Chapter 07 PDF
Chapter 07 PDF
Chapter 07 PDF
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 7
8e
CONTENT CHAPTER 7
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.a
A reversible adiabatic flow of liquid water in a pump has increasing P. How about
T?
Solution:
se = si + ⌠
e dq
Steady state single flow: T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
⌡i
Adiabatic (dq = 0) means integral vanishes and reversible means sgen = 0,
so s is constant. Properties for liquid (incompressible) gives Eq.6.19
C
ds = T dT
then constant s gives constant T.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.b
A reversible adiabatic flow of air in a compressor has increasing P. How about T?
Solution:
se = si + ⌠
e dq
Steady state single flow: T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
⌡i
so s is constant. Properties for an ideal gas gives Eq.6.15 and for constant
specific heat we get Eq.6.16. A higher P means a higher T, which is also
the case for a variable specific heat, recall Eq.6.19 using the standard entropy.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.c
A compressor receives R-134a at –10oC, 200 kPa with an exit of 1200 kPa, 50oC.
What can you say about the process?
Solution:
se = si + ⌠
e dq
Steady state single flow: T + sgen
⌡i
Since s decreases slightly and the generation term can only be positive,
it must be that the heat transfer is negative (out) so the integral gives a
contribution that is smaller than -sgen.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.d
A flow of water at some velocity out of a nozzle is used to wash a car. The water
then falls to the ground. What happens to the water state in terms of V, T and s?
let us follow the water flow. It starts out with kinetic and potential energy
of some magnitude at a compressed liquid state P, T. As the water splashes onto
the car it looses its kinetic energy (it turns in to internal energy so T goes up by a
very small amount). As it drops to the ground it then looses all the potential
energy which goes into internal energy. Both of theses processes are irreversible
so s goes up.
If the water has a temperature different from the ambient then there will
also be some heat transfer to or from the water which will affect both T and s.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.e
In a steady state single flow s is either constant or it increases. Is that true?
Solution:
No.
se = si + ⌠
e dq
Steady state single flow: T + sgen
⌡i
Entropy can only go up or stay constant due to sgen, but it can go up or
down due to the heat transfer which can be positive or negative. So if the
heat transfer is large enough it can overpower any entropy generation and
drive s up or down.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.f
If a flow device has the same inlet and exit pressure, can shaft work be done?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.g
A polytropic flow process with n = 0 might be which device?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Concept Problems
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.1
If we follow a mass element going through a reversible adiabatic flow process what
can we say about the change of state?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.2
Which process will make the statement in concept question e) on page 330 true?
Solution:
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.3
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.4
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.5
A reversible steady isobaric flow has 1 kW of heat added with negligible changes
in KE and PE, what is the work transfer?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.6
An air compressor has a significant heat transfer out. See example 9.4 for how
high T becomes if there is no heat transfer. Is that good, or should it be insulated?
That depends on the use of the compressed air. If there is no need for the
high T, say it is used for compressed air tools, then the heat transfer will lower T
and result in lower specific volume reducing the work. For those applications the
compressor may have fins mounted on its surface to promote the heat transfer. In
very high pressure compression it is done in stages between which is a heat
exchanger called an intercooler.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.7
Friction in a pipe flow causes a slight pressure decrease and a slight temperature
increase. How does that affect entropy?
Solution:
The friction converts flow work (P drops) into internal energy (T up if
single phase). This is an irreversible process and s increases.
C
If liquid: Eq. 6.10 ds = T dT so s follows T
dT dP
If ideal gas Eq. 6.14 ds = Cp T − R P (both terms increase)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.8
To increase the work out of a turbine for a given inlet and exit pressure how
should the inlet state be changed?
w = – ∫ v dP + ….. Eq.7.14
For a given change in pressure boosting v will result in larger work term. So for
larger inlet T we get a larger v and thus larger work. That is why we increase T
by combustion in a gasturbine before the turbine section.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.9
An irreversible adiabatic flow of liquid water in a pump has higher P. How about
T?
Solution:
se = si + ⌠
e dq
Steady state single flow: T + sgen = si + 0 + sgen
⌡i
so s is increasing. Properties for liquid (incompressible) gives Eq.6.10
where an increase in s gives an increase in T.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.10
The shaft work in a pump to increase the pressure is small compared to the shaft
work in an air compressor for the same pressure increase. Why?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.11
Liquid water is sprayed into the hot gases before they enter the turbine section of
a large gasturbine power plant. It is claimed that the larger mass flow rate
produces more work. Is that the reason?
No. More mass through the turbine does give more work, but the added
mass is only a few percent. As the liquid vaporizes the specific volume increases
dramatically which gives a much larger volume flow throught the turbine and that
gives more work output.
. . . . .
W = mw = −m∫ v dP = −∫ mv dP = −∫ V dP
This should be seen relative to the small work required to bring the liquid water
up to the higher turbine inlet pressure from the source of water (presumably
atmospheric pressure).
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.12
A tank contains air at 400 kPa, 300 K and a valve opens up for flow out to the
outside which is at 100 kPa, 300 K. What happens to the air temperature inside?
As mass flows out of the tank the pressure will drop, the air that remains
basically goes through a simple (adiabatic if process is fast enough) expansion
process so the temperature also drops. If the flow rate out is very small and the
process thus extremely slow, enough heat transfer may take place to keep the
temperature constant.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.13
A turbine receives steam at 6 MPa, 600°C with an exit pressure of 600 kPa.
Assume the stage is adiabatic and negelect kinetic energies. Find the exit
temperature and the specific work.
Solution:
i
e
C.V. Stage 1 of turbine.
The stage is adiabatic so q = 0 and we will assume
WT
reversible so sgen = 0
Energy Eq.4.13: wT = hi - he
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
Inlet state: B.1.3: hi = 3658.40 kJ/kg, si = 7.1676 kJ/kg K
Exit state: 600 kPa, s = si
Table B.1.3 ⇒ T ≅ 246.7°C, he = 2950.19 kJ/kg
wT = 3658.4 – 2950.19 = 708.2 kJ/kg
P T 6 MPa
i
i 600 kPa
es es
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.14
An evaporator has R-410A at -20oC and quality 80% flowing in with the exit flow
being saturated vapor at -20oC. Consider the heating to be a reversible process
and find the specific heat transfer from the entropy equation.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.15
Steam enters a turbine at 3 MPa, 450°C, expands in a reversible adiabatic process
and exhausts at 50 kPa. Changes in kinetic and potential energies between the
inlet and the exit of the turbine are small. The power output of the turbine is 800
kW. What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine?
Solution:
.
C.V. Turbine, Steady single inlet and exit flows. Adiabatic: Q = 0.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.11: mi = me = m,
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: mhi = mhe + WT,
. . .
Entropy Eq. 7.8: msi + 0/ = mse ( Reversible Sgen = 0 )
P T
Explanation for the 1 1
work term is in Sect.
7.3, Eq.7.14
2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.16
The exit nozzle in a jet engine receives air at 1200 K, 150 kPa with neglible
kinetic energy. The exit pressure is 80 kPa and the process is reversible and
adiabatic. Use constant heat capacity at 300 K to find the exit velocity.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 ( Zi = Ze )
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
kJ
Use constant specific heat from Table A.5, CPo = 1.004 kg K, k = 1.4
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.17
Do the previous problem using the air tables in A.7
The exit nozzle in a jet engine receives air at 1200 K, 150 kPa with neglible
kinetic energy. The exit pressure is 80 kPa and the process is reversible and
adiabatic. Use constant heat capacity at 300 K to find the exit velocity.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 ( Zi = Ze )
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
Process: q = 0, sgen = 0 as used above leads to se = si
o
Inlet state: hi = 1277.8 kJ/kg, sTi = 8.3460 kJ/kg K
The constant s is rewritten from Eq.6.19 as
o o
sTe = sTi + R ln(Pe / Pi) = 8.3460 + 0.287 ln (80/150) = 8.1656 kJ/kg K
Interpolate in A.7 =>
8.1656 – 8.1349
Te = 1000 + 50
8.1908 – 8.1349 = 1027.46 K
8.1656 – 8.1349
he = 1046.2 + (1103.5 – 1046.3) × 8.1908 – 8.1349 = 1077.7 kJ/kg
2
From the energy equation we have Ve /2 = hi - he , so then
Ve = 2 (hi - he) = 2(1277.8 - 1077.7) kJ/kg × 1000 J/kJ = 632.6 m/s
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.18
A reversible adiabatic compressor receives 0.05 kg/s saturated vapor R-410A at
400 kPa and has an exit presure of 1800 kPa. Neglect kinetic energies and find the
exit temperature and the minimum power needed to drive the unit.
Solution:
.
C.V. Compressor, Steady single inlet and exit flows. Adiabatic: Q = 0.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.11: mi = me = m,
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: mhi = mhe + WC,
. . .
Entropy Eq.7.8: msi + 0/ = mse ( Reversible Sgen = 0 )
Inlet state: B 4.2.: hi = 271.90 kJ/kg, si = 1.0779 kJ/kg K
Exit state: Pe , se = si ⇒ Table B.4.2 he = 314.33 kJ/kg, Te ≅ 51.9°C
–wc = he - hi = 314.33 – 271.90 = 42.43 kJ/kg
. .
– Wc = Power In = –wcm = 42.43 kJ/kg × 0.05kg/s = 2.12 kW
P T
Explanation for the 2
2
work term is in Sect.
7.3, Eq.7.14
1 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.19
In a heat pump that uses R-134a as the working fluid, the R-134a enters the
compressor at 150 kPa, −10°C and the R-134a is compressed in an adiabatic
process to 1 MPa using 4 kW of power input. Find the mass flow rate it can
provide assuming the process is reversible.
Solution:
.
C.V. Compressor, Steady single inlet and exit flows. Adiabatic: Q = 0.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.11: m1 = m2 = m,
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: mh1 = mh2 + WC,
. . .
Entropy Eq.7.8: ms1 + 0/ = ms2 ( Reversible Sgen = 0 )
Inlet state: Table B.5.2 h1 = 393.84 kJ/kg, s1 = 1.7606 kJ/kg K
Exit state: P2 = 1 MPa & s2 = s1 ⇒ h2 = 434.9 kJ/kg
. . .
m = Wc /wc = Wc /(h1 - h2) = -4 kW / (393.84 - 434.9) kJ/kg
= 0.097 kg/s
P T
Explanation for the 2 2
work term is in
1 1
Sect. 7.3
Eq.7.14 v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.20
Nitrogen gas flowing in a pipe at 500 kPa, 200oC, and at a velocity of 10 m/s,
should be expanded in a nozzle to produce a velocity of 300 m/s. Determine the
exit pressure and cross-sectional area of the nozzle if the mass flow rate is 0.15
kg/s, and the expansion is reversible and adiabatic.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle. Steady flow, no work out and no heat transfer.
2 2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + Vi /2 = he + Ve/2
P T
Inlet i
Exit i
e e
Vi Ve
cb
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.21
A reversible isothermal expander (a turbine with heat transfer) has an inlet flow of
carbon dioxide at 3 MPa, 80oC and an exit flow at 1 MPa, 80oC. Find the specific
heat transfer from the entropy equation and the specific work from the energy
equation assuming ideal gas.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.22
Solve the previous Problem using Table B.3
Energy Eq.4.13: 0 = hi − he + q − w
Entropy Eq.7.9: 0 = si − se + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si - se + q/T + 0
Inlet state: hi = 421.16 kJ/kg, si = 1.5385 kJ/kg-K
Exit state: he = 435.23 kJ/kg, se = 1.775 kJ/kg-K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.23
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410A at -25oC and
unknown quality. The exit is at 2000 kPa, 60oC and the process assumed
reversible and adiabatic. Neglect kinetic energies and find the inlet quality and the
specific work.
CV Compressor. q = 0.
Energy Eq.4.13: wC = hi - he
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
Exit state: 2000 kPa, 60oC => se = 1.0878 kJ/kgK = si , he = 320.62 kJ/kg
Inlet state: T, s Table B.4.1 ⇒ xi = (1.0878 – 0.0871)/1.0022 = 0.9985
hi = 21.08 + xi 248.69 = 269.4 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.24
A boiler section boils 3 kg/s saturated liquid water at 2000 kPa to saturated vapor
in a reversible constant pressure process. Assume you do not know that there is no
work. Prove that there is no shaftwork using the first and second laws of
thermodynamics.
Solution:
C.V. Boiler. Steady, single inlet and single exit flows.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = w + he;
Entropy Eq.7.9: si + q/T = se
States: Table B.1.2, T = Tsat = 212.42°C = 485.57 K
hi = hf = 908.77 kJ/kg, si = 2.4473 kJ/kg K
he = hg = 2799.51 kJ/kg, se = 6.3408 kJ/kg K
From entropy equation
q = T(se – si) = 485.57 K (6.3408 – 2.4473) kJ/kg-K = 1890.6 kJ/kg
From energy equation
w = hi + q – he = 908.77 + 1890.6 – 2799.51 = -0.1 kJ/kg
It should be zero (non-zero due to round off in values of s, h and Tsat).
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.25
A compressor brings a hydrogen gas flow at 280 K, 100 kPa up to a pressure of
1000 kPa in a reversible process. How hot is the exit flow and what is the specific
work input?
CV Compressor. Assume q = 0.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.26
Atmospheric air at -45°C, 60 kPa enters the front diffuser of a jet engine with a
velocity of 900 km/h and frontal area of 1 m2. After the adiabatic diffuser the
velocity is 20 m/s. Find the diffuser exit temperature and the maximum pressure
possible.
Solution:
C.V. Diffuser, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2 2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + Vi /2 = he + Ve/2, and he − hi = Cp(Te − Ti)
Entropy Eq.7.9: si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0 = se (Reversible, adiabatic)
kJ
Specific heat and ratio of specific heats from Table A.5: CPo = 1.004 kg K,
k = 1.4, the energy equation then gives:
1.004[ Te - (-45)] = 0.5[(900×1000/3600)2 - 202 ]/1000 = 31.05 kJ/kg
=> Te = −14.05 °C = 259.1 K
Constant s for an ideal gas is expressed in Eq.6.23 (we need the inverse
relation here):
k
Pe = Pi (Te/Ti)k-1 = 60 kPa (259.1/228.1)3.5 = 93.6 kPa
P T
2 2
Fan 1
1
1
2 v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.27
A compressor is surrounded by cold R-134a so it works as an isothermal
compressor. The inlet state is 0°C, 100 kPa and the exit state is saturated vapor.
Find the specific heat transfer and specific work.
Solution:
C.V. Compressor. Steady, single inlet and single exit flows.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = w + he;
Entropy Eq.7.9: si + q/T = se
Inlet state: Table B.5.2, hi = 403.4 kJ/kg, si = 1.8281 kJ/kg K
Exit state: Table B.5.1, he = 398.36 kJ/kg, se = 1.7262 kJ/kg K
From entropy equation
q = T(se – si) = 273.15 K × (1.7262 – 1.8281) kJ/kg-K = - 27.83 kJ/kg
From energy equation
w = 403.4 + (-27.83) – 398.36 = -22.8 kJ/kg
P T
Explanation for the e e i
work term is in Sect.
i
7.3
Eq. 7.14 v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.28
A flow of 2 kg/s saturated vapor R-410A at 500 kPa is heated at constant pressure
to 60oC. The heat is supplied by a heat pump that receives heat from the ambient
at 300 K and work input, shown in Fig. P7.28. Assume everything is reversible
and find the rate of work input.
Solution:
C.V. Heat exchanger
. .
Continuity Eq.: m1 = m2 ; 1 2
QH
. . .
Energy Eq.: m1h1 + QH = m1h2
HP W
Table B.4.2:
h1 = 274.33 kJ/kg, s1 = 1.0647 kJ/kg K QL
h2 = 342.32 kJ/kg, s2 = 1.2959 kJ/kg K TL
.
Notice we can find QH but the temperature TH is not constant making it
difficult to evaluate the COP of the heat pump.
C.V. Total setup and assume everything is reversible and steady state.
. . . .
Energy Eq.: m1h1 + QL + Win = m1h2
. . .
Entropy Eq.: m1s1 + QL/TL + 0 = m1s2 (TL is constant, sgen = 0)
. .
QL = m1TL [s2 – s1] = 2 kg/s × 300 K × [1. 2959 – 1.0647] kJ/kg-K
= 138.72 kW
. . .
Win = m1[h2 - h1] - QL = 2 (342.32 – 274.33) – 138.72 = –2.74 kW
Comment: Net work is nearly zero, due to the very low T the flow comes in at so
the first heating of the flow actually generates work out and only the heating to
above ambient T requires work input.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.29
A flow of 2 kg/s hot exhaust air at 150oC, 125 kPa supplies heat to a heat engine
in a setup similar to the previous problem with the heat engine rejecting heat to
the ambient at 290 K and the air leaves the heat exchanger at 50oC. Find the
maximum possible power out of the heat engine.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.30
A diffuser is a steady-state device in which a fluid flowing at high velocity is
decelerated such that the pressure increases in the process. Air at 120 kPa, 30°C
enters a diffuser with velocity 200 m/s and exits with a velocity of 20 m/s.
Assuming the process is reversible and adiabatic what are the exit pressure and
temperature of the air?
Solution:
C.V. Diffuser, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2 2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + Vi /2 = he + Ve /2, => he - hi = CPo(Te - Ti)
Entropy Eq.7.9: si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0 = se (Reversible, adiabatic)
kJ
Use constant specific heat from Table A.5, CPo = 1.004 kg K, k = 1.4
P T Inlet Exit
e
e
i
i Hi V Low V
Low P, A
v s Hi P, A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.31
Air enters a turbine at 800 kPa, 1200 K, and expands in a reversible adiabatic
process to 100 kPa. Calculate the exit temperature and the specific work output
using Table A.7 and repeat using constant specific heat from Table A.5
Solution:
o
a) Table A.7: hi = 1277.8 kJ/kg, sTi = 8.34596 kJ/kg K
The constant s process is written from Eq.6.19 as
o o Pe 100
⇒ sTe = sTi + R ln( P ) = 8.34596 + 0.287 ln = 7.7492 kJ/kg K
i 800
Interpolate in A.7.1 ⇒ Te = 706 K, he = 719.9 kJ/kg
w = hi - he = 557.9 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.32
An expander receives 0.5 kg/s air at 2000 kPa, 300 K with an exit state of 400
kPa, 300 K. Assume the process is reversible and isothermal. Find the rates of
heat transfer and work neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.
Solution:
P T i Q e
i i e
v s Wexp
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.33
A highly cooled compressor brings a hydrogen gas flow at 300 K, 100 kPa up to a
pressure of 800 kPa in an isothermal process. Find the specific work assuming a
reversible process.
Energy Eq.4.13: wC = hi + q – he = q
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + q/T + 0
q = T(se – si) = T [-R ln(Pe/Pi) ]
w = q = – 4.1243 kJ/kg-K × 300 K × ln(8) = –2573 kJ/kg
R is from Table A.5.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.34
A compressor receives air at 290 K, 95 kPa and a shaft work of 5.5 kW from a
gasoline engine. It should deliver a mass flow rate of 0.01 kg/s air to a pipeline.
Find the maximum possible exit pressure of the compressor.
Solution:
.
C.V. Compressor, Steady single inlet and exit flows. Adiabatic: Q = 0.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.11: mi = me = m,
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: mhi = mhe + WC,
. . . .
Entropy Eq.7.8: msi + Sgen = mse ( Reversible Sgen = 0 )
. . . .
Wc = mwc => -wc = -W/m = 5.5/0.01 = 550 kJ/kg
Use constant specific heat from Table A.5, CPo = 1.004 kJ/kgK, k = 1.4
he = hi + 550 => Te = Ti + 550 kJ/kg /1.004 kJ/kgK
Te = 290 + 550/1.004 = 837.81 K
k
si = se => Pe = Pi (Te/Ti ) k-1 Eq.6.23
Pe = 95 kPa × (837.81/290)3.5 = 3893 kPa
P T i
e e
i ∆ h = 550 kJ/kg
e
i
-WC
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.35
A reversible steady state device receives a flow of 1 kg/s air at 400 K, 450 kPa
and the air leaves at 600 K, 100 kPa. Heat transfer of 900 kW is added from a
1000 K reservoir, 50 kW rejected at 350 K and some heat transfer takes place at
500 K. Find the heat transferred at 500 K and the rate of work produced.
Solution:
C.V. Device, single inlet and exit flows.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.36
A steam turbine in a powerplant receives 5 kg/s steam at 3000 kPa, 500oC. 20%
of the flow is extracted at 1000 kPa to a feedwater heater and the remainder flows
out at 200 kPa. Find the two exit temperatures and the turbine power output.
. . . .
W = m1h1 – m2h2 – m3h3 = 5 × 3456 – 1 × 3116 – 4 × 2750 = 3164 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.37
A reversible adiabatic compression of an air flow from 20oC, 100 kPa to 200 kPa
is followed by an expansion down to 100 kPa in an ideal nozzle. What are the two
processes? How hot does the air get? What is the exit velocity?
Solution:
1
Energy Eq.4.13: h1 + 0 = wC + h2; h2 = h3 + 2V2
Entropy Eq.7.9: s1 + 0/T + 0 = s2 ; s2 + 0/T = s3
So both processes are isentropic.
- wC = h2 - h1 , s2 = s 1
Properties Table A.5 air: CPo = 1.004 kJ/kg K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, k = 1.4
Process gives constant s (isentropic) which with constant CPo gives Eq.6.23
k-1
⇒ T2 = T1( P2/P1) k = 293.15 (200/100) 0.2857 = 357.4 K
⇒ −wC = CPo(T2 – T1) = 1.004 (357.4 – 293.2) = 64.457 kJ/kg
The ideal nozzle then expands back down to P1 (constant s) so state 3 equals
state 1. The energy equation has no work but kinetic energy and gives:
1 2
2
V = h2 - h1 = -wC = 64 457 J/kg (remember conversion to J)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.38
A small turbine delivers 1.5 MW and is supplied with steam at 700°C, 2 MPa.
The exhaust passes through a heat exchanger where the pressure is 10 kPa and
exits as saturated liquid. The turbine is reversible and adiabatic. Find the specific
turbine work, and the heat transfer in the heat exchanger.
Solution:
1 2
Continuity Eq.4.11: Steady 3
. . . .
m1 = m2 = m3 = m
-Q
WT
Entropy Eq.7.9: s3 = s2 + ⌠
⌡ dq/T + sHe gen
q = h3 − h2,s = 191.83 - 2520.35 = -2328.5 kJ/kg
. .
Q = m q = 1.074 kg/s × (-2328.5) kJ/kg = - 2500 kW
P T
Explanation for the 1 1
work term is in Sect.
7.3, Eq.7.14
3 2 3 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.39
One technique for operating a steam turbine in part-load power output is to
throttle the steam to a lower pressure before it enters the turbine, as shown in Fig.
P7.39. The steamline conditions are 2 MPa, 400°C, and the turbine exhaust
pressure is fixed at 10 kPa. Assuming the expansion inside the turbine is
reversible and adiabatic, determine the specific turbine work for no throttling and
the specific turbine work (part-load) if it is throttled to 500 kPa. Show both
processes in a T–s diagram.
T
1= 2a
2b 1 2 3
h=C
3a 3b WT
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.40
An adiabatic air turbine receives 1 kg/s air at 1500 K, 1.6 MPa and 2 kg/s air at
400 kPa, T2 in a setup similar to Fig. P4.87 with an exit flow at 100 kPa. What
should the temperature T2 be so the whole process can be reversible?
