of science.
Subject and the General Issues of
1.1 Postpositivism.
Philosophy of Science
Functions of science in the society life: science as a world outlook
and as a productive and social force. Science and philosophy,
science and religion, science and art. Philosophical foundations of
science. Functions of philosophy in the scientific knowledge.
Methods and methodology. The main function of methods. F.
Bacon and R. Descartes on the method of obtaining scientific
knowledge. The issue of methods and methodology in modern
Western philosophy. Classification of methods. A multi-layer
concept of methodological knowledge. Philosophical, general
scientific, specific scientific, disciplinary and interdisciplinary
methods. Dialectical and metaphysical methods of thinking in the
system of scientific activity.
Differentiation and integration of sciences. The problem of
classification and classification of sciences. Natural, humanitarian
and technical sciences. Fundamental and applied sciences.
World outlook features and values of traditional and technology-
related types of society. Pre-science and science in the strict sense
of the word.
Philosophical problems of the formation of scientific knowledge in
The history of science in its
Antiquity. Theoretical knowledge in ancient Greek philosophy: the
connection with the development
1.2 discovery of supersensible reality in ancient philosophy. Ancient
of society
logic and mathematics. Philosophy and science in the Middle Ages.
Development of logical norms of scientific thinking. Medieval
university. Western and Eastern medieval science.
The science formation in the new European culture. The formation
of the ideals of mathematized and experimental knowledge: R.
 Bacon. W. Occam, Oxford School. World outlook and sociocultural
preconditions of the emergence of the experimental method: G.
Galilei. F. Bacon. R. Descartes. Scientific and Industrial Revolution.
Science as a professional activity. Industrial society and industrial
science. Technological applications of science. The formation of
technical sciences. The formation of social and human sciences.
The scientific knowledge as a complex evolving system. Special
aspects of the empirical and theoretical levels of science. Special
aspects of the empirical and theoretical language of science.
The empirical knowledge structure. The experiment and
observation. An empirical fact. The problem of theoretical loading
of a fact. The role of facts in scientific knowledge.
The theoretical knowledge structure. Theoretical models and laws.
K. Popper on the main criteria of the theoretical system. The
developed theory. Hypothetical-deductive concept of the
theoretical knowledge. Rationality and theoretical nature as
properties of scientific thinking. Purposes and functions of the
theoretical knowledge. Procedures for the theoretical knowledge
1.3 The scientific knowledge structure
substantiation. The logic of the discovery and the logic of the
justification, their interdependence. Mathematisation of the
theoretical knowledge. Law. Types of scientific laws. The unity of
the theory and practice.
Foundations of science. Philosophical foundations of science.
Heuristics of the scientific search. Ideals and norms of the scientific
research. The scientific character ideal: humanitarian,
mathematical, physical. Formation of a new scientific character
ideal. Approximation of the ideals of natural science and social and
humanitarian cognition. The scientific picture of the world.
Historical forms of the scientific picture of the world. Functions of
the scientific picture of the world.
Historical variability of mechanisms for the generation of the
scientific knowledge. The role of traditions and innovations in the
emergence of new knowledge.
The dynamics of the scientific knowledge. Cumulative and non-
cumulative models of the science development. The influence of
new theoretical ideas on the world outlook. The problem of the
The dynamics of science. Scientific
1.4 emergence of new theoretical ideas. The implicit knowledge in the
traditions and innovations
scientific theory and methods of generating new ideas.
The concept of T. Kuhn’s scientific revolutions. Scientific revolutions
and their sociocultural foundations. The problem of typology of
scientific revolutions. World outlook preconditions for global
scientific revolutions. Intra-disciplinary and interdisciplinary
mechanisms of scientific revolutions
The prognostic role of the philosophical knowledge. Synergetics
about the development of knowledge.
Global revolutions and types of the scientific rationality. The value
of the scientific rationality. Historical change of types of the
scientific rationality: classical, non-classical, post-non-classical
science. Analytical (differential) and synthetic (integral) stages in
the development of science. The problem of the unity of the
 scientific knowledge.
Science as a social institution: different approaches to the
definition. Institutional forms of scientific activity, their historical
development and significance. Scientific communities and their
historical types. Scientific schools.
Historical traditions in the development of the scientific knowledge.
Science as a social institution Methods of translation of the scientific knowledge. The growing
1.5
role of science in the society. The role of science in the modern
education and the formation of personality. Functions of science in
the life of the society.
Scientism and technocracy. Anti-scientism. Computerization of
science and its social consequences. Science and economics.
Science and power. The problem of state regulation of science.
Special aspects of the modern stage of science development.
The variety of concepts of the modern epistemology. New research
programmes: K. Gempel. P. Suppens, W. Quine. Synergetics.
Heuristic. The model of communicative rationality. The role of
information in the development of the scientific knowledge.
Postnonclassical science. The change of worldviews of industrial
civilization. Modern scientific and technical inventions and their
worldview significance. Postnonclassical scientific rationality.
Scientism and anti-scientism. Cybernetics, artificial intelligence,
information technology.
Modern problems of integration and differentiation of sciences.
Comprehensive research. Complicating the scientific knowledge
Special aspects of the modern
system.
stage of science development.
1.6 Modern philosophy about the laws of the cognitive activity process.
Prospects for scientific and
New strategies for scientific research. The formation of a new
technological progress
paradigm. The modern scientific picture of the world and actual
scientific research. Global evolutionism. The role of science in
overcoming modern global crises.
Standards of the scientific activity. Ethics of science. R. Merton’s
concept. Freedom of the scientific inquiry. New ethical problems in
science in the late XX century. The scientist’s social responsibility.
Ethical violations in the field of science. The problem of the
humanitarian control in science and high technologies. Ecological
