Level 0 or Known As A Traditional Method of Conducting Laboratory Activities
Level 0 or Known As A Traditional Method of Conducting Laboratory Activities
Level 0 or Known As A Traditional Method of Conducting Laboratory Activities
0 Introduction
1.1 Traversing
In this traditional laboratory activity, the students are required to carry out
traversing fieldwork. A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends
have been marked in the field, and whose lengths and directions have been
determined from measurements. From these measurements, the exact
location of the unknown points will be determined. There are both open and
closed traverse where in this practical, closed-loop traverse will be perform
using an appropriate equipment.
1.2 Objective
iii. Apply all the calculations of traverse properties and plot the traverse
lines with appropriate scales.
1.3 Learning Outcomes
Traverse method
Angle Determinations
Horizontal angles are usually turned (or deflected) to the right or left. The
three types of angle measurements are as follows:
1. Interior angles (see Figure 1)
For a closed traverse, the first back bearing of the last line must equal to
the last fore bearing of the same line. If this does not correspond, therefore
adjustment must be made to both face left and face right. For adjustments
of coordinates, there are two methods explained below:
1. Bowdicth’s method
2. Transit Rule
In previous method, all lines will have some corrections made in both
latitudes and departures. There is no mathematical background and
lengths of the lines are not included in the calculation. The corrections are
made using the following rules:
3.0 Apparatus
1. Total Station
2. Tripod
4. Prism
5. Plumb bob
6. Tape
3.1 Procedures
6. Points E was sighted by observing the back bearing of line AE. Then
point A was sighted and observed the fore bearing of line AB. The
readings were then recorded as face left in Sheet 1 given.
7. The horizontal axis and the vertical axis were rotated 180° and sight
the back bearing of the same line.
8. The fore bearing was then sighted and recorded as face right in Sheet
1 given.
9. The instrument was then shifted to points B and it was set up as in (2)
and (3).
10. Procedures (4) to (8) were then repeated until all CPs are located and
observed.