If we solve with constant specific heats we get from Eq.6.23 and k = 1.4
(k-1)/k 0.2857
T2 = T1 (P2 / P1) = 1500 K (400/1600) = 1009.4 K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.41
A turbo charger boosts the inlet air pressure to an automobile engine. It consists
of an exhaust gas driven turbine directly connected to an air compressor, as shown
in Fig. P7.41. For a certain engine load the conditions are given in the figure.
Assume that both the turbine and the compressor are reversible and adiabatic
having also the same mass flow rate. Calculate the turbine exit temperature and
power output. Find also the compressor exit pressure and temperature.
Solution:
CV: Turbine, Steady single inlet and exit flows,
Engine W
Process: adiabatic: q = 0, 4
2 3
reversible: sgen = 0
EnergyEq.4.13: wT = h3 − h4 ,
Entropy Eq.7.8: s 4 = s3
1 Compressor Turbine
The property relation for ideal gas gives Eq.6.23, k from Table A.5
k-1
1000.286
s4 = s3 → = 923.2 K 170
T4 = T3(P4/P3) k = 793.2 K
The energy equation is evaluated with specific heat from Table A.5
wT = h3 − h4 = CP0(T3 - T4) = 1.004(923.2 - 793.2) = 130.5 kJ/kg
. .
WT = mwT = 13.05 kW
C.V. Compressor, steady 1 inlet and 1 exit, same flow rate as turbine.
Energy Eq.4.13: -wC = h2 − h1 ,
Entropy Eq.7.9: s 2 = s1
Express the energy equation for the shaft and compressor having the turbine
power as input with the same mass flow rate so we get
-wC = wT = 130.5 kJ/kg = CP0(T2 - T1) = 1.004(T2 - 303.2)
T2 = 433.2 K
The property relation for s2 = s1 is Eq.6.23 and inverted as
k
433.23.5
P2 = P1(T2/T1)k-1 = 100 kPa 303.2 = 348.7 kPa
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.42
Two flows of air both at 200 kPa, one has 3 kg/s at 400 K and the other has 2 kg/s
at 290 K. The two lines exchange energy through a number of ideal heat engines
taking energy from the hot line and rejecting it to the colder line. The two flows
then leave at the same temperature. Assume the whole setup is reversible and find
the exit temperature and the total power out of the heat engines.
Solution:
1 QH QH QH 3
HE W HE W HE W
2 QL QL QL 4
Note: The solution using constant heat capacity writes the entropy equation
using Eq.6.16, the pressure terms cancel out so we get
3 2
5
Cp ln(Te/T1) + 5 Cp ln(Te/T2) = 0 => lnTe = (3lnT1 + 2 lnT2)/5
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.43
A flow of 5 kg/s water at 100 kPa, 20oC should be delivered as steam at 1000
kPa, 350oC to some application. We have a heat source at constant 500oC. If the
process should be reversible how much heat transfer should we have?
. .
Q = m TS (se – s) = 5 kg/s × 773.15 K × (7.301 – 0.2966) kJ/kg-K
= 27.1 MW
The theory does not say exactly how to do it. As the pressure goes up we must
have a pump or compressor and since the substance temperature is lower than the
source temperature a reversible heat transfer must happen through some kind of
heat engine receiving a Q from the source and delivering it to the flow extracting
some work in the process.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.44
A heat-powered portable air compressor consists of three components: (a) an
adiabatic compressor; (b) a constant pressure heater (heat supplied from an outside
source); and (c) an adiabatic turbine. Ambient air enters the compressor at 100 kPa,
300 K, and is compressed to 600 kPa. All of the power from the turbine goes into
the compressor, and the turbine exhaust is the supply of compressed air. If this
pressure is required to be 200 kPa, what must the temperature be at the exit of the
heater?
Solution:
P T
2 3 3 600 kPa
2 200 kPa
4 4
1 100 kPa
300 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.45
A two-stage compressor having an interstage cooler takes in air, 300 K, 100 kPa,
and compresses it to 2 MPa, as shown in Fig. P7.46. The cooler then cools the air
to 340 K, after which it enters the second stage, which has an exit pressure of 15
MPa. Both stages are adiabatic, and reversible. Find q in the cooler, total specific
work, and compare this to the work required with no intercooler.
Solution:
1 2 3 4
inter-
cooler
· ·
-W1 C1 C2 -W2
·
Q
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.46
A certain industrial process requires a steady supply of saturated vapor steam at
200 kPa, at a rate of 0.5 kg/s. Also required is a steady supply of compressed air
at 500 kPa, at a rate of 0.1 kg/s. Both are to be supplied by the process shown in
Fig. P7.46. Steam is expanded in a turbine to supply the power needed to drive the
air compressor, and the exhaust steam exits the turbine at the desired state. Air
into the compressor is at the ambient conditions, 100 kPa, 20°C. Give the required
steam inlet pressure and temperature, assuming that both the turbine and the
compressor are reversible and adiabatic.
Solution: 3
1
C.V. Each device. Steady flow.
Both adiabatic (q = 0) and
reversible (sgen = 0). 4
2
k-1
5000.286
Compressor: s4 = s3 => T4 = T3(P4/P3) k = 293.2 K 100 = 464.6 K
. .
WC = m3(h3 -h4) = 0.1 kg/s × 1.004 kJ/kg-K (293.2 - 464.6) K = -17.2 kW
. .
Turbine: Energy: WT = +17.2 kW = m1(h1 - h2); Entropy: s2 = s1
2741 - 2706.63
P = 200 + (300 - 200) 2783.0 - 2706.63 = 245 kPa
2741 - 2706.63
T = 120.23 + (160.55 - 120.23) 2783.0 - 2706.63 = 138.4°C
If you use the software you get: At h1, s1 → P1 = 242 kPa,T1 = 138.3°C
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.47
A certain industrial process requires a steady 0.75 kg/s supply of compressed air
at 500 kPa, at a maximum temperature of 30°C. This air is to be supplied by
installing a compressor and aftercooler. Local ambient conditions are 100 kPa,
20°C. Using an reversible compressor, determine the power required to drive the
compressor and the rate of heat rejection in the aftercooler.
Solution:
1 Q cool
2 3
Compressor
-Wc
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.48
Consider a steam turbine power plant operating near critical pressure, as shown in
Fig. P7.48. As a first approximation, it may be assumed that the turbine and the
pump processes are reversible and adiabatic. Neglecting any changes in kinetic
and potential energies, calculate
a. The specific turbine work output and the turbine exit state
b. The pump work input and enthalpy at the pump exit state
c. The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Solution:
QH
P1 = P4 = 20 MPa
1 T1 = 700 °C
WT P2 = P3 = 20 kPa
4
WP, in T3 = 40 °C
2
.
3 QL
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Transient processes
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.49
A 10 m tall, 2 m2 cross sectional area water tank is on a tower so the bottom is 5
m up from ground level and the top is open to the atmosphere. It is initially empty
and then filled by a pump taking water at ambient T = 17oC, 100 kPa from a small
pond at ground level. Assume the process is reversible and find the total pump
work.
In this problem there clearly is a potential energy change but we will neglect any
kinetic energy. Pressure of the water in and pressure in the tank is the same Po,
which is the pressure where the volume (water surface) expands in the tank.
Process: Adiabatic 1Q2 = 0 , Process ideal 1S2 gen = 0, s2 = sin and Zin = 0
From the entropy we conclude the T stays the same, recall Eq.6.11 and the work
to the atmosphere is
1W2 atm = Po (V2 – 0) = m2P2v2
So this will cancel the the incoming flow work included in minhin. The energy
equation becomes with Zin = 0
m2(u2 + gZ2) = - m2P2v2 + min(uin + Pinvin) + Wpump
and then since state 2: Po, Tin and state in: Po, Tin then u2 = uin. Left is
m2gZ2 = Wpump
The final elevation is the average elevation for the mass Z2 = 5m + 5m = 10m.
Wpump = m2g Z2
= 997 kg/m3 × (10 × 2) m3 × 9.807 m/s2 × 10 m
= 1 955 516 J = 1 955.5 kJ
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.50
Air in a tank is at 300 kPa, 400 K with a volume of 2 m3. A valve on the tank is
opened to let some air escape to the ambient to a final pressure inside of 200 kPa.
Find the final temperature and mass assuming a reversible adiabatic process for
the air remaining inside the tank.
Solution:
C.V. Total tank.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 – m1 = –mex
Energy Eq.4.16: m2u2 – m1u1 = –mexhex + 1Q2 - 1W2
m2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.51
A 0.5 m3 tank contains carbon dioxide at 300 K, 150 kPa is now filled from a
supply of carbon dioxide at 300 K, 150 kPa by a compressor to a final tank
pressure of 450 kPa. Assume the whole process is adiabatic and reversible. Find
the final mass and temperature in the tank and the required work to the
compressor.
m1 = P1V1/RT1 = = 1.3235 kg
0.1889 kJ/kg-K× 300 K
EA A
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
⇒ min = 1.78 kg A A
1W2
A A
E
A A
E
= minhin + m1u1 - m2u2 = minRTin + m1(u1 – uin) - m2(u2 –uin)
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.52
A tank contains 1 kg of carbon dioxide at 6 MPa, 60oC and it is connected to a A
E
turbine with an exhaust at 1000 kPa. The carbon dioxide flows out of the tank and
through the turbine to a final state in the tank of saturated vapor is reached. If the
process is adiabatic and reversible find the final mass in the tank and the turbine
work output.
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
1S2 gen A
E
A
E
A =0
State 1: v1 = 0.00801 m3/kg, u1 = 322.51 kJ/kg, s1 = 1.2789 kJ/kg-K
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
∫ dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 0 + 0 A A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
State exit: sex = s2 = s1 follows from entropy Eq. for first C.V. with the use
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.53
Air in a tank is at 300 kPa, 400 K with a volume of 2 m3. A valve on the tank is A
E
opened to let some air escape to the ambient to a final pressure inside of 200 kPa.
At the same time the tank is heated so the air remaining has a constant
temperature. What is the mass average value of the s leaving assuming this is an
internally reversible process?
Solution:
C.V. Tank, emptying process with heat transfer.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 - m1 = -me A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
Process: T2 = T1 A A
E
=> 1Q2
A A
E
A A
E
in at 400 K
Reversible 1S2 gen
A A
E
A
E
A =0
State 1: Ideal gas m1 = P1V/RT1 = 300 × 2/0.287 × 400 = 5.2265 kg
State 2: 200 kPa, 400 K
m2 = P2V/RT2 = 200 kPa × 2 m3/(0.287 × 400) kJ/kg = 3.4843 kg A
E
=> me = 1.7422 kg
From the energy equation:
1Q2 = m2u2 - m1u1 + mehe
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.54
An insulated 2 m3 tank is to be charged with R-134a from a line flowing the A
E
refrigerant at 3 MPa. The tank is initially evacuated, and the valve is closed when
the pressure inside the tank reaches 2 MPa. The line is supplied by an insulated
compressor that takes in R-134a at 5°C, quality of 96.5 %, and compresses it to 3
MPa in a reversible process. Calculate the total work input to the compressor to
charge the tank.
Solution:
C.V.: Compressor, R-134a. Steady 1 inlet and 1 exit flow, no heat transfer.
Energy Eq.4.13: qc + h1 = h1 = h2 + wc A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
o
inlet: T1 = 5 C, x1 = 0.965 use Table B.5.1
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
exit: P2 = 3 MPa A A
E
A A
T2 = 90oC, A A
E
A
E
A h2 = 436.19 kJ/kg
A A
wc = h1 - h2 = -41.68 kJ/kg A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
The work term is from the specific compressor work and the total mass
-Wc = mT(-wc) = 7 331 kJ A
E
A
E
A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.55
An underground salt mine, 100 000 m3 in volume, contains air at 290 K, 100 kPa. A
E
The mine is used for energy storage so the local power plant pumps it up to 2.1
MPa using outside air at 290 K, 100 kPa. Assume the pump is ideal and the
process is adiabatic. Find the final mass and temperature of the air and the
required pump work.
Solution:
C.V. The mine volume and the pump
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 - m1 = min A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
Process: Adiabatic A
1Q2 A
E
A A
E
= 0 , Process ideal 1S2 gen
A A
E
A A
E
= 0 , s1 = sin A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
o o
Constant s ⇒ Eq.8.19 sT2 = sTi + R ln(P2 / Pin) A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
o
sT2 = 6.83521 + 0.287 ln( 21 ) = 7.7090 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
m1 = P1V1/RT1 = E
E E E E
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
⇒ min = 9.5585×105 kg A A
E
A
E
1W2
A A
E
A A
E
= minhin + m1u1 - m2u2 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
P s= C T
2
2
T2 100 kPa
400
1, i 290 1, i
v s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.56
R-410A at 120oC, 4 MPa is in an insulated tank and flow is now allowed out to a
A
E
turbine with a backup pressure of 800 kPa. The flow continue to a final tank
pressure of 800 kPa and the process stops. If the initial mass was 1 kg how much
mass is left in the tank and what is the turbine work assuming a reversible
process?
Solution:
C.V. Total tank and turbine.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 – m1 = –mex A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
This has too many unknowns (we do not know state 2 only P2). A A
C.V. m2 the mass that remains in the tank. This is a control mass.
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
∫ dQ/T + 1S2 gen A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
⇒ s2 = s1 A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
State exit: sex = s2 = s1 follows from entropy Eq. for first C.V. using the
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.57
A river flowing at 0.5 m/s across 1 m high and 10 m wide area has a dam that
creates an elevation difference of 2 m. How much energy can a turbine deliver per
day if 80% of the potential energy can be extracted as work?
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E E
A A A A A A A A A A
E E
. . .
Energy Eq.: 0 = m (hi + 0.5Vi2 + gZi) – m (he + 0.5Ve2 + gZe) – W
E
E E
E E
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E E
The velocity in and out is the same assuming same flow area and the two
enthalpies are also the same since same T and P = P0. A A
E
A A
. .
W = 0.8 m g(Zi – Ze) = 0.8 × 4985 kg/s × 9.807 m/s2 × 2 m
E
A A A A A A A A A A
E E
.
W = W ∆t = 78.2 (kJ/s) × 24 × 60 × 60 s = 6.76 GJ
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.58
How much liquid water at 15oC can be pumped from 100 kPa to 300 kPa with a 3
A
E
kW motor?
Incompressible flow (liquid water) and we assume reversible. Then the shaftwork
is from Eq.7.15 (7.16)
w = −∫ v dP = −v ∆P = −0.001 m3/kg (300 – 100) kPa A
E
= − 0.2 kJ/kg
.
. W 3 kW
m = -w = 0.2 kJ/kg = 15 kg/s
E
A A A A A A A A
E E E E
.
Remark: The pump should also generate the kinetic energy, so the m will be
E
A A
smaller.
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.59
A large storage tank contains saturated liquid nitrogen at ambient pressure, 100
kPa; it is to be pumped to 500 kPa and fed to a pipeline at the rate of 0.5 kg/s.
How much power input is required for the pump, assuming it to be reversible?
Solution:
C.V. Pump, liquid is assumed to be incompressible.
Table B.6.1 at Pi = 101.3 kPa , vFi = 0.00124 m3/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
Eq.7.15
A ⌠vdP ≈ vFi(Pe - Pi)
wPUMP = - wcv = ⌡
A A EA A A A A A A
E E E E
liquid
= 0.00124(500 - 101) = 0.494 kJ/kg i
nitrogen e
. .
WPUMP = mwPUMP = 0.5 kg/s (0.494 kJ/kg) = 0.247 kW
A EA A
E
A EA A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.60
Liquid water at 300 kPa, 15°C flows in a garden hose with a small ideal nozzle.
How high a velocity can be generated? If the water jet is directed straight up how
high will it go?
Solution:
Liquid water is incompressible and we will assume process is reversible.
1
Bernoulli’s Eq. across the nozzle Eq.7.16: v∆P = ∆(2 V2) A A A
E
V = 2v∆P =
A EA 2×0.001001 × (300-101) × 1000 = 19.96 m/s
A EA
1
Bernoulli’s Eq.7.16 for the column: ∆(2 V2) = ∆gZ A A A
E
1
∆Z = ∆(2 V2)/g = v∆P/g
A A A
E
A A
E
= 20.3 m
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.61
A wave comes rolling in to the beach at 2 m/s horizontal velocity. Neglect friction
and find how high up (elevation) on the beach the wave will reach.
1
gzin + 2V2in = gzex + 0
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
1 2 1
(zex - zin) = 2gVin = 22 (m/s)2 = 0.204 m E E
2 × 9.807 m/s2
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E
E
E
E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.62
A small pump takes in water at 20°C, 100 kPa and pumps it to 2.5 MPa at a flow
rate of 100 kg/min. Find the required pump power input.
Solution:
C.V. Pump. Assume reversible pump and incompressible flow.
With single steady state flow it leads to the work in Eq.7.15
wp = -⌠vdP
A
E
A EA A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
. .
E
100 kg/min E
E
A A A A
E
A A A A
E E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.63
An irrigation pump takes water from a river at 10°C, 100 kPa and pumps it up to
an open canal at a 50 m higher elevation. The pipe diameter in and out of the
pump is 0.1 m and the motor driving the pump is 5 hp. Neglect kinetic energies
and friction, find the maximum possible mass flow rate.
CV the pump. The flow is incompressible and steady flow. The pump work is the
difference between the flow work in and out and from Bernoulli’s eq. for the pipe
that is equal to the potential energy increase sincle pump inlet pressure and pipe
outlet pressure are the same.
wp = v ∆P = g ∆Z = 9.81 × 50 J/kg = 0.49 kJ/kg
A A
Comment:
. .
. mv 4m 4 × 7.6
⇒
E
E E
E E
E E E
A A A A A A A A
This is insignificant relative to the power needed for the potential energy increase.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.64
A firefighter on a ladder 25 m above ground should be able to spray water an
additional 10 m up with the hose nozzle of exit diameter 2.5 cm. Assume a water
pump on the ground and a reversible flow (hose, nozzle included) and find the
minimum required power.
Solution:
C.V.: pump + hose + water column, total height difference 35 m.
. . E E
E
A A
E
A A
. . .
m(-wp) + m(h + V2/2 + gz)in = m(h + V2/2 + gz)ex
E E E
Energy Eq.4.12: A A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
The velocity in the exit nozzle is such that it can rise 10 m. Make that column
a C.V. for which Bernoulli Eq.7.17 is:
1
gznoz + 2V2noz = gzex + 0
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
10 m
E
Vnoz = A A
E
A 2g(zex - znoz) EA 35 m
= 2 × 9.81 × 10 = 14 m/s A EA
. π D2
m = Vnoz = ( π/4) 0.0252 × 14 / 0.001 = 6.873 kg/s
E
E
vf 2
A A A A E A A A A A A
. .
-Wp = -mwp = 6.873 kg/s × 343.2 J/kg = 2.36 kW
E E
A A A A A A A
E E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.65
Saturated R-410A at -10°C is pumped/compressed to a pressure of 2.0 MPa at the
rate of 0.5 kg/s in a reversible adiabatic process. Calculate the power required and
the exit temperature for the two cases of inlet state of the R-410A:
a) quality of 100 %.
b) quality of 0 %.
Solution:
. E
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
o
h2 = 334.18 kJ/kg, T2 = 52 C
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
E
A A
. .
wcs = h1 - h2 = -58.4 kJ/kg; => WC = mwC = -29.2 kW
A A
E
A A
b) State 1: T1 = -10oC, x1 = 0 A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
P2 = 2 MPa A A
. .
WP = mwP = -0.59 kW
P T
2a
2b
2b 2a
1a
1b
1b 1a
v s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.66
Liquid water at ambient conditions, 100 kPa, 25°C, enters a pump at the rate of
0.5 kg/s. Power input to the pump is 3 kW. Assuming the pump process to be
reversible, determine the pump exit pressure and temperature.
Solution:
C.V. Pump. Steady single inlet and exit flow with no heat transfer.
. .
Energy Eq.4.13: w = hi − he = W/m = -3/0.5 = - 6.0 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A EA
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
e
. .
-W -W = 3 kW, Pi = 100 kPa
Pump
A EA A A
.
Ti = 25°C , m = 0.5 kg/s
A A
E
A EA
E
A A
Remark:
si = 0.36736 = se
If we use the software we get: → Te = 25.1°C
At se & Pe
A E A A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.67
The underwater bulb nose of a container ship has a velocity relative to the ocean
water as 10 m/s. What is the pressure at the front stagnation point that is 2 m
down from the water surface.
Solution:
C.V. A stream line of flow from the freestream to the stagnation point on the
front of the bulb nose.
1 2 2
Eq.7.17: v(Pe - Pi) + 2 (Ve - Vi ) + g(Ze - Zi) = 0
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
Horizontal so Ze = Zi and Ve = 0 A A
E
A A
E
A A
1 2 102
∆P = 2v Vi = = 49.95 kPa
0.001001 × 2000
A A A A A A
E
E E
E
A A
= 120.6 kPa
Pe = Pi + ∆ P = 120.6 + 49.95 = 170.6 kPa
A A
E
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.68
A small water pump on ground level has an inlet pipe down into a well at a depth
H with the water at 100 kPa, 15°C. The pump delivers water at 400 kPa to a
building. The absolute pressure of the water must be at least twice the saturation
pressure to avoid cavitation. What is the maximum depth this setup will allow?
Solution:
Since flow has some kinetic energy and there are losses in the pipe the height
is overestimated. Also the start transient would generate a very low inlet
pressure due to the necessary dynamic forces (it moves flow by suction).
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.69
A pump/compressor pumps a substance from 150 kPa, 10°C to 1 MPa in a
reversible adiabatic process. The exit pipe has a small crack, so that a small
amount leaks to the atmosphere at 100 kPa. If the substance is (a) water, (b) R-
134a, find the temperature after compression and the temperature of the leak flow
as it enters the atmosphere neglecting kinetic energies.
Solution:
C.V.: Compressor, reversible adiabatic
Eq.4.13: h1 − wc = h2 ; Eq.7.8:
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
s1 = s2
A A
E
A
State 2: P2, s2 = s1
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
State 3: P3, h3 = h2 A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A EA A A
E
A A
E
A A
= 0.85 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 − wc = 41.99 + 0.85 = 42.84 kJ/kg => T2 = 10.2°C
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
P3 , h3 = h2 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
⇒ compressed liquid at ~10.2°C
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
P3 , h3 = h2 ⇒ T3 = 60.6°C
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
P T 1 MPa
2 2 150 kPa
100 kPa
3
1 3 1 h=C
v s
7.70
Atmospheric air at 100 kPa, 17°C blows at 60 km/h towards the side of a
building. Assume the air is nearly incompressible find the pressure and the
temperature at the stagnation point (zero velocity) on the wall.
Solution:
C.V. A stream line of flow from the freestream to the wall.
Eq.7.17:
1 2 2 V
v(Pe-Pi) + 2 (Ve -Vi ) + g(Ze - Zi) = 0
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
km m 1 h
Vi = 60 h × 1000 km × 3600 s = 16.667 m/s
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
kg A A A A A A
i E E E E E E
1 2 16.6672 (m/s)2
∆P = 2v Vi = = 0.17 kPa
0.8323 × 2000 m /kg × J/kJ
3
A A A A A A A A
E
E E E E
Pe = Pi + ∆ P = 100.17 kPa
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
Very small effect due to low velocity and air is light (large specific volume)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.71
A small pump is driven by a 2 kW motor with liquid water at 150 kPa, 10°C
entering. Find the maximum water flow rate you can get with an exit pressure of 1
MPa and negligible kinetic energies. The exit flow goes through a small hole in a
spray nozzle out to the atmosphere at 100 kPa. Find the spray velocity.