and socio-humanitarian expertise of scientific and technical
projects.
V.I. Vernadsky’s teaching on the biosphere, the technosphere and
the noosphere.
Actual directions of the modern scientific research. Scientific grants
and trends in the development of science and society. Modern
criteria of the scientific character. Scientific research: theme, goals,
objectives, object, subject, methodology. Doxography in scientific
Fundamentals of scientific research
research. The scientific group and the organization of scientific
1.7 and promotion of the scientific
research.
theory
Modern scientific projects. Modern criteria for the novelty of the
scientific research. Justification of the practical importance of
scientific research work. The problem of promoting the scientific
theory and technical invention. The theory and inventions as a
 "product" of promotion. Representation of the scientific theory.
Criticism and the concept protection.
The modern intellectual environment. Specificity of the modern
scientific activity. Great scientific discoveries and great scientists.
Becoming a scientist. The individual trajectory of personal and
professional development. Organization and methodology of
generating new scientific ideas.
A scientific article as an author's concept. Techniques for writing
scientific articles. A scientific report and scientific discussion.
Interdisciplinarity and complexity as requirements of modern
scientific research.
2. Philosophical problems of branches of the scientific knowledge
The natural-philosophical roots of physics. Paradigms of the
natural-scientific knowledge. The physical picture of the world and
its historical variants. The problem of creating the theory of all
interactions (the "theory of everything"). Contemporary perception
of nature and the universe. The quantum physics. The theory of
relativity. String theory. Physics as the basis of natural sciences:
physics and chemistry, physics and biology. Ontological problems of
physics. Synergetics as a paradigm of the scientific knowledge.
Uncertainty, randomness, nonlinearity of natural processes.
Philosophical problems of natural
2.1 Gnoseological problems of the physical knowledge. Modern
science
interpretation of philosophical and general scientific concepts:
matter, space and time, a particle. A modern experiment in physics.
Philosophical problems of chemistry. Physicalization of chemistry.
Teaching on the chemical elements and the matter composition,
structural chemistry, chemistry of self-organization, structural
chemistry. Philosophical problems of biology. Issues of genetic
engineering. Physics and chemistry in modern biology. An
experiment in the biological knowledge. Ethical issues of biological
sciences.
Technogeneous society and technocracy. Specificity of engineering
sciences. Relationship of science and technology. The main
interpretation of the concept of "technology". Engineering
philosophy of technology. The concept of organoprojection.
Philosophical problems of Humanistic philosophy of technology. Philosophical problems of
2.2
engineering sciences the information society. The concept of virtual reality. The Internet
and global informational networks. Philosophical bases of technical
creativity. The problem of new technical solutions. The technical
product and the social environment. Promotion of a scientific and
technical invention.
Specificity of social and humanitarian research. Methodology of the
social and humanitarian knowledge. Specification of the subject
and object in the humanitarian and social knowledge. The structure
of the social and humanitarian knowledge. Classification of
Philosophical problems of social
2.3 sciences. The role of the humanitarian and social knowledge in the
and human sciences
development of society. The current state of social and human
sciences. Specificity of creation, presentation and promotion of
social and humanitarian scientific research. The modern status of
the philosophical knowledge. Historical science and its
 methodology. Special aspects of the cultural approach. Sociology
and Economics. Psychology and its subject matter. The theme of
everyday life as an object of modern science. Ethical and
communication aspects of the human and social knowledge.
3. History of the science branches
The general picture of the development of chemistry. Formation of
unified ideas about substances and their chemical transformations
for all chemistry, about chemical interactions, systems and their
general laws. Evolution of chemical disciplines and ideas from their
History of Chemical Science incarnations until the end of the 20th century. Development of
3.1
basic research methods in chemistry. The natural logical and
historical relationship between the development of separate
directions (chemical structure and chemical bond, chemical
thermodynamics and chemical kinetics). The interaction of
chemistry with other sciences in their historical development.
The physical knowledge in Antiquity. From natural philosophy to
Archimedes’ statics and Ptolemy’s geocentric system. Physics of the
Middle Ages (XI-XIV centuries). Academic stagnation of European
science. The emergence of universities. Physics in the Renaissance
and the Copernican revolution in astronomy (XV - XVI centuries).
Newton's creation of the basics of classical mechanics. The
beginning of the formation of classical physics on the basis of an
exact experiment, the phenomenological approach and the
mathematical analysis. Physics of thermal phenomena. An
experimental breakthrough into the microcosm; the crisis of
classical physics: electromagnetic field in the world. M. Planck’s
3.2 History of Physics quantum theory of radiation. A. Einstein’s light quanta. A particular
theory of relativity. General theory of relativity. I. Bor’s quantum
theory of the hydrogen atom and its generalization. Quantum
mechanics. Quantum electrodynamics. Relativistic quantum theory
of an electron and quantum field theory. Baselines of development
of modern physics. Nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
Problems of the controlled thermonuclear process. General
characteristics of the quantum-relativistic picture of the world
(paradigm). Unresolved problems of physics in the early XXI
century. The problem of a unified theory of four fundamental
interactions. Quantum theory of gravity and superstrings. The
problem of future scientific revolutions in physics.
The major milestones and development trends of the biological
knowledge. Methodology of historical and biological research.
Forms and types of scientific revolutions in biology. Evolution of
methods of the biological knowledge and the language of biological
sciences. History of biology and classification of biological sciences.
History of Biology The place of the history of biology in modern natural science and
the humanities. The relationship between biology, religion,
philosophy, art, politics and ethics. Cognitive history of biology in
the socio-cultural context. The influence of biology on social and
political movements of the 20th century and its role in solving
global problems of the present.