Solution:
C.V. Pump. Liquid water is incompressible so work from Eq.7.15
. . .
W = mw = -mv(Pe - Pi) ⇒
E
E E
A A A A A A A A A A
E E
. .
m = W/ [-v(Pe - Pi) ] = -2/[-0.001003 m3/kg ( 1000 – 150) kPa]
E
E
A A A A A A A A A A
E E
= 2.35 kg/s
C.V Nozzle. No work, no heat transfer, v ≈ constant => Bernoulli Eq.7.17
1 2 3
2Vex = v∆P = 0.001 m /kg ( 1000 – 100) kPa = 0.9 kJ/kg = 900 J/kg
E
A A A A A A
E
A A EA
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.72
A speed boat has a small hole in the front of the drive with the propeller that
sticks down into the water at a water depth of 0.25 m. Assume we have a
stagnation point at that hole when the boat is sailing with 40 km/h, what is the
total pressure there?
Solution:
C.V. A stream line of flow from the freestream to the wall.
1 2 2
Eq.7.17: v(Pe-Pi) + 2 (Ve -Vi ) + g(Ze - Zi) = 0 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
km m 1 h
Vi = 40 h × 1000 km × 3600 s = 11.111 m/s
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
1 2 11.1112
∆P = 2v Vi = = 61.66 kPa
0.001001 × 2000
A A A A A A
E
E E
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.73
You drive on the highway with 120 km/h on a day with 17°C, 100 kPa
atmosphere. When you put your hand out of the window flat against the wind you
feel the force from the air stagnating, i.e. it comes to relative zero velocity on your
skin. Assume the air is nearly incompressible and find the air temperature and
pressure right on your hand.
Solution:
1 2
Energy Eq.4.13: 2 V + ho = hst
E
A A A A A A A
E E
1 1
Tst = To + 2 V2/Cp = 17 + 2 [(120×1000)/3600]2 × (1/1004)
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
= 17 + 555.5/1004 = 17.6°C
v = RTo/Po = 0.287 × 290/100 = 0.8323 m3/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
E
A
E
1
Pst = Po + 2 V2/v = 100 + 555.5/(0.8323 × 1000) = 100.67 kPa
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.74
A small dam has a pipe carrying liquid water at 150 kPa, 20°C with a flow rate of
2000 kg/s in a 0.5 m diameter pipe. The pipe runs to the bottom of the dam 15 m
lower into a turbine with pipe diameter 0.35 m. Assume no friction or heat
transfer in the pipe and find the pressure of the turbine inlet. If the turbine
exhausts to 100 kPa with negligible kinetic energy what is the rate of work?
Solution:
C.V. Pipe. Steady flow no work, no heat transfer.
States: compressed liquid B.1.1 v2 ≈ v1 ≈ vf = 0.001002 m3/kg A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
.
m = ρ AV = AV/v
E
Continuity Eq.4.3: A A
. π
V1 = mv1 /A1 = 2000 kg/s × 0.001002 m3/kg / ( 4 0.52 m2) = 10.2 m s-1
E
E E E E
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E
. π
V2 = mv2/A2 = 2000 kg/s ×0.001002 m3/kg /( 4 0.352 m2) = 20.83 m s-1
E
E E E E
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1 2 2
P2 = P1 + [2 (V1 − V2) + g (Z1 – Z2)]/v
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1
2
×(10.22 - 20.832) + 9.80665 ×15 m2s-2
= 150 kPa +
1000 × 0.001002 J/kJ ×m3/kg
A A A
E E
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1
= – 0.001002 (100 – 150) + [2×10.22 + 9.80665 × 15] /1000 = 0.25 kJ/kg A A
E
A
E
. .
W = mw = 2000 kg/s × 0.25 kJ/kg = 500 kW
E
E
A A A A
DAM
2 Turbine 3
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.75
An air flow at 100 kPa, 290 K, 100 m/s is directed towards a wall. At the wall the
flow stagnates (comes to zero velocity) without any heat transfer. Find the
stagnation pressure a) assuming incompressible flow b) assume an adiabatic
compression. Hint: T comes from the energy equation.
Solution:
Ideal gas: v = RTo/Po = 0.287 × 290/100 = 0.8323 m3/kg A A
E
A A
E
A
E
1 1
Kinetic energy: 2
A A
E
V2 = 2 (1002/1000) = 5 kJ/kg
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
E
A
E
0
= 6 kPa
St
Pst = Po + ∆P = 106 kPa
A
E
A A A
b) adiabatic compression
1 cb
Energy Eq.4.13: 2 V2 + ho = hst A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
1
hst - ho = 2 V2 = Cp∆T
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
1
∆T = 2 V2/Cp = 5/1.004 = 5°C A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
⌡ dq = sst
A
E
A
E
A A EA A
E
A
o
A A A A E A A A A
E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.76
A flow of air at 100 kPa, 300 K enters a device and goes through a polytropic
process with n = 1.3 before it exits at 800 K. Find the exit pressure, the specific
work and heat transfer using constant specific heats.
Solution:
C.V. Steady state device, single inlet and single exit flow.
Energy Eq.4.13: h1 + q = h2 + wA A
E
Neglect kinetic, potential energies
A A
E
A
E
A A
= – 621.8 kJ/kg
q = he – hi + w = CP (Te – Ti) + w
= 1.004 kJ/kg-K (800 – 300) K – 621.8 kJ/kg
= –119.8 kJ/kg
P T Notice:
e n = k = 1.4
dP > 0
e so dw <0
n=1 n=1
n = 1.3
i i n = 1.3 ds < 0
v so dq < 0
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.77
Solver the previous problem but use the air tables A.7
Air at 100 kPa, 300 K, flows through a device at steady state with the exit at 1000
K during which it went through a polytropic process with n = 1.3. Find the exit
pressure, the specific work and heat transfer.
Solution:
C.V. Steady state device, single inlet and single exit flow.
Energy Eq.4.13: h1 + q = h2 + w
A A
E
Neglect kinetic, potential energies
A A
E
A
E
A A
E E
= – 621.8 kJ/kg
q = he – hi + w = 822.2 – 300.5 – 621.8
= –100.1 kJ/kg
P T Notice:
e n = k = 1.4 dP > 0
e so dw <0
n=1 n=1
i n = 1.3 i n = 1.3 ds < 0
v so dq < 0
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.78
Helium gas enters a steady-flow expander at 800 kPa, 300°C, and exits at 120
kPa. The expansion process can be considered as a reversible polytropic process
with exponent, n = 1.3. Calculate the mass flow rate for 150 kW power output
from the expander.
Solution:
n-1 0.3
Pe n 120 1.3
Te = Ti P = 573.2 800 = 370 K
E E
Wexp i
A A A A A E A A A A E A A A
E E
0.3
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
= 1828.9 kJ/kg
. .
m = W/w = 150 kW / 1828.9 kJ/kg = 0.082 kg/s
A EA A EA
P T
n = k = 1.667
i
i
n=1 n=1
e n = 1.3 e n = 1.3
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.79
A flow of 4 kg/s ammonia goes through a device in a polytropic process with an
inlet state of 150 kPa, -20°C and an exit state of 400 kPa, 60°C. Find the
polytropic exponent n, the specific work and heat transfer.
Solution:
C.V. Steady state device, single inlet and single exit flow.
Energy Eq.4.13: h1 + q = h2 + w Neglect kinetic, potential energies A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
E
State 1: Table B.2.2 v1= 0.79774, s1= 5.7465 kJ/kg K, h1= 1422.9 kJ/kg A A
E
A A
E
A A
State 2: Table B.2.2 v2= 0.3955, s2= 5.8560 kJ/kg K, h2= 1590.4 kJ/kg A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
=> 0.98083 = n × 0.70163
n = ln (P2/P1) / ln (v1/ v2) = 1.3979 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
P T Notice:
2 n = k = 1.3 dP > 0
2 n = 1.54
so dw <0
n=1 n=1
1 n = 1.54 1 ds > 0
v so dq > 0
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.80
Calculate the air temperature and pressure at the stagnation point right in front of
a meteorite entering the atmosphere (-50 °C, 50 kPa) with a velocity of 2000 m/s.
Do this assuming air is incompressible at the given state and repeat for air being a
compressible substance going through an adiabatic compression.
Solution:
1 2 1 2
Kinetic energy: 2 V = 2 (2000) /1000 = 2000 kJ/kg A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
Ideal gas: vatm = RT/P = 0.287 kJ/kg-K × 223 K/50 kPa = 1.28 m3/kg
A
E
A A
E
a) incompressible
1
Energy Eq.4.13: ∆h = 2 V2 = 2000 kJ/kg A A
E
A
E
E
A
1
Use A.7: hst = ho + 2 V2 = 223.22 + 2000 = 2223.3 kJ/kg
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
Tst = 1977 K
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
E
A
b) compressible
Tst = 1977 K the same energy equation.
A
E
A
o o
From A.7.1: sT st = 8.9517 kJ/kg K;
A A
E
sT o = 6.5712 kJ/kg K
A A
Eq.6.19:
o o
Pst = Po × e(sT st - sT o)/R
A
E
A A A
E
EA
A A A
E
A E
8.9517 - 6.5712
= 50 × exp [ A
0.287 ] E
A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.81
An expansion in a gas turbine can be approximated with a polytropic process with
exponent n = 1.25. The inlet air is at 1200 K, 800 kPa and the exit pressure is 125
kPa with a mass flow rate of 0.75 kg/s. Find the turbine heat transfer and power
output.
Solution:
C.V. Steady state device, single inlet and single exit flow.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = he + w Neglect kinetic, potential energies
E
A
Process Eq.6.28:
n-1 0.25
Te = Ti (Pe/ Pi) n (125/800)1.25
E E
A A = 1200 A A = 827.84 K
so the exit enthalpy is from Table A.7.1
27.84
he = 822.2 + 50 (877.4 – 822.2) = 852.94 kJ/kg A A
E E
= 400.5 kW
Energy equation gives
. . . .
Q = mq = m(he - hi) + W = 0.75(852.94 – 1277.81) + 400.5
A EA A EA A EA A EA
P T Notice:
n = k = 1.4
i dP < 0
i so dw > 0
n=1 n=1
e n = 1.25 e n = 1.25 ds > 0
v so dq > 0
s
Notice this process has some heat transfer in during expansion which is
unusual. The typical process would have n = 1.5 with a heat loss.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.82
Consider a steam turbine with inlet 2 MPa, 350oC and an exhaust flow as
A
E
saturated vapor 100 kPa. There is a heat loss of 6 kJ/kg to the ambient. Is the
turbine possible?
Solution:
At the given states
Table B.1.3: si = 6.9562 kJ/kg K; se = 7.3593 kJ/kg K
Do the second law for the turbine, Eq.7.8
. . . .
mese = misi + ∫ dQ/T + Sgen
E
A A
se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen
sgen = se - si - ∫ dq/T = 7.3593 – 6.9562 – 6/298 = 0.383 kJ/kgK > 0
Entropy goes up even if q goes out. This is an irreversible process.
P T
2 MPa
i
i 100 kPa
e ac
e ac
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.83
A large condenser in a steam power plant dumps 15 MW by condensing saturated
water vapor at 45oC to saturated liquid. What is the water flow rate and the
A
E
Solution:
. . 15 000 kW
E
E E
Condensing Sea
water from the ambient at 25oC. E
water water
A A
A 25oC
A
E
. . .
∑ Q .
dS Q Q .
−
E
E E
. 15 MW 15 MW kW
Sgen = 25 + 273 K − 45 + 273 K = 3.17
K
A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.84
R-410A at -5oC, 700 kPa is throttled so it becomes cold at –40oC. What is exit P
A
E
A A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
fg e
E E E
E E E
E
A A
P
1
h=C
T
2
v
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.85
Ammonia is throttled from 1.5 MPa, 35oC to a pressure of 291 kPa in a
A
E
refrigerator system. Find the exit temperature and the specific entropy generation
in this process.
The throttle process described in Example 6.5 is an irreversible process. Find the
entropy generation per kg ammonia in the throttling process.
Solution:
The process is adiabatic and irreversible. The consideration with the energy given
in the example resulted in a constant h and two-phase exit flow.
Table B.2.1: si = 1.2792 kJ/kg K, hi = 346.8 kJ/kg
Table B.2.1: x = (hi – hf)/hfg = (346.8 – 134.41)/1296.4 = 0.1638
se = sf + xe sfg = 0.5408 + 0.1638 × 4.9265 = 1.34776 kJ/kg K
We assumed no heat transfer so the entropy equation Eq.7.9 gives
sgen = se - si - ∫ dq/T = 1.34776 – 1.2792 – 0 = 0.0686 kJ/kg K
T
1 2 1.5 MPa
i
e 291 kPa
h=C s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.86
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410A at -25oC and x = 1. A
E
Solution:
i
C.V. Compressor, steady state, single inlet and exit e
flow. For this device we also assume no heat
transfer and Zi = Ze
A A
E
A
E
cb
-W
C
From Table B.4.1 : hi = 269.77 kJ/kg, si = 1.0893 kJ/kg-K
A A
E
A A
E
A A
Entropy gives
sgen = se - si - ∫ dq/T = 1.073 – 1.0893 - ∫ dq/T = negative
The result is negative unless dq is negative (it should go out, but T < T ambient)
so this compressor is impossible
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.87
R-134a at 30oC, 800 kPa is throttled in a steady flow to a lower pressure so it
A
E
Solution:
The process is adiabatic and irreversible. The consideration of the energy given in
example 6.5 resulted in a constant h and two-phase exit flow.
Table B.4.1: hi = 241.79 kJ/kg, si = 1.143 kJ/kg-K (compressed liquid)
State 2: -10oC, he = hi < hg so two-phase xe = (he – hf)/hfg = 0.267
A
E
T
1 2 800 kPa
i
e 202 kPa
h=C s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.88
Analyze the steam turbine described in Problem 4.84. Is it possible?
Solution:
C.V. Turbine. Steady flow and adiabatic. 1
2
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 = m2 + m3 ;
. . . . E
WT
Energy Eq.4.10: m1h1 = m2h2 + m3h3 + W A
3
. . . .
Entropy Eq.7.7: m1s1 + Sgen = m2s2 + m3s3
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.89
Two flowstreams of water, one at 0.6 MPa, saturated vapor, and the other at 0.6
MPa, 600°C, mix adiabatically in a steady flow process to produce a single flow
out at 0.6 MPa, 400°C. Find the total entropy generation for this process.
Solution:
. . . E E E
Continuity Eq.4.9: m3 = m1 + m2 , A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
. .E . E E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . E E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . E . . E E E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
=>
. E. . . E . . E E E E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
T
1
600 kPa
Mixing
3
2 chamber 2
3
1
s
The mixing process generates entropy. The two inlet flows could have
exchanged energy (they have different T) through some heat engines and
produced work, the process failed to do that, thus irreversible.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.90
A geothermal supply of hot water at 500 kPa, 150°C is fed to an insulated flash
evaporator at the rate of 1.5 kg/s. A stream of saturated liquid at 200 kPa is
drained from the bottom of the chamber and a stream of saturated vapor at 200
kPa is drawn from the top and fed to a turbine. Find the rate of entropy generation
in the flash evaporator.
Solution:
1 3 Two-phase out of the
valve. The liquid drops
to the bottom.
2
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 = m2 + m3
. . .
Energy Eq.4.10: m1h1 = m2h2 + m3h3
. . . . .
m1s1 + Sgen + ∫ dQ/T = m2s2 + m3s3
E
Entropy Eq.7.7: A A
. E
P T
500 kPa
200 kPa
1 1
3 3
2 2 1a
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.91
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410A at -25oC and x = 1. A
E
The exit is at 2000 kPa and 80oC. Neglect kinetic energies and find the specific
A
E
entropy generation.
Solution:
i
C.V. Compressor, steady state, single inlet and e
exit flow. For this device we also assume no
heat transfer q = 0 and Z1 = Z2 A A
E
A
E
cb
-WC
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.92
A steam turbine has an inlet of 2 kg/s water at 1000 kPa and 400oC with velocity A
E
of 15 m/s. The exit is at 100 kPa, 150oC and very low velocity. Find the power
A
E
Solution:
C.V. Turbine. Steady flow and adiabatic. 1
. .
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 = m2 ;
. 1 . . WT
m1(h1+ 2V2) = m2h2 + W
E
Energy Eq.4.10: A A
E
A
E
A A
2
. . .
Entropy Eq.7.7: m1s1 + Sgen = m2s2
A A A A A A A A A A
E E
E E
= 975 kW
. .
Sgen = m1(s2 – s1) = 2 kg/s (7.6133 – 7.4650) kJ/kgK = 0.3 kW/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.93
A factory generates compressed air from ambient 100 kPa, 17oC, by compression A
E
to 1000 kPa, 600 K after which it cools in a constant pressure cooler to 300 K by
heat transfer to the ambient. Find the specific entropy generation in the
compressor and in the cooler.
Solution
C.V. air compressor q = 0
. . E E
E
A A A
E
0 = h1 + wc in – h2 A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
o
Table A.7 State 1: h1 = 290.19 kJ/kg, sT1 = 6.83521 kJ/kg-K, A A
E
A A
o
Table A.7 State 2: h2 = 607.32 kJ/kg, sT2 = 7.57638 kJ/kg-K, A A
E
A A
o
Table A.7 State 3: h3 = 300.47 kJ/kg, sT3 = 6.86926 kJ/kg-K, A A
E
A A
o o
sgen comp = s2 – s1 = sT2 – sT1 – R ln(P2/P1)
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . E E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
o o
sgen cool = s3 - s2 + qout/Tamb = sT3 – sT2 + qout/Tamb
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
306.85
= 6.86926 – 7.57638 + 290 = 0.351 kJ/kg A A
1 Q cool
2 3
Compressor
-Wc
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.94
A mixing chamber receives 5 kg/min ammonia as saturated liquid at −20°C from
one line and ammonia at 40°C, 250 kPa from another line through a valve. The
chamber also receives 325 kJ/min energy as heat transferred from a 40°C
reservoir. This should produce saturated ammonia vapor at −20°C in the exit line.
What is the mass flow rate in the second line and what is the total entropy
generation in the process?
Solution:
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 + m2 = m3 A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. . . . E E E E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A A A
E
A
. . . E . . E E E E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A
P
1 3
MIXING 2
.
2 CHAMBER Q
1 3 v
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
A A A A E A A A A A
E E E
A A A
. E . . . . E E E E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.95
Carbon dioxide at 300 K, 200 kPa is brought through a steady device where it is
heated to 600 K by a 700 K reservoir in a constant pressure process. Find the
specific work, specific heat transfer and specific entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Heater and walls out to the source. Steady single inlet and exit flows.
Since the pressure is constant and there are no changes in kinetic or potential
energy between the inlet and exit flows the work is zero. w=0
. . . E E E
Continuity Eq.4.11: mi = me = m A A A A A
E
A
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = he A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
P T
700 K
2 700
Q 1 T2 600
2
T1 300
1 2 1
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.96
Methane at 1 MPa, 300 K is throttled through a valve to 100 kPa. Assume no
change in the kinetic energy and ideal gas behavior. What is the specific entropy
generation?
. . . E E E
Continuity Eq.4.11: mi = me = m
A A A A A
E
A
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + 0 = he
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.97
A heat exchanger that follows a compressor receives 0.1 kg/s air at 1000 kPa, 500
K and cools it in a constant pressure process to 320 K. The heat is absorbed by
ambient ait at 300 K. Find the total rate of entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Heat exchanger to ambient, steady constant pressure so no work.
. . . E E E
E
A A A A
E
A A
. . E. . E E E
E
A A A
E
A A A A
E
A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E E
. E . . . E . E E E
E
A A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
A
A
AE
sT320 = 6.93413 kJ/kg K
EA
A
A
AE
. .E E
E
A A A A
E
A A
. E . . E E
E
A A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
P T
300 K
e i
Qout Ti 500
i
Te 320
i e 300 e
v s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.98
A dual fluid heat exchanger has 5 kg/s water enter at 40oC, 150 kPa and leaving at A
E
10oC, 150 kPa. The other fluid is glycol coming in at -10oC, 160 kPa and leaves
A
E
A A
E
at 10oC, 160 kPa. Find the mass flow rate of glycol and the rate of entropy
A
E
generation.
Continuity Eqs.: Each line has a constant flow rate through it.
. . . E . E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . . . E . E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
. E . h1 − h2 167.54 − 41.99 E
E E
E
E E
. . . E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.99
Two flows of air both at 200 kPa; one has 2 kg/s at 400 K and the other has 1 kg/s
at 290 K. The two flows are mixed together in an insulated box to produce a
single exit flow at 200 kPa. Find the exit temperature and the total rate of entropy
generation.
Solution:
Continuity Eq.4.9: 2
. . . 1
m1 + m2 = m3 = 2 + 1 = 3 kg/s 3
Energy Eq.4.10:
. . .
m1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3
. . . .
Entropy Eq.7.7: m1s1 + m2s2 + Sgen = m3s3
Using constant specific heats from A.5 and Eq.6.16 for s change.
.
Divide the energy equation with m3CPo
. . . . 2 1
T3 = (m1/m3)T1 + (m2/m3)T2 = × 400 + × 290 = 363.33 K
3 3
A A A A
E E
. . .
Sgen = m1(s3 - s1) + m2(s3 - s2)
363.33 363.33
= [1 × 1.004 ln ( ) + 2 × 1.004 ln ( )] kg/s × kJ/kg-K
400 290
A A A A
E E
= 0.356 kW/K
E E
A
A
AE
.
Sgen = [2 (7.06216 – 7.15926) + 1 (7.06216 – 6.83521)] kg/s × kJ/kgK
= 0.03275 kW/K
The pressure correction part of the entropy terms cancel out as all three
states have the same pressure.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.100
A condenser in a power plant receives 5 kg/s steam at 15 kPa, quality 90% and
rejects the heat to cooling water with an average temperature of 17°C. Find the
power given to the cooling water in this constant pressure process and the total
rate of enropy generation when condenser exit is saturated liquid.
Solution:
C.V. Condenser. Steady state with no shaft work term.
. . . E
E
E
E
A A A A A A
. . . . E
E E
E
E
A A A A A
E
A A A
E
he= 225.91 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
. . E
. E
E
E
A A A A A A
E
A A
. .
E . E
E
E
A A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.101
A large supply line has a steady flow of R-410A at 1000 kPa, 60oC. It is used in A
E
three different adiabatic devices shown in Fig. P7.101, a throttle flow, an ideal
nozzle and an ideal turbine. All the exit flows are at 300 kPa. Find the exit
temperature and specific entropy generation for each device and the exit velocity
of the nozzle.
C.V. Throttle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he ( Zi = Ze and V’s are small) A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A A
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 A A
E
A
E
A ( Zi = Ze ) A A
E
A
E
A
Te = 4.6oC, sgen = 0,
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
he = 296.775 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A A
Ve = A A
E
A 2 × 38.975 × 1000 = 279.2 m/s EA
Turbine:
Process: Reversible and adiabatic => same as for nozzle except w, Ve = 0 A A
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + w A A
E
( Zi = Ze ) A A
Te = 4.6oC, sgen = 0,
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
he = 296.775 kJ/kg
A A
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.102
A two-stage compressor takes nitrogen in at 20oC, 150 kPa compresses it to 600 A
E
kPa, 450 K then it flows through an intercooler where it cools to 320 K and the
second stage compresses it to 3000 kPa, 530 K. Find the specific entropy
generation in each of the two compressor stages.
1 2 3 4
inter-
cooler
· ·
-W1 C1 C2 -W2
·
Q
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
Entropy Eq. 7.10: 0 = s1 – s2 + sgen C1 A A
E
A A
E
A
Assume constant CP0 = 1.042 from A.5 and Eq.6.16 for change in entropy
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.103
The intercooler in the previous problem uses cold liquid water to cool the
nitrogen. The nitrogen flow is 0.1 kg/s and the liquid water inlet is 20oC and setup A
E
to flow in the opposite direction as the nitrogen so the water leaves at 35oC. Find A
E
the flow rate of the water and the entropy generation in this intercooler.
Solution:
4
2 1
H2O
3 N2
A hydraulic motor driven compressor with intercooler in small pipe between the
two stages.
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. . E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . . E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
Due to the lower range of temperature we will use constant specific heats from
A.5 and A.4 so the energy equation is approximated as
. . E E
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
= 0.1 kg/s ×1.042 kJ/kgK × (450 –320) K / [4.18 ×(35 –20) kJ/kg]
= 0.216 kg/s
. . E . E E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. E . E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
320 308
= 0.1 kg/s ×1.042 kJ/kgK ln 450 + 0.216 kg/s ×4.18 kJ/kgK ln 293 A A A
E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.104
Air at 327°C, 400 kPa with a volume flow 1 m3/s runs through an adiabatic A
E
turbine with exhaust pressure of 100 kPa. Neglect kinetic energies and use
constant specific heats. Find the lowest and highest possible exit temperature. For
each case find also the rate of work and the rate of entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V Turbine. Steady single inlet and exit flows, q = 0.
Inlet state: (T, P) vi= RTi/ Pi = 0.287 × 600/400 = 0.4305 m3/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
. . E E
The lowest exit T is for maximum work out i.e. reversible case
Process: Reversible and adiabatic => constant s from Eq.7.9
k-1
Eq.8.23: Te = Ti(Pe/Pi) k = 600 × (100/400) 0.2857 = 403.8 K
E
E
A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . .
WT = mw = 2.323 × 197 = 457.6 kW
E
E
A A and Sgen = 0
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . . Pe 100
Sgen = m (se - si) = - mR ln P = -2.323 × 0.287 ln 400 = 0.924 kW/K
E E
E
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
i
E
E E
E E E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.105
A counter flowing heat exchanger has one line with 2 kg/s at 125 kPa, 1000 K
entering and the air is leaving at 100 kPa, 400 K. The other line has 0.5 kg/s water
coming in at 200 kPa, 20°C and leaving at 200 kPa. What is the exit temperature
of the water and the total rate of entropy generation?
Solution:
. .
Energy Eq.4.10: mAIR∆hAIR = mH2O∆hH2O
From A.7: h1 - h2 = 1046.22 – 401.3 = 644.92 kJ/kg
From B.1.2 h3 = 83.94 kJ/kg; s3 = 0.2966 kJ/kg K
. .
h4 - h3 = (mAIR/mH2O)(h1 - h2) = (2/0.5)644.92 = 2579.68 kJ/kg
h4 = h3 + 2579.68 = 2663.62 kJ/kg < hg at 200 kPa
T4 = Tsat = 120.23°C,
x4 = (2663.62 – 504.68)/2201.96 = 0.9805,
s4 = 1.53 + x4 5.597 = 7.01786 kJ/kg K
From entropy Eq.7.7
. E . E
.
Sgen = mH2O (s4 - s3) + mAIR(s2 - s1)
A A A
E
A A A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.106
A large supply line has a steady air flow at 500 K, 200 kPa. It is used in three
different adiabatic devices shown in Fig. P9.85, a throttle flow, an ideal nozzle
and an ideal turbine. All the exit flows are at 100 kPa. Find the exit temperature
and specific entropy generation for each device and the exit velocity of the nozzle.
C.V. Throttle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he ( Zi = Ze and V’s are small) A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
o o
sgen = se – si = sTe – sTi – R ln(Pe / Pi) = 0 – 0.287 ln(1/2) = 0.2 kJ/kg K
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 A A
E
A
E
A ( Zi = Ze ) A A
E
A
E
A
kJ
Use constant specific heat from Table A.5, CPo = 1.004 kg K, k = 1.4 A A
E
A A
k-1
=> Te = Ti( Pe i
A A
E
A A
E
A /P ) k
A
E
A A
E
A
E
2
The energy equation becomes: Ve /2 = hi - he ≅ CP( Ti - Te)
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
Ve = A A
E
EA 2 CP( Ti - Te) = 2×1.004 kJ/kgK (500-410) K × 1000 J/kJ = 424
A A A A A A EA A EA
m/s
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
Turbine:
Process: Reversible and adiabatic => constant s from Eq.7.8
k-1
Eq.6.23: Te = Ti(Pe/Pi) k = 500 × (100/200) 0.2857 = 410 K
E
E
A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.107
In a heat-driven refrigerator with ammonia as the working fluid, a turbine with
inlet conditions of 2.0 MPa, 70°C is used to drive a compressor with inlet
saturated vapor at −20°C. The exhausts, both at 1.2 MPa, are then mixed together.
The ratio of the mass flow rate to the turbine to the total exit flow was measured
to be 0.62. Can this be true?
Solution:
Assume the compressor and the turbine are both adiabatic.
Continuity Eq.4.11: A m5 = m1 + m3 A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. . E . E E
4
Energy Eq.4.10: A m5h5 = m1h1 + m3h3 A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. . . . E E E E
3 5 2
Entropy: m5s5 = m1s1 + m3s3 + SC.V.,gen
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. . E E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
s5 = 5.056 kJ/kg K
A A
. .
⇒ SC.V.,gen/m5 = s5 - ys1 - (1-y)s3 = -0.1669 Impossible
E E
A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E
The problem could also have been solved assuming a reversible process
and then find the needed flow rate ratio y. Then y would have been found
larger than 0.62 so the stated process can not be true.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.108
Repeat problem 7.106 for the throttle and the nozzle when the inlet air
temperature is 2500 K and use the air tables.
C.V. Throttle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he ( Zi = Ze and V’s are small) A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
o o
sgen = se – si = sTe – sTi – R ln(Pe / Pi) = 0 – 0.287 ln(1/2) = 0.2 kJ/kg K
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 A A
E
A
E
A ( Zi = Ze ) A A
E
A
E
A
o o
0 = se – si = sTe – sTi – R ln(Pe / Pi) A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
o o
=> sTe = sTi + R ln(Pe / Pi) = 9.24781 + 0.287 ln (100/200) = 9.04888
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
Ve = A A
E
A 2 × 1000 × 460.2 = 959 m/s EA
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.109
Carbon dioxide used as a natural refrigerant flows through a cooler at 10 MPa,
which is supercritical so no condensation occurs. The inlet is at 200oC and the A
E
exit is at 40oC. Assume the heat transfer is to the ambient at 20oC and find the
A
E
A A
E
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
sgen = se – si + qout/T
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
319.35 kJ/kg
= (0.6906 – 1.5705) kJ/kgK + = 0.2095 kJ/kgK
293.15 K
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.110
Saturated liquid nitrogen at 600 kPa enters a boiler at a rate of 0.005 kg/s and
exits as saturated vapor. It then flows into a super heater also at 600 kPa where it
exits at 600 kPa, 280 K. Assume the heat transfer comes from a 300 K source and
find the rates of entropy generation in the boiler and the super heater.
Solution:
C.V.: boiler steady single inlet and exit flow, neglect KE, PE energies in flow
. . .
Continuity Eq.: m1 = m2 = m3
Table B.6.1: h1 = -81.53 kJ/kg, s1 = 3.294 kJ/kgK,
h2 = 86.85 kJ/kg, s2 = 5.041 kJ/kgK
Table B.6.2: h3 = 289.05 kJ/kg, s3 = 6.238 kJ/kgK
Energy Eq.4.13: qboiler = h2 – h1 = 86.85 - (- 81.53) = 168.38 kJ/kg
. .
Qboiler = m1qboiler = 0.005 × 168.38 = 0.842 kW
E
A A
. . E
. E
E
A A
A A
. . E
. E
E
A A
P T 3
Super
vapor heater
1 2 3 600
1 2 3 1 2
cb Q v v
Q boiler
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.111
A steam turbine in a power plant receives steam at 3000 kPa, 500oC. The turbine A
E
has two exit flows, one is 20% of the flow at 1000 kPa, 350oC to a feedwater A
E
heater and the remainder flows out at 200 kPa, 200oC. Find the specific turbine A
E
work and the specific entropy generation both per kg flow in.
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A (full flow rate)
Entropy Eq.7.9: s3 = s2 + sgen LP
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
[flow rate is fraction (1-x) ]
Overall entropy gen: sgen HP = sgen HP + (1 – x) sgen LP
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
s1 = 7.2337 kJ/kg K
A A
E
s2 = 7.3010 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
E
A
= 0.232 kJ/kgK
P T 3 MPa
1
1 1 MPa
2
3 200 kPa
3s
3s 3
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.112
One type of feedwater heater for preheating the water before entering a boiler
operates on the principle of mixing the water with steam that has been bled from
the turbine. For the states as shown in Fig. P7.112, calculate the rate of net
entropy increase for the process, assuming the process to be steady flow and
adiabatic.
Solution:
CV: Feedwater heater, Steady flow, no external heat transfer.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 + m2 = m3 A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A EA
. . . .
Energy Eq.4.10: m1h1 + (m3 - m1)h2 = m3h3
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A
Properties: All states are given by (P,T) table B.1.1 and B.1.3
h1 = 168.42, h2 = 2828 , h3 = 675.8 all kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
s1 = 0.572,
A A
E
s2 = 6.694 , s3 = 1.9422 all kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
T
1
2 1 MPa
FEED WATER 3 3
2
HEATER
1 s
1 2
E
E E E E
.
⇒ A m2 = 4 - 3.237 = 0.763 kg/s
EA A
. E
The second law for steady flow, SCV = 0, and no heat transfer, Eq.7.7: A A A
. E . . . . E
E
A A A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.113
A coflowing (same direction) heat exchanger has one line with 0.5 kg/s oxygen at
17°C, 200 kPa entering and the other line has 0.6 kg/s nitrogen at 150 kPa, 500 K
entering. The heat exchanger is very long so the two flows exit at the same
temperature. Use constant heat capacities and find the exit temperature and the
total rate of entropy generation.
Solution: 4
3
. . . .
Energy Eq.4.10: mO2h1 + mN2h3 = mO2h2 + mN2h4
Same exit temperature so T4 = T2 with values from Table A.5
. . . .
mO2CP O2T1 + mN2CP N2T3 = (mO2CP O2 + mN2CP N2)T2
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E E
= 410.9 K
Entropy Eq.7.7 gives for the generation
. E . . E
E
A A A A
E
A A
. .
= mO2CP ln (T2/T1) + mN2CP ln (T4/T3)
A A
E
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.114
A supply of 5 kg/s ammonia at 500 kPa, 20°C is needed. Two sources are
available one is saturated liquid at 20°C and the other is at 500 kPa and 140°C.
Flows from the two sources are fed through valves to an insulated mixing
chamber, which then produces the desired output state. Find the two source mass
flow rates and the total rate of entropy generation by this setup.
Solution:
C.V. mixing chamber + valve. Steady, no heat transfer, no work.
. . . E E E
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 + m2 = m3 ; A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
. .
E . E E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
. .
E . . E E E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A A
E
A
T
1 2
MIXING 3
3 1
2
CHAMBER s
E
s1= 1.0408 kJ/kg K
A A
E
s2 = 6.2422 kJ/kg K
A A
E
s3= 5.4244 kJ/kg K
A A
As all states are known the energy equation establishes the ratio of mass flow
rates and the entropy equation provides the entropy generation.
. E . . . . E. h3 - h2 E E E E
m1 h1 +( m3 - m2)h2 = m3h3
A A A =>
A A m1 = m3 h - h = 0.952 kg/s
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
1 2
E E E E E E E E E
. . . E
m2 = m3 - m1 = 4.05 kg/s A A A
.
Sgen = (5 × 5.4244 – 0.95 ×1.0408 – 4.05 × 6.2422) (kg/s) × (kJ/kgK)
E
A A A
= 0.852 kW/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Transient processes
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.115
Calculate the specific entropy generated in the filling process given in Example
4.10.
Solution:
C.V. Cannister filling process where: 1Q2 = 0 ; 1W2 = 0 ; m1 = 0 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
1s2 gen
A A
E
A
E
A = s2 - si = 7.45896 – 6.9533 = 0.506 kJ/kg K
A A
line 2
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.116
A 1-m3 rigid tank contains 100 kg R-410A at a temperature of 15°C. A valve on
A
E
top of the tank is opened, and saturated vapor is throttled to ambient pressure, 100
kPa, and flows to a collector system. During the process the temperature inside the
tank remains at 15°C by heat transfer from the 20°C ambient. The valve is closed
when no more liquid remains inside. Calculate the heat transfer to the tank and total
entropy generation in the process.
Solution:
C.V. Tank out to surroundings. Rigid tank so no work term.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m 2 - m1 = − me ;
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
x1 = 0.46527,
A A
E
u1 = 80.02 + 0.46527 × 177.1 = 162.42 kJ/kg
A A
E
he = hg = 282.79 kJ/kg
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
me = 100 - 48.9 = 51.1 kg A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
sat vap e P T
h=C P= C
789 e e
1 2 1 2
v s
Qcv
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.117
A 0.2 m3 initially empty container is filled with water from a line at 500 kPa, 200
A
E
°C until there is no more flow. Assume the process is adiabatic and find the final
mass, final temperature and the total entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. The container volume and any valve out to line.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 - m1 = m2 = mi A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E ⌡
A + 1S2 gen + misi
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
si = 7.0592 kJ/kg K A A
E
A A
T2 ≅ 332.9°C ,
A A
E
s2 = 7.5737 kJ/kg,
A A
E
v2 = 0.55387 m3/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
line 2
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.118
An initially empty 0.1 m3 cannister is filled with R-410A from a line flowing A
E
saturated liquid at −5°C. This is done quickly such that the process is adiabatic.
Find the final mass, liquid and vapor volumes, if any, in the cannister. Is the
process reversible?
Solution:
C.V. Cannister filling process where: 1Q2 = 0/ ; 1W2 = 0/ ; m1 = 0/ A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A E
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A E A A E A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A u2 = uf + x2ufg
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
Vf = mf vf = 0.089 m3;
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A Vg = mgvg = 0.0115 m3
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
E
A
line
2
s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.119
A 1 L can of R-134a is at room temperature 20oC with a quality of 50%. A leak in A
E
the top valve allows vapor to escape and heat transfer from the room takes place
so we reach final state of 5oC with a quality of 100%. Find the mass that escaped, A
E
the heat transfer and the entropy generation not including that made in the valve.
CV The can of R-134a not including the nozzle/valve out to ambient 20oC A
E
Continuity Eq.: m2 – m1 = – me A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
State 2: (T,x)
v2 = vg= 0.05833 m3/kg, u2 = ug= 380.85 kJ/kg, s2 = sg= 1.7239 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
Exit state e: Saturated vapor starting at 20oC ending at 5oC so we take an average A
E
A A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
me = m1 – m2 = 0.0371 kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1S2 gen
A A
E
A
E
A = m2s2 – m1s1 + mese – 1Q2/Tamb A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.120
An empty can of 0.002 m3 is filled with R-134a from a line flowing saturated A
E
liquid R-134a at 0°C. The filling is done quickly so it is adiabatic, but after a
while in storage the can warms up to room temperature 20°C. Find the final mass
in the cannister and the total entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Cannister filling process where: 1Q2 = 0/ ; 1W2 = 0/ ; m1 = 0/ A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A E
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A E A A E A ⇒ u2 = hline A A
E
A
E
sline = 1.0 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
E
u2 = hline = 200 kJ/kg > uf
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
m2 = V / v2 = 0.002/0.000861 = 2.323 kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
2Q3
A A
E
A A
E
= m2(u3 - u2) = 2.323 (227.23 - 200) = 63.255 kJ
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1S3 gen
A A
E
A
E
A = m2(s3 - sline) – 2Q3/T3 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
2
line s
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.121
A cook filled a pressure cooker with 3 kg water at 20°C and a small amount of air
and forgot about it. The pressure cooker has a vent valve so if P > 200 kPa steam
escapes to maintain a pressure of 200 kPa. How much entropy was generated in
the throttling of the steam through the vent to 100 kPa when half the original mass
has escaped?
Solution:
The pressure cooker goes through a transient process as it heats water up to the
boiling temperature at 200 kPa then heats more as saturated vapor at 200 kPa
escapes. The throttling process is steady state as it flows from saturated vapor at
200 kPa to 100 kPa which we assume is a constant h process.
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A V = m1v1 = 0.003006 m3 A A
E
A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
So we can find the needed heat transfer and entropy generation if we know the
C.V. surface temperature T. If we assume T for water then 1S2 gen = 0, which is A A
E
A A
C.V. Valve, steady flow from state e (200 kPa) to state 3 (at 100 kPa).
Energy Eq.: h3 = he A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
generation in valve (throttle)
State 3: 100 kPa, h3 = 2706.63 kJ/kg Table B.1.3 ⇒ A A
2706.63 - 2675.46
T3 = 99.62 + (150-99.62) 2776.38 - 2675.46 = 115.2°C
A A
E
A A
eS3 gen
A A
E
A A
E
= me(s3 – se) = 1.5 (7.4378 – 7.1271) = 0.466 kJ/K
A A
E
A A
E
A A
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.122
A 10 m tall 0.1 m diameter pipe is filled with liquid water at 20oC. It is open at A
E
the top to the atmosphere, 100 kPa, and a small nozzle is mounted in the bottom.
The water is now let out through the nozzle splashing out to the ground until the
pipe is empty. Find the water initial exit velocity, the average kinetic energy in the
exit flow and the total entropy generation for the process.
π π
Total mass: m = ρAH = ρ 4 D2H = 998 4 0.12 × 10 = 78.383 kg A A A
E
A A A A
E
E E
1 2
Bernoulli: A
2 V = gHA A
E
A => V1 = A A
E
2gH1 = 2 × 9.807 × 10 = 14 m/s
A EA
1 2 1
2 H1 = 9.807 × 5 = 49 m /s (J/kg)
2 2
V avg = gH avg = g E E
2 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E
E
E E
All the energy (average kinetic energy) is dispersed in the ambient at 20oC so A
E
Q m 2 78.383 kg × 49 J/kg
Sgen = T = 2T Vavg =
A
293.15 K
E
A = 13.1 J/K
A A A A A A
E
A A
E E E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.123
A 200 L insulated tank contains nitrogen gas at 200 kPa, 300 K. A line with
nitrogen at 500 K, 500 kPa adds 40% more mass to the tank with a flow through a
valve. Use constant specific heats to find the final temperature and the entropy
generation.
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
= 0, m2 = 1.4 m1; A A
E
A A
E
mi = 0.4 m1 A A
E
A
Write hi = ui + RTi then the energy equation contains only u’s so we can
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
m1 mi mi R
T2 = m T1 + m Ti + m C Ti
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
2 2 2 v0
E E E E
E E E E E E E
E E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1
E E E
E E
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
T2 P2 T1 P1
= m2 [CP0ln( T ) – R ln( P )] − m1 [CP0 ln( T ) – R ln( P )] A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
i i i i
E E E E
E E E E E E E E
414 386.4
= 0.6289[ 1.042 ln(500) – 0.2968 ln( 500 )] A A A A
E E
300 200
− 0.4492 [1.042 ln(500) – 0.2968 ln(500)] A A A A
E E
= 0.0414 kJ/K
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.124
A 200 L insulated tank contains nitrogen gas at 200 kPa, 300 K. A line with
nitrogen at 1500 K, 1000 kPa adds 40% more mass to the tank with a flow
through a valve. Use table A.8 to find the final temperature and the entropy
generation.
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
mi = 0.4 m1 A A
E
A
m1 mi 1 0.4
u2 = m u1 + m hi = 1.4 222.63 + 1.4 1235.5 = 512.02 kJ/kg
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
2 2
E E E
E E E E E E
o o o
A.8: T2 = 679.8 K, sT2 = 7.7088 kJ/kgK, sT1 = 6.8463, sTi = 8.6345 kJ/kgK
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1
E E E
E E
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
o o P2 o o P1
= m2 [sT2 – sTi – R ln( P )] − m1 [sT1 – sTi – R ln( P )] A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
i i
E E
E E E E
E E E E
634.5
= 0.6289[ 7.7088 – 8.6345 – 0.2968 ln( 1000 )] A A
200
− 0.4492 [6.8463 – 8.6345 – 0.2968 ln(1000)] A A
= 0.0914 kJ/K
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.125
Air from a line at 12 MPa, 15°C, flows into a 500-L rigid tank that initially
contained air at ambient conditions, 100 kPa, 15°C. The process occurs rapidly
and is essentially adiabatic. The valve is closed when the pressure inside reaches
some value, P2. The tank eventually cools to room temperature, at which time the
pressure inside is 5 MPa. What is the pressure P2? What is the net entropy change
for the overall process?
Solution:
CV: Tank. Mass flows in, so this is transient. Find the mass first
100 × 0.5
m1 = P1V/RT1 = = 0.604 kg
0.287 × 288.2
A A A A A A A A
E E E
E
T
v=C
Fill to P2, then cool to T3 = 15°C, P3 = 5 MPa
12 MPa 2 1
A A A A A A
E E E
m3 = m2 = P3V/RT3 3
line
A A A A A A A A
E E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
miCP0Ti = m2Cv0T2 - m1Cv0T1
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
(29.621×1.004 + 0.604×0.717)×288.2
T2 = = 401.2 K
30.225 × 0.717
A A A A
E E
E
A A
E
A A
Consider now the total process from the start to the finish at state 3.
Energy Eq.4.16: QCV + mihi = m2u3 - m1u1 = m2h3 - m1h1 - (P3 - P1)V A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
mihi = m2h3 - m1h1
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
5 0.1
= 30.225 0-0.287 ln 12 - 0.604 0-0.287 ln 12 + (2450 / 288.2) [ A ]
A
E
[ A
E
]
A
= 15.265 kJ/K
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.126
An insulated piston/cylinder contains 0.1 m3 air at 250 kPa, 300 K and it A
E
maintains constant pressure. More air flows in through a valve from a line at 300
kPa, 400 K so the volume increases 60%. Use constant specific heats to solve for
the final temperature and the total entropy generation.
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
= 0, V2 = 1.6 V1; P = C, A A
E
A A
1W2
A A
E
A A
E
= P(V2 − V1) = P1(1.6 – 1)V1 = 0.6 P1V1 = 0.6 m1RT1 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
250 × 0.1
m1 = P1V1/RT1 = = 0.2904 kg;
0.287 × 300
A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E
Write hi = ui + RTi then the energy equation contains only u’s so we can
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
T2 P2 T1 P1
= m2 [CP0ln( T ) – R ln( P )] − m1 [CP0 ln( T ) – R ln( P )] A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
i i i i
E E E E
E E E E E E E E
331 250
= 0.42108[ 1.004 ln(400) – 0.287 ln(300)] A A A A
E E
300 250
− 0.2904 [1.004 ln(400) – 0.287 ln(300)] A A A A
E E
= 0.0107 kJ/K
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.127
A balloon is filled with air from a line at 200 kPa, 300 K to a final state of 110
kPa, 300 K with a mass of 0.1 kg air. Assume the pressure is proportional to the
balloon volume as: P = 100 kPa + CV. Find the heat transfer to/from the ambient
at 300 K and the total entropy generation.