The origins of the mathematical knowledge. Mathematics of the

 Ancient World. Ancient Greece. Sources. The birth of mathematics
as a theoretical science. Medieval mathematics as a specific period
in the development of the mathematical knowledge. Mathematics
and scientific and technological revolution of the XVI-XVII centuries.
A mechanical picture of the world and mathematics. New forms of
organization of science. The development of computing tools - the
invention of logarithms. Mathematics of the XIX century.
Organization of mathematical education and mathematical
History of Mathematics research. Leading mathematical schools. A reform of the
mathematical analysis. The theory of ordinary differential
equations. Evolution of geometry in the XIX and the early XX
centuries. Evolution of algebra in the XIX – the first third of the XX
century. Mathematics of the XX century. The major milestones of
the mathematical community life - before the First World War,
between the first and second world wars, in the second half of the
XX century. Mathematical congresses, international organizations,
publishing activities, prizes.
Mechanics in antiquity. Archimedes’s mechanics. Archimedes as a
representative of a new generation of scientists. His research into
hydrostatics (the treatise On Floating Bodies) and the definition of
the gravity centre (the treatise On the Equilibrium of Planar
Figures). The law of the lever. Five simple machines. European
mechanics in the era of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance.
General characteristics of the era. Paris and Oxford schools. The
problems of space and motion in mechanics. The theory of the
impetus from Filopon to Buridan. The theory of intensification and
remission of qualities. Calculators. Leonardo da Vinci as a
mechanic. Italian natural philosophy. The scientific revolution of
the XVI-XVII centuries. The crisis of theoretical astronomy. Creation
of the heliocentric system by Copernicus, its main provisions.
Declinational movement and a pair of forces. Experimental
achievements in celestial mechanics before the invention of the
telescope. Newton's mechanics. Correspondence with Robert
History of Mechanics Hooke concerning the trajectory of the falling body and the history
of the origin of the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
Development of hydromechanics after Newton. Hydrostatics in A.
Clairaut’s works (Théorie de la figure de la terre , The Theory of the
Figure of the Earth) and in L. Euler’s works (Naval Science and
General Principles of the Equilibrium of Liquids). The development
of celestial mechanics after Newton. P.S. Laplace’s works, The
System of the World, Celestial Mechanics. Cosmogonic hypotheses.
The problem of the stability of the solar system. Mechanics in the
XIX century. The industrial revolution of the late XVIII-XIX centuries.
Mechanics as a servant of technology. Paris Polytechnic School and
their development of problems of mechanics. The theory of friction
(Charles-Augustin de Coulomb). The further differentiation of
mechanical research; The emergence of new disciplines; gas
dynamics, boundary layer theory, the mechanics of gyroscopes,
nonlinear dynamics, the theory of dynamical systems, etc.
Relativistic mechanics. The concept of quantum mechanics.
 Mechanics and the exploration of outer space.
The major milestones and factors of the formation and
development of technical sciences in the context of universal
history. The history of research development, increment of
scientific and technical knowledge in the developing system of
technical sciences. Distinguishing between techne and episteme in
antiquity: technology without science and science without
technology. Technical knowledge in the Middle Ages (V-XIV cc.).
The handicraft knowledge and specificity of its translation.
Differences and commonality of alchemical and craft recipes.
Attitude to innovations and inventors. The emergence of
interrelations between science and technology. Technical
knowledge of the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries.). Change of
attitude towards invention activities. Polydore Vergil’s De
Inventoribus Rerum (On the Inventors of Things) (1499). The
scientific revolution of the 17th century: the development of the
experimental method and the mathematization of natural science
as prerequisites for the application of scientific results in
engineering. The stage of formation of interrelations between
engineering and experimental natural science (XVIII – the first half
of XIX centuries).
The industrial revolution of the late XVIII - mid XIX centuries. The
invention of a universal heat engine (James Watt, 1784) and the
formation of machine production. Formation and development of
technical sciences and engineering community (the second half of
the XIX-XX centuries). Development of classical technical sciences:
technical sciences of the mechanical cycle, the system of heat
engineering disciplines and the system of electrical engineering
History of Technical Sciences disciplines. The invention of radio and the creation of theoretical
foundations of radio engineering. Evolution of the technical
sciences in the second half of the XX century. System-integrative
trends in modern science and technology. Inquiry and design of
complex "man-machine" systems: system analysis and systems
engineering, ergonomics and engineering psychology, technical
aesthetics and design. Formation of complex scientific and
technical disciplines. Ecologization of engineering and technical
sciences. The problem of assessing the impact of technology on the
environment. Engineering ecology.
History of pre-electronic Information Technology. Mechanical
and electromechanical devices and machines. Ch.Babbage’s
analytic machine (1837) and the first machine program. Analog
computing technology. Differential analyzers. Algebra of logic
(George Boole, 1947). Logical machines. Formalization of the
History of Information concept of "algorithm". The Alan Turing abstract machine (1936).
Technology Programmable-controlled digital computer systems using
electromechanical relays. The rise of electronic informatics.
Technical and social prerequisites. The invention of a lamp trigger.
Electronic impulse counters. The growth of necessary computations
volumes in research and development work.
First computer projects. The Atanasoff–Berry working machine
 model (1939) and the construction of a trial nodel. The concept of a
machine with a stored programme. The origin of programming.
Programming in the machine language and character expressions.
The development of a computer, problematic and system
programming. Machines and programmes as components of the
end- product of the information industry. Evolution of proportions.
The world information industry. Changes during the 1950-1990’s.
The miniaturization of elements throughout the history of
computer technology - from the first counting devices to the
modern ECM. Semiconductor integrated circuits as the
technological basis for the development of computer science from
1965 to the present day. Moore's Law. The limited range of
opportunities for any means of increasing efficiency (software,
structural ones, network or with the help of intelligent models,
etc.) in comparison with the opportunities provided by the
integration of semiconductor circuits. The first decade of the XX
century. Possibilities of integrated circuit technology and projects
in the field of Information Technology which are under
implementation.
Ancient philosophy as historically the first form of the European
thought, its birth on the basis of civilization and culture.
Periodization of ancient philosophy and sources of its study.
Medieval philosophy. The socio-historical context of the formation
of medieval philosophy. Patriotic philosophy. Scholastic philosophy.
Early Middle Ages. Scholasticism of the twentieth century. Mature
scholasticism. Augustinism and its role in the development of
scholasticism. Late scholasticism. Specific features of philosophy of
the Renaissance, its integral unity with the culture, art and science
of that epoch. Michelangelo, Rafael, Leonardo da Vinci. Philosophy
of nature and science of modern times. Mathematics, physics and
History of Philosophy metaphysics in Cartesianism. Mechanism and its philosophical
justification. The study of man in the philosophy of modern times.
The natural phenomena in man and the human "nature" (essence).
Investigation of the problems of cognition and methodology.
Rationalism and its struggle against empiricism. German classical
philosophy in the context of the social and cultural situation in
Europe and Germany in the second half of the XVIII century and the
first half of the XIX century. Philosophy and other sciences. The role
of German classical philosophy in rethinking and enriching the new
European humanism. The modern philosophy. Philosophy of life.
Positivism. Pragmatism. Phenomenology. Psychoanalysis.
Existentialism.