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1Q2
Entropy Eq.7.12: m2s2 - 0 = minsin + ⌠
dQ
T + 1S2 gen = minsin + T + 1S2 gen
⌡
A A A A A A A A A EA A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E E E E E E
E E
110
A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E
P2 = A + CV2
A A
E
A A
E
⇒ C = (P2 – 100) /V2 = 127.758 kPa/m3 A A
E
A A
E
A
E
Pin
Inlet state: hin = h2 = u2 + P2v2,
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
sin = s2 – R ln( P )
A A
E
A A
E
A A
2 E
1 2
1W2
A A
E
A A
E
= ⌠P
⌡ dV = ⌠A
⌡ + CV dV = A (V2 – 0) + 2C (V2 -0)
A EA A EA A A
E
A A
E
A A
1
= 100 × 0.078273 + 2 127.758 × 0.0782732 E
A A A
1
= 8.219 kJ [ = 2(Po + P2)V2 = area in P-V diagram]
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1Q2
A A
E
A A
E
= m2(u2 – hline) + 1W2 = – P2V2 + 1W2
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A = m2(s2 – sin) – T = m2 R ln ( P ) – T
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A A
E
A A A
2 E E E E E E
200 0.391
= 0.1 × 0.287 ln(110) + 300 = 0.0185 kJ/K A A A A
E E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
Device efficiency
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.128
A steam turbine inlet is at 1200 kPa, 400oC. The exit is at 200 kPa. What is the
A
E
lowest possible exit temperature? Which efficiency does that correspond to?
We would expect the lowest possible exit temperature when the maximum
amount of work is taken out. This happens in a reversible process so if we assume
it is adiabatic this becomes an isentropic process.
E
A A
E
P T 1200 kPa
i 200 kPa
i
es
es
v s
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.129
A steam turbine inlet is at 1200 kPa, 400oC. The exit is at 200 kPa. What is the
A
E
highest possible exit temperature? Which efficiency does that correspond to?
The highest possible exit temperature would be if we did not get any work
out, i.e. the turbine broke down. Now we have a throttle process with constant h
assuming we do not have a significant exit velocity.
E
A A
E
w
Efficiency: η=w =0
s
P T
i h=C
i
e
v s
Remark: Since process is irreversible there is no area under curve in T-s diagram
that correspond to a q, nor is there any area in the P-v diagram corresponding to a
shaft work.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.130
A steam turbine inlet is at 1200 kPa, 400oC. The exit is at 200 kPa, 200oC. What A
E
A A
E
E
A A
E
A
E
A hs = 2812.6 kJ/kg
E
A
E
A
wac 390.2
η = w = 448.1 = 0.871 A A
s E
P T 1200 kPa
i 200 kPa
i
e ac
es
es e ac
v s
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.131
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410A at -25oC and x = 1. A
E
The exit is at 2000 kPa and 80oC. Neglect kinetic energies and find the isentropic
A
E
compressor efficiency.
Solution:
i
C.V. Compressor, steady state, single inlet and e
exit flow. For this device we also assume no
heat transfer q = 0 and Z1 = Z2 A A
E
A
E
cb
-WC
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
The ideal compressor has an exit state e,s: 2000 kPa, 1.0893 kJ/kgK
Table B.4.2 ⇒ Te s ≅ 60.45°C, he s = 321.13 kJ/kg A A
E
A A
E
A
The isentropic efficiency measures the actual compressor to the ideal one
η = wC s / wC ac = –51.36 / (–73.45) = 0.70
A
E
A A A
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.132
A steam turbine has an inlet of 2 kg/s water at 1000 kPa and 400oC with velocity A
E
of 15 m/s. The exit is at 100 kPa, 150oC and very low velocity. Find the power
A
E
Solution:
C.V. Turbine. Steady flow and adiabatic. 1
. .
Continuity Eq.6.9: m1 = m2 ;
. 1 . . WT
m1(h1+ 2V2) = m2h2 + W
E
Energy Eq.6.10: A A
E
A
E
A A
2
. . .
Entropy Eq.9.7: m1s1 + Sgen = m2s2
A A A A A A A A A A
E E
E E
= 975 kW
. .
Sgen = m1(s2 – s1) = 2 kg/s (7.6133 – 7.465) kJ/kgK = 0.297 kW/K
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.133
The exit velocity of a nozzle is 500 m/s. If ηnozzle = 0.88 what is the ideal exit
A A
velocity?
The nozzle efficiency is given by Eq. 7.29 and since we have the actual
exit velocity we get
2 2
Ve s = Vac/ηnozzle
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
⇒
Ve s = Vac/ ηnozzle = 500 / 0.88 = 533 m/s
A EA A EA
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.134
An emergency drain pump should be able to pump 0.1 m3/s liquid water at 15°C, A
E
E E
A A A A A A A A
E E
A A A A A A
.
= m[( Pe -Pi)v + V2e/2 + g∆Z]
E
A A A A
. E. E
.
Wins = 99.9[0 + (202/2) × (1/1000) + 9.807 × (10/1000)] A
E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.135
Find the isentropic efficiency of the R-134a compressor in Example 4.8
Solution:
State 1: Table B.5.2 h1 = 387.2 kJ/kg; s1 = 1.7665 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
State 2s: s = 1.7665 kJ/kg K, 800 kPa => h = 431.8 kJ/kg; T = 46.8°C
-wc s = h2s - h 1 = 431.8 – 387.2 = 44.6 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
P T
e s e ac e ac
es
i
i
s
v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.136
A gas turbine with air flowing in at 1200 kPa, 1200 K has an exit pressure of 200
kPa and an isentropic efficiency of 87%. Find the exit temperature.
Solution:
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
Entropy Eq.7.9: s e = si
A A A
e
E E
o
Table A.7: hi = 1277.8 kJ/kg, sTi = 8.34596 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
i
E E
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
Eq.6.23
k-1
200 0.286
= 1200 1200
E
Te s = Ti (Pe/Pi) = 719.2 K k E
A A A A A A A A A A A E A A
E E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.137
A gas turbine with air flowing in at 1200 kPa, 1200 K has an exit pressure of 200
kPa. Find the lowest possible exit temperature. Which efficiency does that
correspond to?
Solution:
Look at the T-s diagram for the possible processes. We notice that the lowest exit
T is for the isentropic process (the ideal turbine)
air T
i 1 1200 kPa
.
W
Turbine
200 kPa
e 2a
2s s
o
Table A.7: hi = 1277.8 kJ/kg, sTi = 8.34596 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
i
E E
E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.138
Repeat Problem 7.46 assuming the steam turbine and the air compressor each
have an isentropic efficiency of 80%.
A certain industrial process requires a steady supply of saturated vapor steam at
200 kPa, at a rate of 0.5 kg/s. Also required is a steady supply of compressed air
at 500 kPa, at a rate of 0.1 kg/s. Both are to be supplied by the process shown in
Fig. P9.41. Steam is expanded in a turbine to supply the power needed to drive the
air compressor, and the exhaust steam exits the turbine at the desired state. Air
into the compressor is at the ambient conditions, 100 kPa, 20°C. Give the required
steam inlet pressure and temperature, assuming that both the turbine and the
compressor are reversible and adiabatic.
Solution:
3
C.V. Each device. Steady flow. 1
Both adiabatic (q = 0) and actual
devices (sgen > 0) given by ηsT A
E
A A
E
A
and ηsc. A A
E
4
2
Steam turbine Air compressor
k-1
5000.286
= 293.2100
E
= 464.6 K
A A A A A A A A A A A E A A
E E E E
. .
WCs = m3(h3 - h4s) = 0.1 kg/s × 1.004 kJ/kgK (293.2 - 464.6) K
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
= -17.21 kW
. . .
WCs = m3(h3 - h4) = WCs /ηsc = -17.2/0.80 = -21.5 kW
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A A
Now the actual turbine must supply the actual compressor work. The actual
state 2 is given so we must work backwards to state 1.
. .
WT = +21.5 kW = m1(h1 - h2) = 0.5(h1 - 2706.6)
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
⇒ h1 = 2749.6 kJ/kg A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
=> x2s = 0.9951A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.139
Liquid water enters a pump at 15°C, 100 kPa, and exits at a pressure of 5 MPa. If
the isentropic efficiency of the pump is 75%, determine the enthalpy (steam table
reference) of the water at the pump exit.
Solution:
.
CV: pump QCV ≈ 0, ∆KE ≈ 0, ∆PE ≈ 0
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
i
= –4.905 kJ/kg
Real process Eq.7.28: w = ws/ηs = –4.905/0.75 = –6.54 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.140
Ammonia is brought from saturated vapor at 300 kPa to 1400 kPa, 140oC in a A
E
steady flow adiabatic compressor. Find the compressor specific work, entropy
generation and its isentropic efficiency.
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
224.38
ηC = –wC s / –wC = = 0.699
321.1
A A A A A A A A
E E E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.141
Find the isentropic efficiency of the nozzle in example 4.4.
Solution:
C.V. adiabatic nozzle with known inlet state and velocity.
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
2 2
Ves/2 = hi - hes + Vi /2 = 2850.1 – 2594.9 + (502)/2000 = 256.45 kJ/kg
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
From Eq.7.30,
2 2
ηnoz.= (Ve /2)/( Ves/2) = 180/256.45 = 0.70
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.142
A centrifugal compressor takes in ambient air at 100 kPa, 17°C, and discharges it
at 450 kPa. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 80%. What is your
best estimate for the discharge temperature?
Solution:
C.V. Compressor. Assume adiabatic, no kinetic energy is important.
Energy Eq.4.13: w = h1 - h2 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
We have two different cases, the ideal and the actual compressor.
We will solve using constant specific heat.
State 2 for the ideal, sgen = 0 so s2 = s1 and it becomes: A A
E
A A
E
A A
k-1
P2 k 0.2857
T2s = T1 P
E
1
A A A A A E A A A A A
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
The actual work from definition Eq.7.28 and then energy equation:
wac = ws/η = -156.3 / 0.8 = -195.4 kJ/kg = h1 - h2 = Cp(T1 - T2)
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
⇒ T2 = T1 - wac / Cp A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solving using Table A.7.1 instead will give
o
State 1: Table A.7.1: sT1 = 6.83521 kJ/kg K
A A
1
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
The actual work from definition Eq.7.28 and then energy equation:
wac = ws/η = -156.4 / 0.8 = -195.5 kJ/kg A A
E
A A
The answer is very close to the previous one due to the modest T’s.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.143
A refrigerator uses carbon dioxide that is brought from 1 MPa, -20oC to 6 MPa A
E
using 2 kW power input to the compressor with a flow rate of 0.02 kg/s. Find the
compressor exit temperature and its isentropic efficiency.
E E E
m E E
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
95.24
ηC = –wC s / –wC = = 0.952
100
A A A A A A A A
E E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.144
The small turbine in Problem 7.33 was ideal. Assume instead the isentropic
turbine efficiency is 88%. Find the actual specific turbine work and the entropy
generated in the turbine.
Solution:
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
WT
E
A A
E
A
E
s1 = 7.9487 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
P T
Explanation for the 1 1
reversible work term is 2ac
2ac
in sect. 7.3
3 2s 3 2s
Eq.7.14
v s
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.145
Redo Problem 7.41 assuming the compressor and turbine in the turbocharger both
have isentropic efficiency of 85%.
E
A
EnergyEq.4.13: wT = h3 − h4 , A A
E
A A
E
A A
Entropy Eq.7.8: s 4 = s3 A A
E
A
1 Compressor Turbine
The property relation for ideal gas gives Eq.6.23, k from Table A.5
k-1
1000.286
s4 = s3 → T4 = T3(P4/P3) k = 923.2 K 170
E
= 793.2 K E
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A E A A
E E E E E E
The energy equation is evaluated with specific heat from Table A.5
wT s = h3 − h4 = CP0(T3 - T4) = 1.004(923.2 - 793.2) = 130.5 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. .
WT = mwT = 110.9 kJ/kg × 0.1 kg/s = 11.09 kW
A EA A
E
A EA A A
C.V. Compressor, steady 1 inlet and 1 exit, same flow rate as turbine.
Energy Eq.4.13: -wC = h2 − h1 , A A
E
A A
E
A A
Entropy Eq.7.9: s 2 = s1
A A
E
A
Express the energy equation for the shaft and actual compressor having the
actual turbine power as input with the same mass flow rate so we get
-wC ac = -wC s/ ηC = CP0(T2 s - T1)/ηC = wT ac = 110.9 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
T2 ac = 413.66 K, T2 s = 397.09 K A A
E
A A
The property relation for s2 = s1 (only for ideal) is Eq.6.23 and inverted as A A
E
A A
k
397.093.5
= 100 kPa 303.2 = 257 kPa
E
P2 = P1(T2 s/T1)k-1 E
A A A A A A A A A A A E A A
E E E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.146
A pump receives water at 100 kPa, 15°C and a power input of 1.5 kW. The pump
has an isentropic efficiency of 75% and it should flow 1.2 kg/s delivered at 30 m/s
exit velocity. How high an exit pressure can the pump produce?
Solution:
CV Pump. We will assume the ideal and actual pumps have same exit
pressure, then we can analyse the ideal pump.
A A
E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.147
A turbine receives air at 1500 K, 1000 kPa and expands it to 100 kPa. The turbine
has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Find the actual turbine exit air temperature
and the specific entropy increase in the actual turbine using Table A.7.
Solution:
C.V. Turbine. steady single inlet and exit flow.
To analyze the actual turbine we must first do the ideal one (the reference).
Energy Eq.4.13: wT = h1 - h2 ; A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
h2s = 876.56 =>
A A
Now we can consider the actual turbine from Eq.7.27 and Eq.4.13:
T
wac = ηT wT = 0.85 × 759.24 = 645.35 = h1 - h2ac
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
T
=> h2ac = h1 - wac = 990.45
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
=> T2ac = 951 K
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
T
1
P1
P
2s 2ac 2 s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.148
Air enters an insulated turbine at 50°C, and exits the turbine at - 30°C, 100 kPa.
The isentropic turbine efficiency is 70% and the inlet volumetric flow rate is 20
L/s. What is the turbine inlet pressure and the turbine power output?
Solution:
C.V.: Turbine, ηs = 0.7, Insulated
Air table A.5: Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, k = 1.4
A A
.
Inlet: Ti = 50oC, Vi = 20 L/s = 0.02 m3/s ; A
E
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
wTs = Cp(Ti - Tes)
A A
E
A A
E
A A
k
Isentropic Process Eq.6.23: Pe = Pi (Te / Ti)
A A
k-1 A A A A A A A
E
E E E E E
. .
m = PiV/RTi = (461 kPa × 0.02 m3/s) /(0.287 kJ/kg-K × 323.15 K)
E
A A A A A A A
E E
= 0.099 kg/s
. .
WT = mwT = 0.099 kg/s × 80.3 kJ/kg = 7.98 kW
E
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.149
Carbon dioxide, CO2, enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K, and exits
at 1000 kPa, 520 K. Find the compressor efficiency and the entropy generation for
the process.
Solution:
C.V. Ideal compressor. We will assume constant heat capacity.
Energy Eq.4.13: wc = h1 - h2, A A
E
A A
E
A A
k-1
P2 10000.2242
s2 = s1 : T2s = T1P k = 300 100
E E
E E E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
P T Pe
e, s e, s
e, ac e, ac
i Pi
s =C i
v s
Constant heat capacity is not the best approximation. It would be more accurate to
use Table A.8. Entropy change in Eq.6.19 and Table A.8:
o o
sT2 = sT1 + R ln(P2/P1) = 4.8631 + 0.1889 ln(1000/100) = 5.29806
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
-wcs = 382.807 – 214.38 = 168.43 kJ/kg; -wcac = 422.12 – 214.38 = 207.74 kJ/kg
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.150
A small air turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 80% should produce 270 kJ/kg
of work. The inlet temperature is 1000 K and it exhausts to the atmosphere. Find
the required inlet pressure and the exhaust temperature.
Solution:
C.V. Turbine actual energy Eq.4.13:
w = hi - he,ac = 270 kJ/kg A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
Te = 757.9 KA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
adiabatic and reversible
To relate the entropy to the pressure use Eq.6.19 inverted and standard
entropy from Table A.7.1:
o o
Pe/Pi = exp[ (sTe − sTi ) / R ] = exp[(7.733 - 8.13493)/0.287] = 0.2465
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
P T
i i Pi
e, ac Pe
e, s e, s e, ac
s =C
v s
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E i
A A
E
A
e A
E i
A A
E i
A A
E
A
E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.151
A compressor in an industrial air-conditioner compresses ammonia from a state of
saturated vapor at 200 kPa to a pressure 800 kPa. At the exit, the temperature is
measured to be 100oC and the mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s. What is the required
A
E
motor size for this compressor and what is its isentropic efficiency?
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
We have two different cases, the ideal and the actual compressor.
States: 1: B.2.2: h1 = 1419.6 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.5946 m3/kg, s1 = 5.5979 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
v2,AC = 0.21949 m3/kg
A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
ACTUAL:
–wC,AC = h2,AC – h1 = 1670.6 – 1419.6 = 251 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. .
Win = m (–wC,AC) = 0.5 kg/s × 251 kJ/kg = 125.5 kW
E
A A A A
IDEAL:
–wc,s = h2,s – h1 = 1613.7 – 1419.6 = 194.1 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
P T
2s 2
2 s 2 ac
1
1
s
v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.152
Repeat Problem 7.48 assuming the turbine and the pump each have an isentropic
efficiency of 85%.
Solution:
Q
H P1 = P4 = 20 MPa
A A
E
A A
1 T1 = 700 °C A A
WT P2 = P3 = 20 kPa
4
A A A A
E E
WP, in T3 = 40 °C A A
2 ηP = ηT = 85%
A A
E
A A
.
3 QL
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
=> x2 = 0.8433 A A
E
A A
E
A A
wT AC = ηTwT s = 1333.65 = h1 - h2 AC
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
T2,AC=60.06°C
A A
b)
State 3: (P, T) Compressed liquid, take sat. liq. Table B.1.1
h3 = 167.54 kJ/kg, v3 = 0.001008 m3/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
1310
ηTH = wnet/qboiler = 3617.9 = 0.362
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.153
Assume an actual compressor has the same exit pressure and specific heat transfer
as the ideal isothermal compressor in Problem 7.27 with an isothermal efficiency
of 80%. Find the specific work and exit temperature for the actual compressor.
Solution:
C.V. Compressor. Steady, single inlet and single exit flows.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = w + he; A A
E
A A
E
A
E
si = 1.8281 kJ/kg K
A A
E
se = 1.7262 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
Te ac ≈ 6°C
A A
E
Pe = 294 kPa
A A
P T
e,s
Explanation for the e,ac e,ac
e,s i
reversible work term is
in Sect. 7.3 i
Eqs. 7.13 and 7.14 v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.154
A nozzle in a high pressure liquid water sprayer has an area of 0.5 cm2. It receives A
E
water at 350 kPa, 20°C and the exit pressure is 100 kPa. Neglect the inlet kinetic
energy and assume a nozzle isentropic efficiency of 85%. Find the ideal nozzle
exit velocity and the actual nozzle mass flow rate.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle. Liquid water is incompressible v ≈ constant, no work, no heat
transfer => Bernoulli Eq.7.17
1 2
2Vex – 0 = v(Pi - Pe) = 0.001002 ( 350 – 100) = 0.2505 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A EA
This was the ideal nozzle now we can do the actual nozzle, Eq. 7.30
1 2 1 2
2 V ex ac = η 2Vex = 0.85 × 0.2505 = 0.2129 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A EA
.
m= ρAVex ac = AVex ac/v = 0.5 × 10-4 × 20.63 / 0.001002 = 1.03 kg/s
E
A A A A A A A A
E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.155
Air flows into an insulated nozzle at 1 MPa, 1200 K with 15 m/s and mass flow
rate of 2 kg/s. It expands to 650 kPa and exit temperature is 1100 K. Find the exit
velocity, and the nozzle efficiency.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle. Steady 1 inlet and 1 exit flows, no heat transfer, no work.
2 2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + (1/2)Vi = he + (1/2)Ve A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
Ideal nozzle sgen = 0 and assume same exit pressure as actual nozzle. Instead A
E
A
of using the standard entropy from Table A.7 and Eq.6.19 let us use a constant
heat capacity at the average T and Eq.6.23. First from A.7.1
1277.81 - 1161.18
Cp 1150 = = 1.166 kJ/kg K;
1200 - 1100
A A A A
E
A A A
E
k = Cp 1150/Cv = 1.326
A A
E
A
E
A
Te s = Ti (Pe/Pi = 1079.4 K
1000
A A A A A A A A
E E
1 2 1 2 1
V =
2 es 2
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
Vi + C(Ti - Te s) = 2 ×152 + 1.166(1200 – 1079.4) × 1000
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
= 2Vi + hi - he ac = 112.5 + 1.166(1200 – 1100) × 1000
A A
E
A
E
A A A
= 116712.5 J/kg
⇒ Ve ac = 483 m/s A A
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
η noz = (2Ve ac - 2Vi )/ (2Ve s - 2Vi A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A )=
116600
= (hi - he, AC)/(hi - he, s) = 140619.6 = 0.829 A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.156
A nozzle is required to produce a flow of air at 200 m/s at 20°C, 100 kPa. It is
estimated that the nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of 92%. What nozzle inlet
pressure and temperature is required assuming the inlet kinetic energy is
negligible?
Solution:
C.V. Air nozzle: Pe, Te(real), Ve(real), ηs(real) A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
2
For the real process: hi = he + Ve /2 or A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
2
Ti = Te + Ve /2CP0 = 293.2 + 2002/2 × 1000 × 1.004 = 313.1 K
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
2
and hi = hes + (Ves/2) A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
2
Tes = Ti - Ves/(2CP0) = 313.1 - 21.74/1.004 = 291.4 K
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
= 128.6 kPa
E
A A A A A A A A A A A E A A
E E E E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.157
A water-cooled air compressor takes air in at 20°C, 90 kPa and compresses it to
500 kPa. The isothermal efficiency is 88% and the actual compressor has the
same heat transfer as the ideal one. Find the specific compressor work and the exit
temperature.
Solution:
Ideal isothermal compressor exit 500 kPa, 20°C
Reversible process: dq = T ds => q = T(se – si) A A
E
A A
o o
q = T(se – si) = T[sTe − sT1 − R ln(Pe / Pi)]
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A qac = q
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
Te ac = Ti + 19.7/1.004 = 39.6°C
A A
E
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Review Problems
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.158
A flow of saturated liquid R-410A at 200 kPa in an evaporator is brought to a
state of superheated vapor at 200 kPa, 20oC. Assume the process is reversible find
A
E
C.V. Evaporator. From the device we know that potential and kinetic energies are
not important (see chapter 6).
Since the pressure is constant and the process is reversible from Eq.7.14
w = –⌠vdP
⌡ +0+0–0=0
A EA
E
A A
E
q = he – hi
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.159
A flow of R-410A at 2000 kPa, 40oC in an isothermal expander is brought to a
A
E
state of 1000 kPa in a reversible process. Find the specific heat transfer and work.
C.V. Expander. Steady reversible, single inlet and exit flow. Some q and w
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = w + he; A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.160
A coflowing heat exchanger has one line with 2 kg/s saturated water vapor at 100
kPa entering. The other line is 1 kg/s air at 200 kPa, 1200 K. The heat exchanger
is very long so the two flows exit at the same temperature. Find the exit
temperature by trial and error. Calculate the rate of entropy generation.
Solution:
4
C.V. Heat exchanger,
steady 2 flows in and 2 1
two flows out.
No W, no external Q
3
. . . E . . .
Flows: m 1 = m 2 = m H2 O; A A A
E
m3 = m4 = mair
. E .
Energy: A mH2O (h2 - h1) = mair (h3 - h4)
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.161
Air at 100 kPa, 17°C is compressed to 400 kPa after which it is expanded through
a nozzle back to the atmosphere. The compressor and the nozzle both have an
isentropic efficiency of 90% and are adiabatic. The kinetic energy into and out of
the compressor can be neglected. Find the compressor work and its exit
temperature and find the nozzle exit velocity.
1
T C.V. Ideal compressor, inlet: 1 exit: 2
3
2 P2= P3
Adiabatic : q = 0.
-W 3
Reversible: sgen = 0 A
E
A
P1
1 4 5 s
5
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
- wCs = h2 - h1 , A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
s2 = s 1 A A
E
A A
kJ kJ
Properties use air Table A.5: CPo = 1.004 kg K, R = 0.287 kg K, k = 1.4,
A A
E
A A A A
E E
Process gives constant s (isentropic) which with constant CPo gives Eq.6.23 A A
k-1
=> T2 = T1( P2/P1) k = 290 (400/100) 0.2857 = 430.9 K
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
The ideal nozzle then expands back down to state 1 (constant s). The actual
compressor discharges at state 3 however, so we have:
wC = wCs/ηC = -157.18
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
⇒ T3 = T1 - wC/Cp = 446.6 K
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
A A
E
A A
E
T4 = T3 (P4/P3 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A = 300.5 K
1 1
2
A A
E
V2s = Cp(T3 - T4) = 146.68 ⇒ 2 Vac
AE EA A
2
= 132 kJ/kg ⇒ Vac = 513.8 m/s
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
AE E A A
E
A
E
A A
E
AE E A A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.162
A vortex tube has an air inlet flow at 20°C, 200 kPa and two exit flows of 100
kPa, one at 0°C and the other at 40°C. The tube has no external heat transfer and
no work and all the flows are steady and have negligible kinetic energy. Find the
fraction of the inlet flow that comes out at 0°C. Is this setup possible?
Solution:
C.V. The vortex tube. Steady, single inlet and two exit flows. No q or w.
. . . . . .
Continuity Eq.: m1 = m2 + m3 ; Energy: m1h1 = m2h2 + m3h3
. . . .
Entropy: m1s1 + Sgen = m2s2 + m3s3
States all given by temperature and pressure. Use constant heat capacity to
. .
evaluate changes in h and s. Solve for x = m2/m1 from the energy equation
. .
m3/m1 = 1 - x; h1 = x h2 + (1-x) h3
=> x = (h1 - h3)/(h2 - h3) = (T1 - T3)/(T2 - T3) = (20−40)/(0−40) = 0.5
Evaluate the entropy generation (assuming constant specific heat)
. .
Sgen/m1 = x s2 + (1-x)s3 - s1 = 0.5(s2 - s1 ) + 0.5(s3 - s1 )
= 0.5 [Cp ln(T2 / T1) − R ln(P2 / P1)] + 0.5[Cp ln(T3 / T1) − R ln(P3/ P1)]
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
273.15 100
= 0.5 [1.004 ln( 293.15 ) - 0.287 ln( 200 )]
A A A A
E E
313.15 100
+ 0.5 [1.004 ln( 293.15 ) - 0.287 ln( 200 )]
A A A A
E E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.163
Air enters an insulated turbine at 50°C, and exits the turbine at - 30°C, 100 kPa.
The isentropic turbine efficiency is 70% and the inlet volumetric flow rate is 20
L/s. What is the turbine inlet pressure and the turbine power output?
C.V.: Turbine, ηs = 0.7, Insulated
Air: Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg-K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.4
.
Inlet: Ti = 50oC, Vi = 20 L/s = 0.02 m3/s
A
E
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
wTs = Cp(Ti - Tes)
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
k
Isentropic Process: Pe = Pi (Te / Ti)
A
k-1
A A A A A A A A
E
E E E E E
. . . . E E
E .
b) WT = mwT; m = PV/RT = 0.099 kg/s
A A A A A A => WT = 7.98 kW
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.164
A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50°C, at the rate of
1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates; one is at 200 kPa,
50°C, and the other as saturated liquid at 10°C. It is claimed that the device
operates in a room at 25°C on an electrical power input of 250 kW. Is this
possible?
Solution:
Control volume: Steady device out 1 2
to ambient 25°C.
Steady
cb device
.
Q . 3
Wel
. . .E . . E E E E
E
A A
E
A A A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
. . E . . . E E E E
E
A A
E
A A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
A A
A A
. E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.165
In a heat-powered refrigerator, a turbine is used to drive the compressor using the
same working fluid. Consider the combination shown in Fig. P9.157 where the
turbine produces just enough power to drive the compressor and the two exit
flows are mixed together. List any assumptions made and find the ratio of mass
. .
flow rates m3/m1 and T5 (x5 if in two-phase region) if the turbine and the
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
CV: turbine
s4S = s3 = 1.0850 kJ/kgK and P4S
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
h4S = 319.72 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . . . wSC 45.54
As wTURB = -wCOMP , m3/m1 = - w = 21.57 = 2.111
A EA
E
A A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A A A
ST E E
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A
⇒ h5 = 318.984 kJ/kg A A
E
=> T5 = 58.7°C
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.166
A certain industrial process requires a steady 0.5 kg/s supply of compressed air at
500 kPa, at a maximum temperature of 30°C. This air is to be supplied by
installing a compressor and aftercooler, see Fig. P9.46. Local ambient conditions
are 100 kPa, 20°C. Using an isentropic compressor efficiency of 80%, determine
the power required to drive the compressor and the rate of heat rejection in the
aftercooler.
Air table A.5: R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.4 A A
.
State 1: T1 = To = 20oC, P1 = Po = 100 kPa, m = 0.5 kg/s
E
A A A A A A A A
E E
E
A
E
A A A
We have ηs = 80 % = wCs/wC ac A A
E
A
E
A A
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A A = 464.6 K
Energy Eq.: qc + h1 = h2 + wc; A A
E
A A
E
qc = 0, assume constant specific heat
wcs = Cp(T1 - T2s) = 1.004 (293.15 – 464.6) = -172.0 kJ/kg A A
. .
ηs = wCs/wC ac, wC ac = wCs/ηs = -215, WC = mwC = -107.5 kW
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
Aftercooler:
Energy Eq.: q + h2 = h3 + w; A A
E
A A
E
w = 0, assume constant specific heat
q = Cp (T3 - T2) = 1.004(303.15 – 507.5) = -205 kJ/kg,
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . E
Q = mq = -102.5 kW
A A A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.167
Carbon dioxide flows through a device entering at 300 K, 200 kPa and leaving at
500 K. The process is steady state polytropic with n = 3.8 and heat transfer comes
from a 600 K source. Find the specific work, specific heat transfer and the
specific entropy generation due to this process.
Solution:
C.V. Steady state device, single inlet and single exit flow.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = he + w Neglect kinetic, potential energies
E
A
Process Eq.6.28:
n 3.8
n-1 = 200(500/300)2.8
E E
E E
E
A A A
E
A A
P T Notice:
e n = k = 1.29
e n = 3.8 dP > 0
so dw <0
n=1 n=1
n = 3.8 i ds > 0
i
v so dq > 0
s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.168
A flow of nitrogen, 0.1 kg/s, comes out of a compressor stage at 500 kPa, 500 K
and is now cooled to 310 K in a counterflowing intercooler by liquid water at 125
kPa, 15oC which leaves at 22oC. Find the flowrate of water and the total rate of
A
E
A A
E
entropy generation.
Solution:
A hydraulic motor driven compressor with intercooler in small pipe between the
two stages.
. . . . . . E E E E E E
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. . E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . . E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
Due to the lower range of temperature we will use constant specific heats from
A.5 and A.4 so the energy equation is approximated as
. . E E
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
= 0.1 kg/s ×1.042 kJ/kgK × (500 –310) K / [4.18 ×(22 –15) kJ/kg]
= 0.677 kg/s
. . E . E E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. E . E
E
A A
E
A A A
E
A A
310 295
= 0.1 kg/s ×1.042 kJ/kgK ln 500 + 0.677 kg/s ×4.18 kJ/kgK ln 288 A A A
E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.169
An initially empty spring-loaded piston/cylinder requires 100 kPa to float the
piston. A compressor with a line and valve now charges the cylinder with water to
a final pressure of 1.4 MPa at which point the volume is 0.6 m3, state 2. The inlet A
E
Continuity: m2 - 0 = min , A A
E
A A
E
Energy: m2u2 - 0/ = (minhin) - Wc - 1W2
A A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A E A A A
E
A A
E
⇒ s2 = sin A A
E
A A
Inlet state: Table B.1.2, hin = 2675.5 kJ/kg, sin = 7.3594 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A A
1 1
1W2 = ⌠PdV
⌡ = (Pfloat+ P2)(V2 - 0/) = (100+1400)0.6 = 450 kJ
2 2
A A A A A EA A A A A A A A A A E A A A
E E E E E
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
3 E E
0 0.6 V
Table B.1.1: v3 ≅ vf(20°C) = 0.001002 A A
E
A
E
A ⇒ V3 = m3v3 = 0.00268 m3
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
P
1400
2
100 3
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.170
Consider the scheme shown in Fig. P7.170 for producing fresh water from salt
water. The conditions are as shown in the figure. Assume that the properties of
salt water are the same as for pure water, and that the pump is reversible and
adiabatic.
. .
a. Determine the ratio (m7/m1), the fraction of salt water purified. A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A
. . . .
Table B.1.1 or 632.4 = (1 - (m7/m1)) 417.46 + (m7/m1) 2675.5 A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
. .
⇒ m7/m1 = 0.0952
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. . . .
C.V. Heat exchanger: h2 + (m7/m1)h6 = h3 + (m7/m1)h7
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
CV: entire unit, entropy equation per unit mass flow rate at state 1
. . . .
SC.V.,gen = - qH/TH + (1 - (m7/m1))s5 +(m7/m1)s7 - s1
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.171
A rigid 1.0 m3 tank contains water initially at 120°C, with 50 % liquid and 50%
A
E
vapor, by volume. A pressure-relief valve on the top of the tank is set to 1.0 MPa
(the tank pressure cannot exceed 1.0 MPa - water will be discharged instead).
Heat is now transferred to the tank from a 200°C heat source until the tank
contains saturated vapor at 1.0 MPa. Calculate the heat transfer to the tank and
show that this process does not violate the second law.
Solution:
C.V. Tank and walls out to the source. Neglect storage in walls. There is flow
out and no boundary or shaft work.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 − m1 = − me
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A
E
A
vg = 0.8919 m3/kg,
A
E
A mg = 0.5V1/vg = 0.56 kg,
A
E
A A
E
A
m1 = 472.26 kg, A A
E
x1 = mg/m1 = 0.001186
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
v2 = vg = 0.19444 m3/kg,
A A
E
A
E
A m2 = V2/v2 = 5.14 kgA A
E
A A
E
A A
u2 = ug = 2583.6 kJ/kg,
A A
E
A
E
A s2 = sg = 6.5864 kJ/kg-K
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A me = m1 - m2 = 467.12 kg A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
= m2 u2 − m1u1 + mehe = 1 072 080 kJ A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
From the entropy Eq.7.13 or Eq.7.24 (with 7.25 and 7.26) we get
1Q2
1S2 gen = m2s2 − m1s1 + mese − T ; TH = 200oC = 473 K E
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
H
E E E E E E E E
nd Law
1S2 gen = ∆Snet = 120.4 kJ > 0 Process Satisfies 2
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.172
A jet-ejector pump, shown schematically in Fig. P7.172, is a device in which a
low-pressure (secondary) fluid is compressed by entrainment in a high-velocity
(primary) fluid stream. The compression results from the deceleration in a
diffuser. For purposes of analysis this can be considered as equivalent to the
turbine-compressor unit shown in Fig. P7.165 with the states 1, 3, and 5
corresponding to those in Fig. P7.172. Consider a steam jet-pump with state 1 as
saturated vapor at 35 kPa; state 3 is 300 kPa, 150°C; and the discharge pressure,
P5, is 100 kPa.
A A
. .
a. Calculate the ideal mass flow ratio, m1/m3. A EA A
E
A EA A
. . . .
b. The efficiency of a jet pump is defined as η = (m1/m3)actual / (m1/m3)ideal A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A A
for the same inlet conditions and discharge pressure. Determine the discharge
temperature of the jet pump if its efficiency is 10%.
a) ideal processes (isen. comp. & exp.)
expands 3-4s
comp 1-2s then mix at const. P
A E A
E
A A
E
A A
E
=> x4s = 0.9535 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
. .
m1(h2s - h1) = m3(h3 - h4s)
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A A
. . 2761.0 - 2570.5
⇒ (m1/m3)IDEAL = 2823.8 - 2631.1 = 0.9886
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A EA A
E
A
E
A
. . . .
Energy Eq.: m1h1 + m3h3 = (m1 + m3)h5 A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.173
A horizontal, insulated cylinder has a frictionless piston held against stops by an
external force of 500 kN. The piston cross-sectional area is 0.5 m2, and the initial
volume is 0.25 m3. Argon gas in the cylinder is at 200 kPa, 100°C. A valve is A
E
now opened to a line flowing argon at 1.2 MPa, 200°C, and gas flows in until the
cylinder pressure just balances the external force, at which point the valve is
closed. Use constant heat capacity to verify that the final temperature is 645 K
and find the total entropy generation.
Solution:
The process has inlet flow, no work (volume constant) and no heat transfer.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 − m1 = mi
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
500
Force balance: P2A = F A A
E
⇒ P2 = 0.5 = 1000 kPa
A A
E
A A
For argon use constant heat capacities so the energy equation is:
m2 CVo T2 – m1 CVo T1 = (m2 – m1 ) CPo T in A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
and A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
and divide the energy equation with CVo to solve for the change in mass A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
OK
Entropy Eq.7.12: m2s2 - m1s1 = misi + 0 + 1S2 gen
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
1S2 gen
A A
E
A A
E
= m1(s2 - s1) + (m2 - m1)(s2 - si) A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
T2 P2 2 2 T P
= m1 Cp lnT - R ln P A [
A
E
A A
E
A
1
A
E
A
1
] + (m2 - m1)[Cp ln T - R ln P ]
A
iE
i
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E E
A A
E E
A
645 1000
= 0.644[ 0.52 ln 373.15 - 0.2081 ln 200 ] A A A A
E E
645 1000
+ 1.219[ 0.52 ln 473.15 - 0.2081 ln 1200] A A A A
E E
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.174
Supercharging of an engine is used to increase the inlet air density so that more
fuel can be added, the result of which is an increased power output. Assume that
ambient air, 100 kPa and 27°C, enters the supercharger at a rate of 250 L/s. The
supercharger (compressor) has an isentropic efficiency of 75%, and uses 20 kW
of power input. Assume that the ideal and actual compressor have the same exit
pressure. Find the ideal specific work and verify that the exit pressure is 175 kPa.
Find the percent increase in air density entering the engine due to the
supercharger and the entropy generation.
A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
in . .E . E E . E
E
A A A A A
E
A Assume: Q = 0 A A
. . E. E E
E
A A A
E
A A A
RTin o
vin = P = 0.8614 m3/kg, sTi = 6.86975 kJ/kg K, hin = 300.62 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A A
E
A A A A A
in
E
E E
. .
ηc = wC s/wC ac => -WS = -WAC × ηc = 15 kW
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA
E
A A A
. . E
E
A EA A
E
A A -wC ac = 68.966 kJ/kg A A
E
A A A
E
A A
o
⇒ Tex s = 351.5 K, sTe = 7.02830 kJ/kg K A
E
A A
E
A
7.0283 - 6.86975 o o
Pex = Pin × e(sT ex - sT in)/R = 100 × exp [
A
0.287
E
A ] A A
E
EA
A A A
E
A E
A A A
= 173.75 kPa
The actual exit state is
hex ac = hin - wC ac = 369.6 kJ/kg ⇒ Tex ac = 368.6 K
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
o
vex = RTex/Pex = 0.6088 m3/kg, sTex ac = 7.0764
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
173.75
sgen = sex - sin = 7.0764 - 6.86975 - 0.287 ln( 100 ) = 0.0481 kJ/kg K
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.175
A rigid steel bottle, V = 0.25 m3, contains air at 100 kPa, 300 K. The bottle is A
E
now charged with air from a line at 260 K, 6 MPa to a bottle pressure of 5 MPa,
state 2, and the valve is closed. Assume that the process is adiabatic, and the
charge always is uniform. In storage, the bottle slowly returns to room
temperature at 300 K, state 3. Find the final mass, the temperature T2, the final A A
pressure P3, the heat transfer 1Q3 and the total entropy generation.
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
hin = 260.32 kJ/kg
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
T2 = 360 => LHS = 258.63 (low); T2 = 370 => LHS = 265.88 (high)
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
Now use the energy equation from the beginning to the final state
1Q3
A A
E
A A
E
= m2u3 - m1u1 - minhin = (12.022 - 0.29) 214.36 - 11.732 × 260.32
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
= -539.2 kJ
Entropy equation from state 1 to state 3 with change in s from Eq.8.19
Sgen = m2s3 - m1s1 - minsin - 1Q3/T = m2(s3 -sin) - m1(s1 - sin) - 1Q3/T
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
P T 6 MPa
line 5 MPa
2 2
line 100 kPa
T2
300 3
3 1 1
260 v=C
v s
Problem could have been solved with constant specific heats from A.5 in
which case we would get the energy explicit in T2 (no iterations). A A
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.176
A certain industrial process requires a steady 0.5 kg/s of air at 200 m/s, at the
condition of 150 kPa, 300 K. This air is to be the exhaust from a specially
designed turbine whose inlet pressure is 400 kPa. The turbine process may be
assumed to be reversible and polytropic, with polytropic exponent n = 1.20.
a) What is the turbine inlet temperature?
b) What are the power output and heat transfer rate for the turbine?
c) Calculate the rate of net entropy increase, if the heat transfer comes from a
source at a temperature 100°C higher than the turbine inlet temperature.
Solution:
C.V. Turbine, this has heat transfer, PVn = Constant, n = 1.2
n-1
Process polytropic Eq.8.28: Te / Ti = (Pe/Pi) n
=> Ti = 353.3 K
E
A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E
. . . .
mi(h + V2/2)in + Q = mex(h + V2/2)ex + WT
E E E
Energy Eq.4.12: A A A
E
A A A A A A
E
E
A A
E
A A A A
E
A A
E
A
n 2
= − n-1R (Te − Ti) − Ve /2 = 71.8 kJ/kg
A A A
E
A
. . E E
WT = mwT = 35.9 kW
A A A A
2 E . E
E
A
E
A A A
TH = Ti + 100 = 453.3 K A A A A A
E
A A
P T
n = k = 1.4
i
i
n=1 n=1
e n = 1.2 e n = 1.2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 A A
E
A
E
A ( Zi = Ze ) A A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
2
From the energy equation we have Ve /2 = hi - he , so then A
E
A A A
Ve =A A
E
E 2 (hi - he) = 2(1277.8 - 1076.2) kJ/kg × 1000 J/kJ = 635 m/s
A A A EA
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Solution:
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
Entropy Eq.7.9: s e = si
A A A
e
E E
E E
E
A A
E
A A
from Eq.8.23
k-1
1000.286
= 1200 800
E
Te = Ti (Pe/Pi) = 662.1 K k E
A A A A A A A A A A A E A A
E E E E
E
A A
E
A A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
. . . E E E
Continuity Eq.4.11: mi = me = m, A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
. . . E E E
E
A A A A
E
A A
E
A
. E
. . E
.
Entropy Eq.7.8: A msi + Sgen = mseA A A
E
A A A A
E
( Reversible Sgen = 0 )
. . E . . E E E
E
A A E A A
E
A E A A
E
A A A A
E
A E A A
P T i
e e
i ∆ h = 550 kJ/kg
e
i -WC
v s
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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
The mine is used for energy storage so the local power plant pumps it up to 2.1
MPa using outside air at 290 K, 100 kPa. Assume the pump is ideal and the
process is adiabatic. Find the final mass and temperature of the air and the
required pump work.
Solution:
C.V. The mine volume and the pump
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 - m1 = min A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
Process: Adiabatic A
1Q2 A
E
A A
E
= 0 , Process ideal 1S2 gen
A A
E
A A
E
= 0 , s1 = sin A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
2100
Constant s ⇒ Pr2 = Pr i (P2 / Pi) = 0.9899 100 = 20.7879
A A A A A E A
E E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
⇒ min = 9.5585×105 kg A A
E
A
E
1W2
A A
E
A A
E
= minhin + m1u1 - m2u2 A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
P s= C T
2
2
T2 100 kPa
400
1, i 290 1, i
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
a) incompressible
1
Energy Eq.4.13: ∆h = 2 V2 = 2000 kJ/kg A A
E
A
E
E
A
1
Use A.7: hst = ho + 2 V2 = 223.22 + 2000 = 2223.3 kJ/kg
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
Tst = 1977 KA
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
E
A
b) compressible
Tst = 1977 K the same energy equation.
A
E
A
E
A A
Pr st 1580.3
Pst = Po × P = 50 × 0.39809
A A A A A A A A
ro
E E
E E E
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
A A
E
A
E
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A A
in . . . E E E . E
E
A A A A A
E
A Assume: Q = 0 A A
. . . E E E
E
A A A
E
A A A
3
Inlet state: vin = RTin/Pin = 0.8614 m /kg, Pr in = 1.1167
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
. .
ηc = wC s/wC ac => -WS = -WAC × ηc = 15 kW
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A EA A
E
A EA
E
A A A
. . E
E
A EA A
E
A A -wC ac = 68.966 kJ/kg A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A
E
A A A
E
A A A
E
A A
E
⇒ Tex ac = 368.6 K A
E
A
E
A A
E
A A
E
A A
E
E
A A A
E
A A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A A A
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Borgnakke Sonntag
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 7
English units
8e
CHAPTER 7
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.177E
A compressor receives R-134a at 20 F, 30 psia with an exit of 200 psia, x = 1.
What can you say about the process?
Solution:
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.178E
A condenser receives R-410A at 0 F and quality 80% with the exit flow being
saturated liquid at 0 F. Consider the cooling to be a reversible process and find the
specific heat transfer from the entropy equation.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.179E
Steam enters a turbine at 450 lbf/in.2, 900 F, expands in a reversible adiabatic
process and exhausts at 130 F. Changes in kinetic and potential energies between
the inlet and the exit of the turbine are small. The power output of the turbine is
800 Btu/s. What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine?
Solution:
.