Elements of socio-scientific knowledge among pre-Socratics.

Heraclitus and the peculiarities of the pre-Socratic understanding
of society. The problem of society among the Pythagoreans.
General problems of ancient social and scientific knowledge and its
antinomy. Society and the state in the philosophy of Plato and
Aristotle. Augustine’s socio-philosophical views. The idea of the
collapse of ancient civilization. Thomas Aquinas and the Christian
interpretation of the Aristotelian understanding of society. N.
 Machiavelli and ‘Machiavellisation’ of the ancient social and
scientific knowledge. Socio-scientific knowledge as an instrument
of political power. Development of social and scientific knowledge
on the basis of ethical and state and legal theories of the XV-XVII
History of Sociology
centuries. Sociological ideas of the Enlightenment. Sociological
meaning of the concept of ‘Enlightenment’. The idea of progress
(creators and religious sense) Approval of the idea of progress in
the new European social thinking. O. Contes: Theoretical sociology
as a type of social philosophy. The problem of division of social
statics and social dynamics.
K. Marx's sociological theory. The theory of social systems and the
notion of social formation. The theory of social development. The
theme of classes and class struggle. The significance of Marx's
sociology. The peculiarity of sociological thought in Russia. P.Ya.
Chaadayev’s social philosophy. Chaadayev’s take on the
development of the world, the role of religious identity in the social
process. Modern sociology. Afred Weber: the experience of
synthesizing sociology and social philosophy. Alfred Weber and
Max Weber: worldview divergences and theoretical and
methodological disagreements. Weber's cultural sociology of
history as an instrument of social diagnostis. Managerialism as a
social theory of post-industrial society. The technocratic tradition in
American sociology. Sociology in search of the metaparadigm.
Criticism of the old ones and the search for new models of
explanation in the post-crisis sociological theory.
The origin of pedagogical thought in the conditions of the most
ancient civilizations of the East and in the Ancient World.
Pedagogical thought in the era of the formation of the European
civilization. The influence of the traditions of the ancient culture on
the development of education. The development of Christian views
on man and his upbringing. The state of schooling. Church and
secular-minded schools. The Christianity dissent, its influence on
the development of education, upbringing and pedagogical
thought. Formation of pedagogy as a science in the countries of
Western Europe (XVII - XVIII centuries.). Development of school
education. The emergence of new types of schools (gymnasiums in
Germany, colleges in France, grammar schools in England). The
History of Pedagogy stages of age-related human development in the school system
according to Ya. A. Comenius. The content of upbringing and
education. Didactic principles, rules and methods of teaching.
Awareness of the features of children's development. The teacher’s
role. School and pedagogical thought in Russia in the XVIII century.
Enlightening reforms of the early XVIII century. Foundation of
public schools. Vocational Schools Foundation. L.F. Magnitsky’s and
V.N. Tatishchev’s activities as the precondition of formation of a
technique of vocational education. Pedagogy in the countries of
Western Europe and the United States in the XIX century (until the
1890s.). Different types of schools. Ideas and pedagogical activity of
teachers-philanthropists (I.B.Bazedov, X.Zaltsman). Issues of
preparing children for practical work as an element of general
 education.
Pedagogical thought in Russia (until the 1890s). Development of
the system of education on the basis of the Charter of Educational
Institutions in 1804. The Charter of Educational Institutions of
1828. Strengthening the state role in the schooling organization.
The development of general and vocational education in the 1830-
40s. Pedagogical institutes at universities. Foreign pedagogy and
school at the close of the XIX – at the outset of the XX centuries.
The major directions of the development of pedagogy and school in
Europe and North America. Reformatory pedagogy or ‘new
education’; ‘free education’. The foreign school and pedagogy in
the modern era (from the end of the First World War to the 1990s).
Changes in the organization of education and schooling in Western
Europe and the United States. Expansion of non-traditional
approaches to the organization of learning and their
implementation in school practice: the method of projects.
Winnetka-plan. Howard plan, Dalton-plan. ‘Centres of interest’, the
Yen plan, and others. School and pedagogy abroad after the Second
World War. Changes in the work of schools in leading countries of
Western Europe and the United States. The search for new
educational means: programmed instruction, computerization of
training. Development of educational standards. Discussions about
the possibility of training certain categories of anomalous children
in a mass school. Experience of such work. School and pedagogy in
Russia after the Great Patriotic War.
The specific character of the ancient world picture in the
philosophical and political dimension. Political ideas of
philosophers-pre-Socratics. The worldview of the ancient
Enlightenment in the sphere of politics. Political rationalism and
political ethics of the Sophists. Plato’s political theory. Plato’s
theory of power, political anthropology and Plato’s ethics.
Aristotle’s political teaching. Anticipation of the ideas of the ‘mass
society’, the middle class, political centralism in Aristotle’s political
theory. Political anthropology and Aristotle’s ethics.
Political thought in Ancient Rome. Polity’s idea of the cyclic political
development. Cicero’s political ideas. The significance of the
Christianity dissent in the change of the political picture of the
History of Political Science world in Europe. The Christian type of personality and its attitude
to politics. The dualism of the City of God and the Civitas Terrestris
in Augustine’s concept as a paradigm of Christian political thought.
General characteristics of the early Catholic picture of the world in
the political dimension. The medieval theocratic ideal and its
influence on the development of political thought. Political ideas of
Thomas Aquinas. The principle of the supremacy of religious
authority over the secularism. The political ethics of Thomism and
its political ideal. The importance of the struggle between
nominalism and realism in the development of political thought in
the European Middle Ages. Philosophers-nominalists as an
opposition to the papal theocracy. William Ockham and his
nominalistic political theory. W. Ockham’s concept of separation of