C.V. Turbine, Steady single inlet and exit flows. Adiabatic: Q = 0.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.11: mi = me = m,
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: mhi = mhe + WT,
. . .
Entropy Eq.7.8: msi + 0/ = mse ( Reversible Sgen = 0 )
P T
Explanation for the 1 1
work term is in Sect.
7.3, Eq.7.14
2 2
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.180E
The exit nozzle in a jet engine receives air at 2100 R, 20 psia with neglible kinetic
energy. The exit pressure is 10 psia and the process is reversible and adiabatic. Use
constant heat capacity at 77 F to find the exit velocity.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 ( Zi = Ze )
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
Btu
Use constant specific heat from Table F.4, CPo = 0.24 lbm R, k = 1.4
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.181E
Do the previous problem using Table F.5.
The exit nozzle in a jet engine receives air at 2100 R, 20 psia with neglible kinetic
energy. The exit pressure is 10 psia and the process is reversible and adiabatic. Use
constant heat capacity at 77 F to find the exit velocity.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 ( Zi = Ze )
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
The constant s is rewritten from Eq.6.19 as
o o 53.34
sTe = sTi + R ln(Pe / Pi) = 1.98461 + 778 ln (10/20) = 1.937088 Btu/lbmR
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.182E
In a heat pump that uses R-134a as the working fluid, the R-134a enters the
compressor at 30 lbf/in.2, 20 F. In the compressor the R-134a is compressed in an
adiabatic process to 150 lbf/in.2 using 1.5 Btu/s of power. Find the mass flow rate
it can provide assuming the process is reversible.
Solution:
.
C.V. Compressor, Steady single inlet and exit flows. Adiabatic: Q = 0.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.11: m1 = m2 = m,
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: mh1 = mh2 + WC,
. . .
Entropy Eq.7.8: ms1 + 0/ = ms2 ( Reversible Sgen = 0 )
Inlet state: Table F.10.2 h1 = 169.82 Btu/lbm, s1 = 0.4157 Btu/lbm R
Exit state: P2 = 150 psia & s2 ⇒ h2 = 184.46 Btu/lbm
. . .
m = Wc/wc = Wc /(h1 - h2) = -1.5 /(169.82 - 184.46) = 0.102 lbm/s
P T
Explanation for the 2 2
work term is in
Sect. 7.3 1 1
Eq.7.14 v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.183E
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410A at -10 F and unknown
quality. The exit is at 300 psia, 140 F and the process assumed reversible and
adiabatic. Neglect kinetic energies and find the inlet quality and the specific work.
CV Compressor. q = 0.
Energy Eq.4.13: wC = hi - he
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
Exit state: 300 psia, 140 F s = si
Table F.9.2 ⇒ he = 137.34 Btu/lbm, se = si = 0.2582 Btu/lbm-R
Inlet state: F.9.1: T, si = se
xi = (0.2582 – 0.0231)/0.2362 = 0.99534
hi = 10.08 + xi 106.2 = 115.78 Btu/lbm
wC = 115.78 – 137.34 = –21.56 Btu/lbm
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.184E
A compressor brings a hydrogen gas flow at 500 R, 1 atm up to a pressure of 10
atm in a reversible process. How hot is the exit flow and what is the specific work
input?
CV Compressor. Assume q = 0.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.185E
A flow of 4 lbm/s saturated vapor R-410A at 100 psia is heated at constant
pressure to 140 F. The heat is supplied by a heat pump that receives heat from the
ambient at 540 R and work input, shown in Fig. P7.28. Assume everything is
reversible and find the rate of work input.
Solution:
C.V. Heat exchanger
. .
Continuity Eq.: m1 = m2 ;
. . . 1 2
Energy Eq.: m1h1 + QH = m1h2 QH
Table F.9.2:
HP W
h1 = 119.38 Btu/lbm,
s1 = 0.2498 Btu/lbm R QL
h2 = 146.13 Btu/lbm, TL
s2 = 0.2994 Btu/lbm R
.
Notice we can find QH but the temperature TH is not constant making it
difficult to evaluate the COP of the heat pump.
C.V. Total setup and assume everything is reversible and steady state.
. . . .
Energy Eq.: m1h1 + QL + W = m1h2
. . .
Entropy Eq.: m1s1 + QL/TL + 0 = m1s2 (TL is constant, sgen = 0)
. .
QL = m1TL [s2 - s1] = 4 × 540 [0.2994 – 0.2498] = 107.14 Btu/s
. . .
W = m1[h2 - h1] - QL = 4 (146.13 – 119.38) – 107.14 = -0.14 Btu/s
Comment: Net work is nearly zero, due to the very low inlet T so the first heating
of the flow actually generates work out and only the heating to above ambient T
requires work input.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.186E
A diffuser is a steady-state, steady-flow device in which a fluid flowing at high
velocity is decelerated such that the pressure increases in the process. Air at 18
lbf/in.2, 90 F enters a diffuser with velocity 600 ft/s and exits with a velocity of 60
ft/s. Assuming the process is reversible and adiabatic what are the exit pressure and
temperature of the air?
C.V. Diffuser, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2 2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + Vi /2gc = he + Ve /2gc , => he - hi = CPo(Te - Ti)
Entropy Eq.7.9: si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0 = se (Reversible, adiabatic)
Energy equation then gives (conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 from A.1):
6002 - 602
CPo(Te -Ti) = 0.24(Te - 549.7) =
2 × 25 037
Te = 579.3 R
The isentropic process (se = si) gives Eq.6.23
k
579.33.5
Pe = Pi(Te/Ti)k-1 = 18549.7 = 21.6 lbf/in2
P T Inlet Exit
e
e
i
i Hi V Low V
Low P, A
v s Hi P, A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.187E
An expander receives 1 lbm/s air at 300 psia, 540 R with an exit state of 60 psia,
540 R. Assume the process is reversible and isothermal. Find the rates of heat
transfer and work neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.
Solution:
P T i Q e
i i e
v s Wexp
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.188E
One technique for operating a steam turbine in part-load power output is to throttle
the steam to a lower pressure before it enters the turbine, as shown in Fig. P7.39.
The steamline conditions are 200 lbf/in.2, 600 F, and the turbine exhaust pressure
is fixed at 1 lbf/in.2. Assuming the expansion inside the turbine to be reversible
and adiabatic, determine the specific turbine work for no throttling and the specific
turbine work (part-load) if it is throttled to 60 psia. Show both processes in a T–s
diagram.
C.V. Turbine full-load, reversible.
Entropy Eq.7.9 reduces to constant s so from Table F.7.2 and F.7.1
s3a = s1 = 1.6767 Btu/lbm R = 0.132 66 + x3a × 1.8453
x3a = 0.8367
h3a = 69.74 + 0.8367 × 1036.0 = 936.6 Btu/lbm
1w3a = h1 - h3a = 1322.05 - 936.6 = 385.45 Btu/lbm
The energy equation for the part load operation gives the exit h. Notice that we
have constant h in the throttle process, h2 = h1 :
2b: P, h2b = h1 = 1322.05 btu/lbm => s2b = 1.80656 Btu/lbmR
3b: P, s = s2b = 1.80656 => x3b = (1.80656 – 0.132 66)/1.8453 = 0.90711
h3b = 69.74 + x3b × 1036.0 = 1009.5 Btu/lbm
T
1= 2a 1 2 3
2b
h=C
3a 3b WT
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.189E
An adiabatic air turbine receives 2 lbm/s air at 2700 R, 240 psia and 4 lbm/s air at
60 psia, T2 in a setup similar to Fig. P4.87 with an exit flow at 15 psia. What
should the temperature T2 be so the whole process can be reversible?
If we solve with constant specific heats we get from Eq.6.23 and k = 1.4
(k-1)/k 0.2857
T2 = T1 (P2 / P1) = 2700 R (60/240) = 1817 R
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.190E
A 20 ft3 tank contains carbon dioxide at 540 R, 20 psia is now filled from a supply
of carbon dioxide at 540 R, 20 psia by a compressor to a final tank pressure of 60
psia. Assume the whole process is adiabatic and reversible. Find the final mass and
temperature in the tank and the required work to the compressor.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.191E
An underground saltmine, 3.5 × 106 ft3 in volume, contains air at 520 R, 14.7
lbf/in.2. The mine is used for energy storage so the local power plant pumps it up
to 310 lbf/in.2 using outside air at 520 R, 14.7 lbf/in.2. Assume the pump is ideal
and the process is adiabatic. Find the final mass and temperature of the air and the
required pump work. Overnight, the air in the mine cools down to 720 R. Find the
final pressure and heat transfer.
C.V. The mine volume and the pump
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 - m1 = min
Energy Eq.4.16: m2u2 - m1u1 = 1Q2 - 1W2 + minhin
Entropy Eq.7.13: ⌠dQ/T + 1S2 gen + minsin
m 2 s2 - m 1 s1 = ⌡
Process: Adiabatic 1Q2 = 0 , Process ideal 1S2 gen = 0 , s1 = sin
⇒ m2s2 = m1s1 + minsin = (m1 + min)s1 = m2s1 ⇒ s2 = s1
o o
Constant s ⇒ Eq.6.19 sT2 = sTi + R ln(Pe / Pi)
o 53.34 310
Table F.4 ⇒ sT2 = 1.63074 +
778 ln (14.7
) = 1.83976 Btu/lbm R
P s=C T
2
2
T2 3
3 14.7 psia
720
1, i 520 1, i
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.192E
R-410A at 240 F, 600 psia is in an insulated tank and flow is now allowed out to a
turbine with a backup pressure of 125 psia. The flow continues to a final tank
pressure of 125 psia and the process stops. If the initial mass was 1 lbm how much
mass is left in the tank and what is the turbine work assuming a reversible process?
Solution:
C.V. Total tank and turbine.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 – m1 = –mex
Energy Eq.4.16: m2u2 – m1u1 = –mexhex + 1Q2 - 1W2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.193E
A river flowing at 2 ft/s across 3 ft high and 30 ft wide area has a dam that creates
an elevation difference of 7 ft. How much energy can a turbine deliver per day if
80% of the potential energy can be extracted as work?
The velocity in and out is the same assuming same flow area and the two
enthalpies are also the same since same T and P = P0.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.194E
How much liquid water at 60 F can be pumped from 14.7 psia to 35 psia with a 3
kW motor?
Incompressible flow (liquid water) and we assume reversible. Then the shaftwork
is from Eq.7.15 (7.16)
w = −∫ v dP = −v ∆P = −0.016 ft3/lbm (35 – 14.7) psia
= − 46.77 lbf-ft/lbm = -0.06 Btu/lbm
.
W = 3 kW = 2.844 Btu/s
.
. W 2.844
m = -w = 0.06 = 47.4 lbm/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.195E
A wave comes rolling in to the beach at 6 ft/s horizontal velocity. Neglect friction
and find how high up (elevation) on the beach the wave will reach.
1
gzin + 2V2in = gzex + 0
1 2 1
(zex - zin) = 2gVin = 62 (ft/s)2 = 0.56 ft
2 × 32.174 ft/s2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.196E
A small pump takes in water at 70 F, 14.7 lbf/in.2 and pumps it to 250 lbf/in.2 at a
flow rate of 200 lbm/min. Find the required pump power input.
Solution:
C.V. Pump. Assume reversible pump and incompressible flow.
This leads to the work in Eq.7.15
wp = -⌠vdP
⌡ = -vi(Pe - Pi)
144 in2/ft2
= -0.01605 ft3/lbm (250 - 14.7) psi ×
778 lbf-ft/(Btu/lbm)
= -0.7 Btu/lbm
. . 200
Wp in = m(-wp) = 60 lbm/s (0.7 Btu/lbm) = 2.33 Btu/s = 3.3 hp
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.197E
An irrigation pump takes water from a river at 50 F, 1 atm and pumps it up to an
open canal at a 150 ft higher elevation. The pipe diameter in and out of the pump is
0.3 ft and the motor driving the pump is 5 hp. Neglect kinetic energies and friction,
find the maximum possible mass flow rate.
CV the pump. The flow is incompressible and steady flow. The pump work is the
difference between the flow work in and out and from Bernoulli’s eq. for the pipe
that is equal to the potential energy increase sincle pump inlet pressure and pipe
outlet pressure are the same.
Comment:
. .
. mv 4m 4 × 18.33
m = AV/v ⇒ V= A = 2= = 4.17 ft/s
ρ π D 62.2 × π × 0.32
The power to generated the kinetic energy is
.
Power = m 0.5 V2 = 18.33 × 0.5 × 4.172/ 25037 = 0.0064 Btu/s
Recall conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 from A.1
This is insignificant relative to the power needed for the potential energy increase.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.198E
A fireman on a ladder 80 ft above ground should be able to spray water an
additional 30 ft up with the hose nozzle of exit diameter 1 in. Assume a water
pump on the ground and a reversible flow (hose, nozzle included) and find the
minimum required power.
Solution:
C.V.: pump + hose + water column, total height difference 35 m.
. .
Continuity Eq.4.3, 4.11: min = mex = (ρAV)nozzle
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: m(-wp) + m(h + V2/2 + gz)in = m(h + V2/2 + gz)ex
Process: hin ≅ hex , Vin ≅ Vex = 0 , zex - zin = 110 ft, ρ = 1/v ≅ 1/vf
-wp = g(zex - zin) = 32.174 × (110 - 0)/25 037 = 0.141 Btu/lbm
Recall the conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 from Table A.1. The velocity
in the exit nozzle is such that it can rise 30 ft. Make that column a C.V. for
which Bernoulli Eq.7.17 is:
1
gznoz + 2V2noz = gzex + 0 30 ft
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.199E
Saturated R-410A at 10 F is pumped/compressed to a pressure of 300 lbf/in.2 at the
rate of 1.0 lbm/s in a reversible adiabatic steady flow process. Calculate the power
required and the exit temperature for the two cases of inlet state of the R-410A:
a) quality of 100 %.
b) quality of 0 %.
Solution:
.
C.V.: Pump/Compressor, m = 1 lbm/s, R-410A
a) State 1: Table F.10.1, x1 = 1.0 Saturated vapor, P1 = Pg = 76.926 psia,
h1 = hg = 118.21 Btu/lbm, s1 = sg = 0.2535 Btu/lbm R
Assume Compressor is isentropic, s2 = s1 = 0.2535 Btu/lbm R
h2 = 134.54 Btu/lbm, T2 = 130.5 F
Energy Eq.4.13: qc + h1 = h2 + wc; qc = 0
wcs = h1 - h2 = 118.21 – 134.54 = - 16.33 Btu/lbm;
. .
=> WC = mwC = -16.3 Btu/s = -23.1 hp
b) State 1: T1 = 10 F, x1 = 0 Saturated liquid. This is a pump.
P1 = 76.926 psia, h1 = hf = 17.0 Btu/lbm, v1 = vf = 0.01316 ft3/lbm
Energy Eq.4.13: qp + h1 = h2 + wp; qp = 0
Assume Pump is isentropic and the liquid is incompressible, Eq.7.18:
wps = - ∫ v dP = -v1(P2 - P1) = -0.01316 (300 – 76.926) 144
= -422.73 lbf-ft/lbm = - 0.543 Btu/lbm
h2 = h1 - wp = 17.0 - ( - 0.543) = 17.543 Btu/lbm,
Assume State 2 is approximately a saturated liquid => T2 ≅ 11.5 F
. .
WP = mwP = 1 (- 0.543) = -0.543 Btu/s = -0.77 hp
P T
2a
2b
2b 2a
1a
1b
1b 1a
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.200E
Liquid water at ambient conditions, 14.7 lbf/in.2, 75 F, enters a pump at the rate of
1 lbm/s. Power input to the pump is 3 Btu/s. Assuming the pump process to be
reversible, determine the pump exit pressure and temperature.
Solution:
C.V. Pump. Steady single inlet and exit flow with no heat transfer.
. .
Energy Eq.4.13: w = hi − he = W/m = -3/1 = - 3.0 btu/lbm
Using also incompressible media we can use Eq.7.15
wP = − ⌠vdP
⌡ ≈ −vi(Pe − Pi) = −0.01606 ft/lbm(Pe − 14.7 psia)
from which we can solve for the exit pressure
144
3 ≅ 0.01606(Pe - 14.7) × 778 ⇒ Pe = 1023.9 lbf/in2
e .
. -W = 3 Btu/s, Pi = 14.7 psia
-W
.
Pump Ti = 75 F m = 1 lbm/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.201E
The underwater bulb nose of a container ship has a velocity relative to the ocean
water as 30 ft/s. What is the pressure at the front stagnation point that is 6 ft down
from the water surface.
Solution:
C.V. A stream line of flow from the freestream to the wall.
1 2 2
Eq.7.17: v(Pe-Pi) + 2 (Ve -Vi ) + g(Ze - Zi) = 0
1 2 302
∆P = 2v Vi = = 6.06 psi
0.01603 × 32.174 × 144 × 2
Pi = Po + gH/v = 14.695 + 6/ (0.01603 × 144) = 17.29 psia
Pe = Pi + ∆ P = 17.29 + 6.06 = 23.35 psia
This container-ship is under construction and not loaded. The red line is the water
line under normal load.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.202E
A speed boat has a small hole in the front of the drive with the propeller that sticks
down into the water at a water depth of 15 in. Assume we have a stagnation point
at that hole when the boat is sailing with 30 mi/h, what is the total pressure there?
Solution:
C.V. A stream line of flow from the freestream to the wall.
1 2 2
Eq.7.17: v(Pe-Pi) + 2 (Ve -Vi ) + g(Ze - Zi) = 0
mi ft-h
Vi = 30 h × 1.467 s-mi = 44.01 ft/s
1 2 44.012
∆P = 2v Vi = = 13.04 psi
0.01603 × 32.174 × 144 × 2
15/12
Pi = Po + gH/v = 14.695 + = 15.24 psia
0.01603 × 144
Pe = Pi + ∆ P = 15.24 + 13.04 = 28.28 psia
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.203E
Helium gas enters a steady-flow expander at 120 lbf/in.2, 500 F, and exits at 18
lbf/in.2. The mass flow rate is 0.4 lbm/s, and the expansion process can be
considered as a reversible polytropic process with exponent, n = 1.3. Calculate the
power output of the expander.
Solution:
n-1 0.3
Pe n 18 1.3
Te = Ti P = 960 120 = 619.6 R
Wexp i
P T
n = k = 1.667
i
i
n=1 n=1
e n = 1.3 e n = 1.3
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.204E
An expansion in a gas turbine can be approximated with a polytropic process with
exponent n = 1.25. The inlet air is at 2100 R, 120 psia and the exit pressure is 18
psia with a mass flow rate of 2 lbm/s. Find the turbine heat transfer and power
output.
Solution:
C.V. Steady state device, single inlet and single exit flow.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi + q = he + w Neglect kinetic, potential energies
P T Notice:
n = k = 1.4
i dP < 0
n=1 i so dw > 0
n=1
e n = 1.25 e n = 1.25 ds > 0
v s so dq > 0
Notice this process has some heat transfer in during expansion which is
unusual. The typical process would have n = 1.5 with a heat loss.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.205E
Analyse the steam turbine described in Problem 4.188E. Is it possible?
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.206E
A large condenser in a steam power plant dumps 15 000 Btu/s at 115 F with an
ambient at 77 F. What is the entropy generation rate?
Solution:
This process transfers heat over a finite temperature difference between the
water inside the condenser and the outside ambient (cooling water from the sea,
lake or river or atmospheric air)
. . . 115 F 77 F
∑ Q .
dS Q Q .
−
dt = 0 = + S gen = + S gen
T T115 T77
.
Sgen = [ 15536.7
000
−
15 000
] Btu = 1.85 Btu
115 + 459.7 s R sR
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.207E
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410A at -10 F and x = 1.
The exit is at 150 psia and 60 F. Is this compressor possible?
Solution:
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.208E
R-134a at 90 F, 125 psia is throttled in a steady flow to a lower pressure so it
comes out at 10 F. What is the specific entropy generation?
Solution:
The process is adiabatic and irreversible. The consideration of the energy given in
example 6.5 resulted in a constant h and two-phase exit flow.
Table F.10.1: hi = 105.34 Btu/lbm, si = 0.2757 Btu/lbm-R (compressed liquid)
State 2: 10 F, he = hi < hg so two-phase xe = (he – hf)/hfg = 0.2956
Table F.10.1: se = sf + xe sfg = 0.2244 + 0.2956 × 0.1896 = 0.2804 Btu/lbm-R
We assumed no heat transfer so the entropy equation Eq.7.9 gives
sgen = se - si - ∫ dq/T = 0.2804 – 0.2757 – 0 = 0.0047 Btu/lbm-R
T
1 2 125 psia
i
e 26.8 psia
h=C s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.209E
Two flowstreams of water, one at 100 lbf/in.2, saturated vapor, and the other at 100
lbf/in.2, 1000 F, mix adiabatically in a steady flow process to produce a single flow
out at 100 lbf/in.2, 600 F. Find the total entropy generation for this process.
Solution:
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.9: m3 = m1 + m2 ,
. . .
Energy Eq.4.10: m3h3 = m1h1 + m2h2
State properties from Table F.7.2
h1 = 1187.8 , h2 = 1532.1, h3 = 1329.3 all in Btu/lbm
s1 = 1.6034, s2 = 1.9204, s3 = 1.7582 all in Btu/lbm R
. .
=> m1/m3 = (h3 – h2) / (h1 – h2) = 0.589
. . . .
Entropy Eq.7.7: m3s3 = m1s1 + m2s2 + Sgen =>
. . . . . .
Sgen/m3 = s3 – (m1/m3) s1 – (m2/m3) s2
Btu
= 1.7582 - 0.589 × 1.6034 - 0.411 × 1.9204 = 0.0245 lbm R
T
1
100 psia
Mixing
3
2 chamber 2
3
1
s
The mixing process generates entropy. The two inlet flows could have
exchanged energy (they have different T) through some heat engines and
produced work, the process failed to do that, thus irreversible.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.210E
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410A at -10 F and x = 1.
The exit is at 300 psia and 160 F. Neglect kinetic energies and find the specific
entropy generation.
Solution:
i
C.V. Compressor, steady state, single inlet and e
exit flow. For this device we also assume no
heat transfer q = 0 and Z1 = Z2 cb
-WC
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.211E
A steam turbine has an inlet of 4 lbm/s water at 150 psia and 550 F with velocity of
50 ft/s. The exit is at 1 atm, 240 F and very low velocity. Find the power produced
and the rate of entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Turbine. Steady flow and adiabatic. 1
. . 2
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 = m2 ;
. 1 . .
Energy Eq.4.10: m1(h1+ 2V2) = m2h2 + W WT
. . . 3
Entropy Eq.7.7: m1s1 + Sgen = m2s2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.212E
A dual fluid heat exchanger has 10 lbm/s water enter at 104 F, 20 psia and leaving
at 50 F, 20 psia. The other fluid is glycol coming in at 14 F, 22 psia and leaves at
50 F, 22 psia. Find the mass flow rate of glycol and the rate of entropy generation.
Continuity Eqs.: Each line has a constant flow rate through it.
. . . .
Energy Eq.4.10: mH2O h1 + mglycol h3 = mH2O h2 + mglycol h4
. . . . .
Entropy Eq.7.7: 0 = mH2O s1 + mglycol s3 – mH2O s2 – mglycol s4 + Sgen
Process: Each line has a constant pressure.
Table F.7: h1 = 72.03, h2 = 18.05 Btu/lbm, s1 = 0.1367, s2 = 0.0361 Btu/lbm-R
We could have used specific heat for the changes.