political and spiritual (religious) powers. The idea of autonomy of
politics, the heuristic and technological (power technology)
potential of this idea. The political ideal of a self-governing city-
commune as a forerunner of political ideology of European
republicanism. Political thought of medieval Rus. Hilarion’s, the
Metropolitan of Kiev, teaching and the relationship of law and
God’s grace. Orthodox political anthropology and ethics in
Hilarion’s teaching (The Word of Law and Grace) and in Nestor’s
teaching (The Tale of Bygone Years). Issues of power, state and law
in Vladimir Monomakh’s Morals.
Niccolo Machiavelli: a revolution in political thought connected
with the division of politics and ethics; from the notion of fair
power to the notion of effective power. The phenomenon of the
‘new state’ and the ‘new man’ not bound by tradition and morality.
Hugo Grotius’ political Ideas. The theory of natural law and social
contract. Civil society and the state as the main dichotomy of the
European political life. European individualism as a political
phenomenon. T. Hobbes’ political theory. T. Hobbes’ political
paradigm: the natural state as a war of all against all and the
mission of the state as the source of the civilizational law and
order. J.Locke's political theory. The principle of separation of
powers. The natural state as a state of spontaneous self-
organization of citizens and the need to limit state despotism. The
competition of Hobbes’ and Locke’s paradigms as a source of
Rousseau’s political thought development. Apologetics of the
natural state as the basis of the Russoist utopia. Rousseau's
contribution to the development of the theory of the social
contract and to the enlightenment theory of the education of the
individual.
Innovations of Ch. Montesquieu’s political theory. Geographical
and sociocultural determinism in the Montesquieu theory. The
further development of the theory of power sharing. Typology of
political regimes and forms of governing. The Montesquieu political
anthropology. Hegel's teaching about civil society, the relationship
between civil society and the state in the ‘Philosophy of Law’. The
dialectics of a slave and master in history. The idea of the world
historical subject vested with the mission as the basis of the
hegemonic principle in domestic and world politics. Hegel's
philosophy of history and the idea of ‘the end of history’. The XIX
century in Europe, the era of the formation of the main political
ideologies of our time. Liberalism as a political ideology, its social
base, ideological and sociocultural sources. English political
economy as the primary source of ‘economic liberalism’. I.
Bentham's Moral Arithmetic as a basis for individualistic discretion.
Conservatism as a political ideology. Reaction to the challenge of
the French Revolution as a source of a conservative ideological
explosion. E. Burke as the founding father of the European
conservatism of modern times. J. de Maistre, L. de Bonald, F. de
Chateaubriand as figures of the conservative wave of the first half
of the XIX century. The ideology of socialism, Marxism and social
 democracy. French utopian socialism as a reaction from the left to
the societal costs of primary capitalist modernization in Western
Europe in the first third of the 19th century. The ideas of the
‘democracy of equality’ in the writings of Saint-Simon, Sh. Fourier.
R. Owen. Utopia of overcoming the capitalist division of labour
asocial inequality, its theoretical status and ideological potential. K.
Marx’s socio-political concept. Change of the picture of the world
as a world-view premise of the ‘post-metaphysical’ stage in the
development of political thought. Dismantling the concepts
impeding the scientific vision of politics. Contradictions between
the liberal and republican ideological principles and their reflection
in the evolution of modern political science. The theory of political
production against the concept of sociological naturalism in
political science. The appeal to the oriental tradition as one of the
reserves of political science in the era of the ‘dialogue of
civilizations’.
Prehistory and the beginning of the European historical tradition.
Between myth and history: the proto-history. Epos, literature and
art of the archaic era about the deeds of gods and heroes, temple
records of the rulers' accomplishments. Greek historiography of the
classical era. History as a genre of literature. First historians.
Herodotus, ‘Father of History’. Hellenistic historiography. Dynastic
cults of Hellenistic kings and the emergence of ‘local’ stories. Poly-
byus and the first ‘universal history’. Roman historiography. From
the experience of ‘universal history’ to the ‘inner’ history of Rome.
Medieval historiography. Historiography of the transitional era. The
first experience of theological history: ‘Ecclesiastical History’ by
Eusebius of Caesarea. Fundamentals of the Christian chronology of
history. Augustine’s Christian idea of history: the first European
experience of the philosophy of history. The doctrine of two
‘towns’. Characteristic features and genres of medieval
historiography. The foundations of Christian historiography: the
theology of history. Interaction of ancient and biblical concepts of
Historiography
history.
Historiography of the Renaissance and the Reformation.
Rationalization of the view of the past: a secular concept and a new
periodization of history. The cultural programme of the revival of
the past. Western European historiography in the XVII - early XVIII
century. Scientific revolution and European culture of the XVII
century. Formation of the Cartesian ideal of science. Development
of a new method of cognition and the principles of scientific
research. Russian historical thought in the XVI - early XVIII century.
Chronographs. The connection of the chronicle with the process of
state centralization: the all-Russian chronicles. Influence of
Renaissance ideas.
New genres of history works. The Book of Degrees of the Royal
Genealogy, History of the Kazan Realm. Historical concepts of the
Age of Enlightenment. Giambattista Vico: the principle of
historicism and the denial of the doctrine of natural law. Ideas of
the Enlightenment and Russian historiography. V.N. Tatishchev’s
 The History of Russia. Western European historiography in the first
century of the nineteenth century. I.-G. Herder, the forerunner of
the historiography of the XIX century and the comparative-
historical method. The change of themes of history works. French
historiography in the first half of the XIX century. The publication of
sources and the organization of historical science in the 1820s-30s.
Historical studies in the late XIX - early XX century. History as an
academic discipline at the turn of the century. Organization, scale
and technique of historical research. History in universities.
‘Academic historicism’ and ‘erudite empiricism’. Historical science
in the XX century. Theory and practice of world historiography in
the first half of the XX century. Comprehension of the experience
of the world war and actualization of the issue of the meaning and
purpose of history. Creation of global theories of the historical
process. Historiography at the turn of the century. The break of the
general cultural paradigm and the ‘critical turn’ in historiography at
the turn of the 1980s and 1990s.
Psychology knowledge in the ancient world. Understanding the
soul in the first teachings about the transmigration of souls. The
rudiments of natural scientific understanding of the soul in the first
ideas about the structure of the world. Development of psychology
knowledge in the Middle Ages and in the era of Renaissance.
General characteristics of the development of psychological views
in the Middle Ages. The origin of empiricism in F. Bacon’s concept,
a new understanding of the soul and its structure. The doctrine of
‘idols’ as sources of errors of cognition. The development of
rationalistic concepts of the mental essence. Characteristics of I.
Kant’s psychological views. O. Comte’s positivism, his influence on
the development of psychology. The search for an objective
method of studying the psyche in the concepts of D.S. Mill, A. Ben
and G. Spencer. The theory D.S. Mill’s ‘mental chemistry’. Charles
Darwin’s evolutionary theory and its influence on the development
of psychology. Ideas about the subject of psychology in G.
History of Psychology Spencer’s theory, the levels of the psyche development and its role
in the adaptation of living beings to the surrounding world.
Formation of scientific psychology: the end of the XIX-beginning of
the XX centuries. The development of experimental psychology.
The main achievements of the physiology of the nervous system
and sense organs. The emergence of psychophysics and
psychometry. The search for new explanatory principles and
objective methods of studying the psyche. The emergence of new
schools of psychology. General characteristics of the
methodological foundations of psychoanalysis, gestalt psychology
and behaviourism. Modification of depth psychology in the second
half of the 20th century. The problem of identity and its formation
in E. Erickson’s writings. The general character of the approach of
depth psychology to the problem of structure, driving forces and
mechanisms of the psyche development. Special aspects of the
development of domestic psychology. The polemics of I.M.
Sechenov and K.D. Kavelin. Two approaches to understanding the
 psyche in domestic psychology. Psychological problems in V.S.
Soloviev’s works. M.I. Vladislavlev’s works. Formation of empirical
psychology in M.M. Troitsky’s works. A.A. Potebnya’s cultural and
historical concept of the development of language and thinking.
D.N. Uznadze’s theory of set. The theories of the activity of A.N.
Leontiev and S.L. Rubinshtein. A.R. Luria’s studies, the origin of
neuropsychology.
Psychology of science. The role of psychological factors in the
development of science. M.G. Yaroshevsky’s programme-role
approach. Psychology of the scientist’s personality. Empirical
research of scientific creativity. His personal psychological
background. The stages of the creative process. Psychological types
of scientists. Socio-psychological processes in scientific groups. The
role structure of scientific groups. Scientific schools. Socio-
psychological factors affecting the productivity of scientific activity.
Internal and external social psychology of science. The interaction
of science and society.
Special aspects of ancient thought about art. The fate of ancient
traditions in the Middle Ages and the peculiarities of medieval
ideas about art. Renaissance as a turning point in the history of the
development of European art and art history. The basic stages of
the development of historical art studies in the modern times: from
Vasari to Winkelmann. The significance of positivism for the
History of Art History formation of art criticism as an independent science and its
methodological principles. The evolution of methodological
principles of the study of art in the course of the historical
development and development of art history. Special aspects of the
modern stage of development of art history science. Domestic art
history in the context of the change of ideological and
methodological paradigms.
Discovery of culture and the first forms of culture interpretation.
Special aspects of the interpretation of culture in the philosophy
and theology of the Middle Ages. The return of the idea of culture
into the humanistic era. Enlightenment as the first project of
modern – the modern society. Romanticism as the ideology of the
Counter-Enlightenment. The forerunners of romanticism.
Chronological, geographic and disciplinary framework of
History of Culture Studies Romanticism. German idealism and understanding of culture as a
world of free goal-setting and spirit objectivisation. The historical
materialistic concept of culture. K. Marx and Marxism. Images of
culture in the 20th century. Culture or mentality. Culture as
synthesis. The work as a highlight of existence The idea of a
dialogue of cultures. Semiotics and structuralism. Postmodernism
and counter culture. The project of the postmodern society. The
fate of cultural studies in the 21st century.
Economic thought of the early pre-industrial societies: from origin
to the first theoretical systems. Economic concepts of the era of
History of Economic Sciences the industrial revolution: the period of domination of the classical
school. The origin of classical political economy. Manufacture
capitalism, socio-political relations, ‘moral philosophy’ and their
 influence on economic thought in England in the second half of the
XVIII century. The influence of classical political economy ideas on
left-wing radical criticism of capitalism. Early socialism. Special
aspects of economic thought in Russia in the late XVIII-mid XIX
centuries. The beginning of the formation of modern schools and
trends in the economic theory. ‘The Marginal Revolution’. Genesis
of neoclassicism. The emergence of Marxist political economy.
Ideological sources of Marxism. The subject and method in Marx’s
economic theory. The role of economics in his theory of historical
materialism. Historical school. Differences in the levels of
socioeconomic development of different Western countries.
Historical school in the economic theory. Social School and early
institutional economics.
Evolution of neoclassicism. Genesis of neoliberalism. Stockholm
School. J.M. Keynes and his ‘General Theory’. The current stage in
the development of the theory: counter-states and synthesis.