Table F.3: CP gly = 0.58 Btu/lbm-R so
h4 - h3 = CP gly (T4 – T3) = 0.58 [50 – 14] = 20.88 Btu/lbm
s4 – s3 = CP gly ln (T4/T3) = 0.58 ln(509.7/473.7) = 0.0425 Btu/lbm-R
. . h1 − h2 72.03 − 18.05
mglycol = mH2O = 10 = 25.85 lbm/s
h4 − h3 20.88
. . .
Sgen = mH2O (s2 – s1) + mglycol (s4 – s3)
= 10 lbm/s (0.0361 – 0.1367) Btu/lbm-R
+ 25.85 lbm/s × 0.0425 Btu/lbm-R
= 0.093 Btu/s-R
2
C.V. Heat exchanger, steady 4
flow 1 inlet and 1 exit for
glycol and water each. The
1 water
two flows exchange energy 3 glycol
with no heat transfer to/from
the outside.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.213E
A factory generates compressed air from ambient 15 psia, 62 F, by compression to
150 psia, 1080 R after which it cools in a constant pressure cooler to 540 R by heat
transfer to the ambient. Find the specific entropy generation in the compressor and
in the cooler operation.
Solution
C.V. air compressor. q = 0.
Continuity Eq.: m2 = m1 ; Energy Eq.4.13: 0 = h1 + wc in – h2
Entropy Eq.: 0 = s1 – s2 + sgen comp
o
Table F.5 State 1: h1 = 124.79 Btu/lbm, sT1 = 1.63151 Btu/lbm-R,
o
Table F.5 State 2: h2 = 261.099 Btu/lbm, sT2 = 1.80868 Btu/lbm-R,
o
Table F.5 State 3: h3 = 129.18 Btu/lbm, sT3 = 1.63979 Btu/lbm-R,
o o
sgen comp = s2 – s1 = sT2 – sT1 – R ln(P2/P1)
53.34
= 1.80868 - 1.63151 – 778 ln(1000/100) = 0.019 Btu/lbmR
C.V. cooler w = 0/
. .
Continuity Eq.: m3 = m1 ; Energy Eq.4.13: 0 = h2 – qout – h3
Entropy Eq.: 0 = s2 – s3 – qout/Tamb + sgen cool
qout = h2 - h3 = 261.099 - 129.18 = 131.919 Btu/lbm
o o
sgen cool = s3 - s2 + qout/Tamb = sT3 – sT2 + qout/Tamb
131.919
= 1.63979 – 1.80868 + 521.7 = 0.084 Btu/lbm
1 Q cool
2 3
Compressor
-Wc
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.214E
A mixing chamber receives 10 lbm/min ammonia as saturated liquid at 0 F from
one line and ammonia at 100 F, 40 lbf/in.2 from another line through a valve. The
chamber also receives 340 Btu/min energy as heat transferred from a 100-F
reservoir. This should produce saturated ammonia vapor at 0 F in the exit line.
What is the mass flow rate at state 2 and what is the total entropy generation in the
process?
Solution:
P
1 3
MIXING 2
.
2 CHAMBER Q
1 3 v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.215E
A condenser in a power plant receives 10 lbm/s steam at 130 F, quality 90% and
rejects the heat to cooling water with an average temperature of 62 F. Find the
power given to the cooling water in this constant pressure process and the total rate
of enropy generation when condenser exit is saturated liquid.
Solution:
C.V. Condenser. Steady state with no shaft work term.
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: m hi + Q = mhe
. . . .
Entropy Eq.7.8: m si + Q/T + Sgen = m se
Properties are from Table F.7.1
hi = 98.0 + 0.9 × 1019.8 = 1015.8 Btu/lbm, he= 98.0 Btu/lbm
si = 0.1817 + 0.9 × 1.7292 = 1.7380 Btu/lbm R, se = 0.1817 Btu/lbm R
. . .
Qout = –Q = m (hi – he) = 10(1015.8 – 98.0) = 9178 Btu/s
. . .
Sgen = m (se – si) + Qout/T
= 10(0.1817 – 1.738) + 9178/(459.7 + 62)
= –15.563 + 17.592 = 2.03 Btu/s-R
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.216E
A large supply line has a steady flow of R-410A at 175 psia, 140 F. It is used in
three different adiabatic devices shown in Fig. P7.101, a throttle flow, an ideal
nozzle and an ideal turbine. All the exit flows are at 60 psia. Find the exit
temperature and specific entropy generation for each device and the exit velocity of
the nozzle.
C.V. Throttle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he ( Zi = Ze and V’s are small)
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + sgen
Exit state: he = hi = 143.11 Btu/lbm, Te = 118.87 F, se = 0.3076 kJ/kg-K
sgen = se – si = 0.3076 – 0.2804 = 0.0272 Btu/lbm-R
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 ( Zi = Ze )
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
The isentropic process (se = si) gives from F.9.2
Te = 49.15 F, sgen = 0, he = 128.36 Btu/lbm
The energy equation becomes
2
Ve /2 = hi - he = 143.11 – 128.36 = 14.75 Btu/lbm
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.217E
Air at 540 F, 60 lbf/in.2 with a volume flow 40 ft3/s runs through an adiabatic
turbine with exhaust pressure of 15 lbf/in.2. Neglect kinetic energies and use
constant specific heats. Find the lowest and highest possible exit temperature. For
each case find also the rate of work and the rate of entropy generation.
Ti = 540 F = 1000 R
vi = RTi /Pi = 53.34 ×1000/(60 × 144) = 6.174 ft3 / lbm
. •
m = V /v i = 40 (ft3/s) / 6.174 ft3/ lbm = 6.479 lbm/s
a. lowest exit T, this must be reversible for maximum work out.
Process: Reversible and adiabatic => constant s from Eq.7.9
k-1
Eq.6.23: Te = Ti(Pe/Pi) k = 1000 R (15/60)0.286 = 673 R
. .
w = 0.24 (1000 – 673) = 78.48 Btu/lbm ; W = mw = 508.5 Btu/s
.
Sgen = 0
b. Highest exit T, for no work out. Te = T i = 1000 R
.
W=0
. . .
Sgen = m (se– s i ) = - mR ln (Pe / P i )
53.34
= - 6.479 × 778 ln (15/60) = 0.616 Btu/s⋅R
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.218E
A large supply line has a steady air flow at 900 R, 2 atm. It is used in three
different adiabatic devices shown in Fig. P7.101, a throttle flow, an ideal nozzle
and an ideal turbine. All the exit flows are at 1 atm. Find the exit temperature and
specific entropy generation for each device and the exit velocity of the nozzle.
C.V. Throttle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he ( Zi = Ze and V’s are small)
Entropy Eq.7.8: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + sgen
Since it is air we have h = h(T) so same h means same Te = Ti = 900 R
o o
sgen = se – si = sTe – sTi – R ln(Pe / Pi) = 0 – (53.34 / 778) ln(1/2)
= 0.0475 Btu/lbm-R
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 ( Zi = Ze )
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
Use constant specific heat from Table F.4, CPo = 0.24 Btu/lbm-R, k = 1.4
The isentropic process (se = si) gives Eq.6.23
k-1
=> Te = Ti( Pe/Pi )k = 900 (1/2) 0.2857 = 738.3 R
2
The energy equation becomes: Ve /2 = hi - he ≅ CP( Ti - Te)
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
Turbine:
Process: Reversible and adiabatic => constant s from Eq.7.9
k-1
Eq.6.23: Te = Ti(Pe/Pi) k = 900 × (1/2) 0.2857 = 738.3 R
⇒ w = hi - he = CPo(Ti - Te) = 0.24 × ( 900 – 738.3) = 38.8 Btu/lbm
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.219E
Repeat the previous problem for the throttle and the nozzle when the inlet air
temperature is 4000 R and use the air tables.
C.V. Throttle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he ( Zi = Ze and V’s are small)
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + sgen
Since it is air we have h = h(T) so same h means same Te = Ti = 4000 R
o o
sgen = se – si = sTe – sTi – R ln(Pe / Pi) = 0 – (53.34 / 778) ln(1/2)
= 0.0475 Btu/lbm-R
C.V. Nozzle, Steady single inlet and exit flow, no work or heat transfer.
2
Energy Eq.4.13: hi = he + Ve /2 ( Zi = Ze )
Entropy Eq.7.9: se = si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0
The isentropic process (se = si) gives Eq.6.19
o o
0 = se – si = sTe – sTi – R ln(Pe / Pi)
o o
=> sTe = sTi + R ln(Pe / Pi) = 2.17221 + (53.34/778) ln (1/2) = 2.12469
T = 3846 R, he = 912.2 Btu/lbm
The energy equation becomes
2
Ve /2 = hi - he = 1087.988 – 912.2 = 175.79 Btu/lbm
P T
i Hi P Low P
i
e e
Low V Hi V
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.220E
A supply of 10 lbm/s ammonia at 80 lbf/in.2, 80 F is needed. Two sources are
available one is saturated liquid at 80 F and the other is at 80 lbf/in.2, 260 F. Flows
from the two sources are fed through valves to an insulated mixing chamber, which
then produces the desired output state. Find the two source mass flow rates and the
total rate of entropy generation by this setup.
Solution:
C.V. mixing chamber + valve. Steady, no heat transfer, no work.
. . .
Continuity Eq.4.9: m1 + m2 = m3 ;
. . .
Energy Eq.4.10: m1 h1 + m2h2 = m3h3
. . . .
Entropy Eq.7.7: m1 s1 + m2s2 + Sgen = m3s3
T
1 2
MIXING 3
3 1
2
CHAMBER s
. . . . . . h3 - h2 -102.87
m1h1 + (m3 - m1)h2 = m3h3 => m1 = m3 h - h = 10× -616.82 = 1.668 lbm/s
1 2
. . .
⇒ m2 = m3 - m1 = 8.332 lbm/s
. . . .
Sgen = m3s3 - m1s1 - m2s2
= 10 ×1.2956 – 1.668 × 0.2741 – 8.332 ×1.46 = 0.331 Btu/s⋅R
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.221E
An initially empty 5 ft3 tank is filled with air from 70 F, 15 psia until it is full.
Assume no heat transfer and find the final mass and entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Tank + valve out to line. No boundary/shaft work, m1 = 0; Q = 0 and we
recognize that this is a transient problem..
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 − 0 = mi
Energy Eq.4.16: m2 u2 − 0 = mi hi
Entropy Eq.7.12: m2s2 − 0 = misi + 0 + 1S2 gen
State 2: P2 = Pi and u2 = hi = hline = h2 − RT2 (ideal gas)
To reduce or eliminate guess use: h2 − hline = CPo(T2 − Tline)
Energy Eq. becomes: CPo(T2 − Tline) − RT2 = 0
T2 = Tline CPo/(CPo − R) = Tline CPo/CVo = k Tline
Btu
Use F.4: CP = 0.24 lbm R, k = 1.4 => T2 = 1.4×(70 + 460) = 742 R
P T
2 2
1 T2 line
Air
500
Tline
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.222E
An empty cannister of volume 0.05 ft3 is filled with R-134a from a line flowing
saturated liquid R-134a at 40 F. The filling is done quickly so it is adiabatic. How
much mass of R-134a is in the cannister? How much entropy was generated?
Solution:
C.V. Cannister filling process where: 1Q2 = 0 ; 1W2 = 0 ; m1 = 0
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 - 0 = min ;
Energy Eq.4.16: m2u2 - 0 = minhline + 0 + 0 ⇒ u2 = hline
Entropy Eq.7.13: m2s2 - 0 = minsline + 0 + 1S2 gen
Inlet state: Table F.10.1 hline = 88.56 Btu/lbm, sline = 0.244 Btu/lbm R
State 2: P2 = Pline and u2 = hline = 88.56 Btu/lbm > uf
u2 - uf 88.56 – 88.45
x2 = u = = 0.001464
fg 75.16
line
2
s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.223E
A can of volume 8 ft3 is empty and filled with R-410A from a line at 200 psia, 100
F. The process is adiabatic and stops at P = 150 psia. Use Table F.9 to find the final
temperature and the entropy generation.
Solution:
C.V. Cannister filling process where: 1Q2 = 0/ ; 1W2 = 0/ ; m1 = 0/
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 - 0/ = min ;
Energy Eq.4.16: m2u2 - 0/ = minhline + 0/ + 0/ ⇒ u2 = hline
Entropy Eq.7.12: m2s2 − 0 = minsline + 1S2 gen
1: Table F.9.2 hline = 131.84 Btu/lbm, sline = 0.2578 Btu/lbm-R
2: P2 = 150 psia ; u2 = hline ⇒ T2 = 152.8 F, s2 = 0.29084 kJ/kg-K
v2 = 0.5515 ft3/lbm ⇒ m2 = V/v2 = 14.506 lbm
1S2 gen = m2s2 − minsline = m2(s2 − sline)
= 14.506 (0.29084 – 0.2578) = 0.479 Btu/R
T
line
2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.224E
Air from a line at 1800 lbf/in.2, 60 F, flows into a 20-ft3 rigid tank that initially
contained air at ambient conditions, 14.7 lbf/in.2, 60 F. The process occurs rapidly
and is essentially adiabatic. The valve is closed when the pressure inside reaches
some value, P2. The tank eventually cools to room temperature, at which time the
pressure inside is 750 lbf/in.2. What is the pressure P2? What is the net entropy
change for the overall process?
CV: Tank. Mass flows in, so this is transient. Find the mass first
14.7 × 144 × 20
m1 = P1V/RT1 = = 1.526 lbm
53.34 × 520 T
v=C
Fill to P2, then cool to T3 = 60 F, P3 = 750 psia 1800 psia 2 1
m3 = m2 = P3V/RT3 3
line
750 × 144 × 20 750 psia 14.7 psia
= = 77.875 lbm
53.34 × 520 s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Device Efficiency
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.225E
A steam turbine inlet is at 200 psia, 800 F. The exit is at 40 psia. What is the
lowest possible exit temperature? Which efficiency does that correspond to?
We would expect the lowest possible exit temperature when the maximum
amount of work is taken out. This happens in a reversible process so if we assume
it is adiabatic this becomes an isentropic process.
P T 200 psia
i 40 psia
i
es
es
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.226E
A steam turbine inlet is at 200 psia, 800 F. The exit is at 40 psia. What is the
highest possible exit temperature? Which efficiency does that correspond to?
The highest possible exit temperature would be if we did not get any work
out, i.e. the turbine broke down. Now we have a throttle process with constant h
assuming we do not have a significant exit velocity.
w
Efficiency: η=w =0
s
P T
i h=C
i
e
v s
Remark: Since process is irreversible there is no area under curve in T-s diagram
that correspond to a q, nor is there any area in the P-v diagram corresponding to a
shaft work.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.227E
A steam turbine inlet is at 200 psia, 800 F. The exit is at 40 psia, 600 F. What is the
isentropic efficiency?
P T 200 psia
i 40 psia
i
e ac
es
es e ac
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.228E
The exit velocity of a nozzle is 1500 ft/s. If ηnozzle = 0.88 what is the ideal exit
velocity?
The nozzle efficiency is given by Eq. 7.30 and since we have the actual exit
velocity we get
2 2
Ve s = Vac/ηnozzle ⇒
Ve s = Vac/ ηnozzle = 1500 (ft/s) / 0.88 = 1599 ft/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.229E
A small air turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 80% should produce 120
Btu/lbm of work. The inlet temperature is 1800 R and it exhausts to the
atmosphere. Find the required inlet pressure and the exhaust temperature.
Solution:
C.V. Turbine actual energy Eq.4.13:
w = hi - he,ac = 120
Table F.5: hi = 449.794 Btu/lbm
⇒ he,ac = hi – 120 = 329.794 Btu/lbm, Te = 1349 R
C.V. Ideal turbine, Eq.7.27 and energy Eq.4.13:
ws = w/ηs = 120/0.8 = 150 = hi - he,s ⇒ he,s = 299.794 Btu/lbm
o
From Table F.5: Te,s = 1232.7 R , sTe = 1.84217 Btu/lbm R
Entropy Eq.7.9: si = se,s adiabatic and reversible
To relate the entropy to the pressure use Eq.6.19 inverted and standard entropy
from Table F.5:
o o 778
Pe/Pi = exp[ (sTe − sTi )/R ] = exp[(1.84217 - 1.94209)53.34] = 0.2328
P T
Pi
i i
Pe
e, ac
e, s s = C e, s e, ac
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.230E
Redo Problem 7.198 if the water pump has an isentropic efficiency of 85% (hose,
nozzle included).
Solution:
C.V.: pump + hose + water column, total height difference 110 ft. Here V is
velocity, not volume.
. .
Continuity Eq.4.3, 4.11: min = mex = (ρAV)nozzle
. . .
Energy Eq.4.12: m(-wp) + m(h + V2/2 + gz)in = m(h + V2/2 + gz)ex
Process: hin ≅ hex , Vin ≅ Vex = 0 , zex - zin = 110 ft, ρ = 1/v ≅ 1/vf
-wp = g(zex - zin) = 32.174 × (110 - 0)/25 037 = 0.141 Btu/lbm
Recall the conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 from Table A.1. The velocity
in the exit nozzle is such that it can rise 30 ft. Make that column a C.V. for
which Bernoulli Eq.7.17 is:
1
gznoz + V2noz = gzex + 0 30 ft
2
Vnoz = 2g(zex - znoz) 110 ft
= 2 × 32.174 × 30 = 43.94 ft/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.231E
Air enters an insulated compressor at ambient conditions, 14.7 lbf/in.2, 70 F, at the
rate of 0.1 lbm/s and exits at 400 F. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is
70%. What is the exit pressure? How much power is required to drive the
compressor?
Solution:
C.V. Compressor: P1, T1, Te(real), ηs COMP known, assume constant CP0
Energy Eq.4.13 for real: -w = CP0(Te - Ti) = 0.24(400 - 70) = 79.2 Btu/lbm
Ideal -ws = -w × ηs = 79.2 × 0.7 = 55.4 Btu/lbm
Energy Eq.4.13 for ideal:
55.4 = CP0(Tes - Ti) = 0.24(Tes - 530), Tes = 761 R
Constant entropy for ideal as in Eq.6.23:
k
Pe = Pi(Tes/Ti = 14.7(761/530)3.5 = 52.1 lbf/in2
)k-1
. .
-WREAL = m(-w) = 0.1 × 79.2 × 3600/2544 = 11.2 hp
P T Pe
e, s e, s
e, ac e, ac
Pi
i
s =C i
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.232E
A nozzle is required to produce a steady stream of R-134a at 790 ft/s at ambient
conditions, 15 lbf/in.2, 70 F. The isentropic efficiency may be assumed to be 90%.
What pressure and temperature are required in the line upstream of the nozzle?
2
Actual nozzle energy Eq.: h1 = h2 + V2/2
State 2 actual: Table F.10.2 h2 = 180.975 Btu/lbm
2 7902
h1 = h2 + V2/2 = 180.975 + = 193.44 Btu/lbm
2 × 25 037
Recall 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 from Table A.1.
7902
Ideal nozzle exit: h2s = h1 - KEs = 193.44 - /0.9 = 179.59 Btu/lbm
2 × 25 037
Recall conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 from A.1
State 2s: (P2, h2s) ⇒ T2s = 63.16 F, s2s = 0.4481 Btu/lbm R
2s
2 h1
s1 s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
Review Problems
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.233E
A watercooled air compressor takes air in at 70 F, 14 lbf/in.2 and compresses it to
80 lbf/in.2. The isothermal efficiency is 88% and the actual compressor has the
same heat transfer as the ideal one. Find the specific compressor work and the exit
temperature.
Solution:
Ideal isothermal compressor exit 80 psia, 70 F
Reversible process: dq = T ds => q = T(se – si)
o o
q = T(se – si) = T[sTe − sT1 − R ln(Pe / Pi)]
53.34 80
= - RT ln (Pe / Pi) = - (460 + 70) 778 ln 14 = - 63.3 Btu/lbm
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.234E
Repeat Problem 7.199 for a pump/compressor isentropic efficiency of 70%.
Solution:
.
C.V.: Pump/Compressor, m = 1 lbm/s, R-410A
a) State 1: Table F.9.1, x1 = 1.0 Saturated vapor, P1 = Pg = 76.926 psia,
h1 = hg = 118.21 Btu/lbm, s1 = sg = 0.2535 Btu/lbm R
Ideal Compressor is isentropic, s2 = s1 = 0.2535 Btu/lbm R
h2 = 134.54 Btu/lbm, T2 = 130.5 F
Energy Eq.4.13: qc + h1 = h2 + wc; qc = 0
wcs = h1 - h2 = 118.21 – 134.54 = - 16.33 Btu/lbm;
Now the actual compressor
wc, AC = wcs/η = - 23.33 = h1 – h2 AC
h2, AC = 134.54 + 23.33 = 157.87 ⇒ T2 = 217 F
. .
=> WC in = m(-wC) = 23.3 Btu/s = 33 hp
P T
2a
2b
2b 2a
1a
1b
1b 1a
v s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.235E
Air at 1 atm, 60 F is compressed to 4 atm, after which it is expanded through a
nozzle back to the atmosphere. The compressor and the nozzle both have
efficiency of 90% and kinetic energy in/out of the compressor can be neglected.
Find the actual compressor work and its exit temperature and find the actual nozzle
exit velocity.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag
7.236E
A rigid 35 ft3 tank contains water initially at 250 F, with 50 % liquid and 50%
vapor, by volume. A pressure-relief valve on the top of the tank is set to 150
lbf/in.2 (the tank pressure cannot exceed 150 lbf/in.2 - water will be discharged
instead). Heat is now transferred to the tank from a 400 F heat source until the tank
contains saturated vapor at 150 lbf/in.2. Calculate the heat transfer to the tank and
show that this process does not violate the second law.
C.V. Tank and walls out to the source. Neglect storage in walls. There is flow
out and no boundary or shaft work.
Continuity Eq.4.15: m2 − m1 = − me
Energy Eq.4.16: m2 u2 − m1u1 = - mehe + 1Q2
Entropy Eq.7.12: m2s2 − m1s1 = − mese + ∫ dQ/T + 1S2 gen
State 1: 250 F, Table F.7.1 vf1 = 0.017, vg1= 13.8247 ft3/lbm
m LIQ =V LIQ / vf1 = 0.5 × 35/0.017 = 1029.4 lbm
m VAP=V VAP / vg1 = 0.5 ×35/13.8247 = 1.266 lbm
m = 1030. 67 lbm
x = m VAP / (m LIQ + m VAP) = 0.001228
u = uf1 + x ufg1 = 218.48 + 0.001228 × 869.41 = 219.55
s = sf1 + x sfg1 = 0.3677 + 0.001228 × 1.3324 = 0.36934
state 2: v2 = vg = 3.2214 ft3/lbm, u2 = 1110.31, h2 = 1193.77 Btu/lbm
s2 = 1.576 Btu/lbm-R m2 = V/v2 = 10.865 lbm
From the energy equation we get
1Q2 = m2 u2 − m1u1 + mehe
= 10.865 ×1110.31 – 1030.67×219.55 + 1019.8×1193.77
= 1 003 187 Btu
1S2 gen = m2 s2 - m1s1 - mese - 1Q2 / Tsource
= 10.865 × 1.576 – 1030.67 × 0.36934 + 1019.8 × 1.57 – 1003187/860
= 77.2 Btu/R
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