4. ORGANISATION OF FACE-TO-FACE CLASSES AND SELF-STUDY ON THE COURSE

4.1. Laboratory-based Work
Not applicable

4.2. FACE-TO-FACE CLASSES

The Code of
the Module
Topics

Class No TOPICS hours

1. General Subject Matters of Philosophy of Science

Science and general issues of philosophy of science.
1.1 1 2
Externalism and internalism. Scientism and antiscientism.
Science as a kind of the world outlook. Positivism as the first
1.1, 1.2 2 2
concept of philosophy of science.
The essence and kinds of theoretical knowledge. The
1.3 3 scientific theory and reality. The pursuit of the scientific 2
theory.
The problem of the scientific knowledge growth and its
1.4 4 2
decision options.
Philosophical aspects of the scientific discovery. The
1.6. 1.7 5 2
theoretical and empirical levels of the scientific research.
2. Version Part. Philosophical Subject Matters of Natural Science
Paradigms of natural science knowledge. The philosophical
2.1 6 2
element of the scientific theory.
Actual scientific research in the field of natural sciences.
2.1 7 2
Modern scientific discoveries.
Interdisciplinary research. The scientific potential of synergy.
2.1 8 2
The theory of self-organization.
Special aspects of the creation of a scientific theory in the
2.1 9 2
field of natural science.
2.1 10 The function of a scientist in modern scientific research. 2
Modern interpretation of general scientific concepts: ‘space’,
2.1 11
‘time’, ‘matter’, ‘particle’.
 Modern understanding of causality. Principles of uncertainty,
2.1 12 complementarity and probability in modern scientific 2
research.
2.1 13 Ethical issues of modern natural science knowledge. 2
Philosophical Problems of Engineering Sciences
2.2 6 Definition and interpretation of the term ‘technology’. 2
Special aspects of modern technology development.
2.2 7 2
Technology and the society. The technosphere.
2.2 8 Engineering and humanitarian philosophy of technology. 2
Philosophical problems of the information society. The
2.2 9 concept of virtual reality. The Internet and global information 2
networks.
A technical product and the social environment. The
2.2 10 2
development of a scientific and technical invention.
2.2 11 Special aspects of technical thinking. Technical theory. 2
Technical creativity. Technical invention and technical
2.2 12 2
discovery.
Socio-ethical examination of technical inventions and
2.2 13 2
projects.
Philosophical Problems of Social and Human Sciences
2.3 6 Special aspects of social and human knowledge. 2
2.3 The special nature of the development of theory in the social
7 2
and human sciences.
2.3 The current state of social and human sciences. The modern
8 2
status of the philosophical knowledge.
2.3 Ethical and communication aspects of human and social
9 2
knowledge.
2.3 The special nature of the creation, presentation and
10 2
promotion of social and humanitarian scientific research.
2.3 The theme of everyday life as an object of modern social and
11 2
humanitarian knowledge.
2.3 Language, psyche, man and society in modern social and
12 2
humanitarian studies.
2.3 13 Fundamentals of socio-scientific design. 2
3. History of Science (branches)
3.1 The main problems of science and their historical
14 2
development.
3.1 15 The historical aspect of scientific research and its significance. 2
3.1 Layout of the historical and methodological part of the
16 dissertation research (the study of history of the issue and the 2
analysis of its current state).
3.1 Principles of research work with the sources of dissertational
17 2
work.
3.1 18 Modern standards of the scientific activity (by branches). 2
Total: 36

4.3. Sample topics of self-study.

4.3.1. A suggested list of topics for homework.
Not applicable
4.3.2. A suggested list of topics for graphic papers.
Not applicable
4.3.3. A suggested list of topics for library-research papers (essays, projects).
The topic of the library-research paper should be formulated in accordance with the
dissertation research.
Preparation of the library-research paper (part of the author’s thesis of the dissertation
research) on the section ‘History of a Branch of Science’. The topic of the author’s thesis
should be coordinated with the scientific supervisor of the dissertation research. The paper
should include the historical and methodological parts of the dissertation research.
4.3.4. A suggested list of topics for calculation papers (software products).
Not applicable
4.3.5. A suggested list of topics for calculation graphic papers.
Not applicable
4.3.6. A suggested list of topics for term papers.
Not applicable
4.3.7. Sample topics of the colloquiums
4. PROCEDURES FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF TRAINING
Not applicable
5. PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING THE RESULTS OF TRAINING WITHIN INDEPENDENT TESTING
Not applicable
6. SET OF ESTIMATE TOOLS FOR CONDUCTING CURRENT AND INTERIM CERTIFICATION OF THE
DISCIPLINE
6.1 CRITERIA FOR ESTIMATING THE RESULTS OF THE TEST ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE
CURRENT AND INTERIM CERTIFICATION OF THE DISCIPLINE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF
THE POINT RATING SYSTEM
Not applicable
8.2. ESTIMATE TOOLS FOR CONDUCTING CURRENT AND INTERIM FOR CONDUCTING CURRENT
AND INTERIM ASSESSMENT
8.2.1. Suggested tasks for conducting mini-control in the framework of training sessions
Not applicable
8.2.2. Suggested control tasks in the framework of the training session
Not applicable
8.2.3. Suggested assessed cases
The critical analysis of the scientific articles relevant to the subject area of the dissertation
research. It is necessary to select 4 articles published in scientific journals in the student’s
field of research for the last 5 years and to present a critical analysis of the research methods
of scientific work presented in them.
8.2.4. The list of suggested topics for tests
Not applicable
8.2.5. The list of suggested questions for the test
Not applicable
8.2.6. The list of suggested questions for the exam

Section 1. Subject and general issues of philosophy of science

1. Concept, subject and general issues of philosophy of science.
2. Modern concepts of philosophy of science: K. Popper. Th. Kuhn. I. Lakatos. P. Feyerabend.
3. Science as a sociocultural phenomenon. Science functions in the society life.
4. The main models of interaction between science and society: internalism and externalism,
scientism and antiscientism.
5. Philosophy and science: philosophical fundamentals of scientific knowledge. The role of
philosophical ideas and principles in underpinning scientific knowledge.
6. The problem of scientific knowledge demarcation. Scientific and extrascientific knowledge.
7. History of science: pre-science, theoretical knowledge in classical culture.
8. History of science: the specific nature of science in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
9. History of science: scientific and industrial revolution in modern times. Classical science of
the 18th-19th centuries. *
10. History of science: special aspects of science and scientific achievements in the 19th – 20th
centuries.
11. National features of scientific activity: Western science and Russian science.
12. The structure of scientific knowledge. The empirical level. The role of empirical research
methods in science. The theoretical level. Theoretical knowledge as the basis of science.
13. The scientific picture of the world, its historical forms and functions.
14. The concept of ‘rational’. The ratio of rational and irrational. Faith and reason. Reason and
mind.
15. Types of scientific rationality: features of classical, non-classical and post-non-classical
science.
16. Traditions and innovations in science. Progress in science. Concepts of cumulation and
scientific revolutions.
17. The problem of truth in the philosophy of science. Modern scientific criteria and their
implementation in research work.
18. Science as a social institution. Scientific communities and their role in the development of
scientific knowledge.
19. Special aspects of the modern stage of science development. Prospects for the scientific and
technological progress.
20. Modern scientific and technological inventions and their worldview significance. Actual areas
of modern scientific research (postgraduate specialty).

Section 2.1 Philosophical Problems of Natural Science

1. Physics as the basis of natural science.
2. Philosophical issues of natural science.
3. The natural scientific picture of the world and its historical variants.
4. Modern concepts of natural science and their philosophical significance.
5. Synergetics as the basis of natural sciences.
6. The problems of space and time in modern natural science.
7. The problem of determinism in modern natural science.
8. Philosophical significance of the principles of complementarity and uncertainty.
9. The specific nature of the natural science theory. The role of an experiment in natural
science research.
10. Mathematics in the natural science study.

Section 2.2 Philosophical problems of engineering sciences

1. The subject of the philosophy of technology. The special nature of the philosophical
approach to technology.
2. The historical stages of interaction of science and technology: Antiquity, the Middle Ages,
New Time, Modernity.
3. Basic concepts of the philosophy of technology. Engineering philosophy of technology and
humanistic philosophy of technology.
4. Philosophical problems of engineering sciences. The special nature of engineering sciences
and engineering activities.
5. Technology and society: the ethics of engineering. Ethical codes of engineers.
6. Technogenic civilization: features and development prospects.
7. Technique and man: the problem of human existence in the technogenic civilisation.
8. Virtual reality as a problem of the philosophy of technology.
9. Philosophical significance of technical inventions. The axiological and socio-historical
aspects.
10. The future of technical knowledge and technosphere. The implementation of technology
into the everyday routine of man

Section 2.3 Philosophical Problems of Social and Human Sciences

1. The special nature of social and humanitarian knowledge. The structure of social and human
sciences.
2. The modern paradigm of social and human sciences.
3. The modern status of philosophical knowledge.
4. Philosophical issues of history, psychology and culturology.
5. Philosophical fundamentals of economic sciences.
6. The special nature of creation, presentation and promotion of social and humanitarian
research.
7. Ethics in the structure of humanitarian and social cognition.
8. Values of social and humanitarian knowledge.
9. Communicative aspects of social and humanitarian knowledge.
10. Modern interpretation of the concepts of ‘culture’, ‘society’, ‘sociality’, ‘everyday routine’.

8.2.1. Resources of UrFU AMCS for conducting the test check within the framework of the current
and intermediate certification
Not applicable
8.2.2. Resources of the Federal Exam in Vocational Education for conducting the independent test
check
Not applicable
8.2.3. Internet simulators
Not applicable
4. EDUCATIONAL-METHODICAL AND INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE DISCIPLINE

References
1. David Coghlan. Teresa Brannick Doing Action Research in Your Own Organisation. Sage
Publications Ltd; Third Edition. 2009.
2. Mats ALVESSON. Jorgen SANDBERG Generating Research Questions Through
Problematization Academy of Management Review. 201 1. Vol. 36. No. 2. 247-271
3. Cohen, M,.F. Nagel. E. and M.R. Cohen An introduction to Logic and Scientific Method. Hughes
Press, 2008.
4. Cresswell, .1. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Sage Publications, Inc:
Third Edition 2008.
5. Dunbar. R. The Trouble with Science. Faber and Fabe. London 1996.
6. Gill, J. And Johnson, P. Research Methods for Managers. Sage Publications. Inc: 4th edition, 2010.
7. Kuhn, T. The structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition, University of Chicago
Press. 2012.
8. Lawler, E.E. (ed) Doing research which is useful in theory and practice, Lexington Books, 1999.
9. Phillips. E.M. and Pugh. D.S. How to get a PhD, Open University Press. Milton Keynes. 3 edition.
2000.
10. Silverman. D. Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook. Sage. London, 1999.
11. Singer. P. Practical Ethics. Cambridge University Press: 3 edition. 2011.
12. Wayne С Booth. Gregory G Colomb, Joseph M Williams The Craft of Research (Chicago Guides to
Writing. Editing and Publishing). Publisher: University of Chicago Press; 2nd Revised edition,
2003. ISBN-10: 0226065685
9.2. Databases, information and reference systems and search systems
1. Philosophy of Science: a scientific periodical // Available at
1. http://vvvvv.philosophy.nsc.ru/journals/journals.html
2. Digital Library on Philosophy: Philosophy of Science and Technology // Available at
htip://filosof.hisloric.ru/books/c0028_1.shlml
3. Library// Available at hlip://philosophy.ru/library/lib2.htm
4. Philosophy of Science for Post-Graduate Students // Available at hap://wwvv.filosofmm.ru/
5. Journal of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences Epistemology and
Philosophy of Science // Available at http://journal.iph.ras.ru/
6. Internet Library of the Institute of Philosophy of the RAS // Available at
http://www.philosophy.ru/library/library.html
7. История становления науки и техники // Available at
http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/ahist.htm
8. The Stanford Philosophical Encyclopedia // Available at http://рlato-stanford.edu/
9. Philosophy of Science and Information Technology: http://www.brint.com/kuhn.htm
10. The Karl Popper Web // Available at http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~tkpw/
11. 1 1. Толковые словари. Образовательный ресурс. Методология науки // Available at
http://www.edudic.ru/lpg/182/