Chrissa Mae T. Catindoy BS Medical Technology 3A
Chrissa Mae T. Catindoy BS Medical Technology 3A
Chrissa Mae T. Catindoy BS Medical Technology 3A
Catindoy
BS Medical Technology 3A
DNA Replication-maintaining genetic information
Watson and Crick
- Envisioned DNA as immense molecule unwinding and exposing unpaired bases that would
attract their complements, and from two double helices.
- This route to replication is called semiconservative, because each new DNA molecule
conserves half of the original double helix.
Template strand
- The DNA strand carrying the information that is transcribed.
Coding strand
- The side of the double helix for a particular gene from which RNA is not transcribed.
DNA RNA
Store RNA- and protein- encoding Carries protein-encoding information,
information and transfer information to and helps us to make proteins; can
daughter cells; cannot function as an function as an enzyme
enzyme
Double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose as the sugar Ribose as the sugar
Base used: Base used:
A – adenine U – uracil
G – guanine C – cytosine
T – thymine A – adenine
C - cytosine G – guanine
Translation of a Protein
Transcription
- Copies the information encoded in a DNA base sequence into the complementary language of
RNA.
- The next step is translating mRNA into specified sequence of amino acids that forms a protein.
- Particular mRNA codons correspond to particular amino acids.
- This correspondence between the chemical languages of mRNA and protein is the Genetic
code.
Genome Imprinting
- In a poorly understood process called genomic imprinting, methyl groups cover a gene or
several linked genes and prevent them from being accessed to synthesize protein.
- For a particular imprinted gene, the copy from either the father or the mother is always
imprinted, even in different individuals.
- The result: a disease may be more severe, or different, depending upon which parent transmitted
the gene.
- Imprinting is an epigenetic alteration - in which a layer of meaning is stamped upon a gene
without changing its DNA sequence.
- The imprinting pattern is passed from cell to cell in mitosis, but not from individual to individual
through meiosis.
- When silenced DNA is replicated during mitosis, the pattern of blocked genes is exactly placed,
or imprinted, on the new DNA, covering the same genes as in the parental DNA.
Sexual Development
- In prenatal humans, the sexes look alike until the ninth week of prenatal development.
- During the fifth week, all embryos develop two unspecialized gonads, organs that will develop
as either testes or ovaries.
- Each such “indifferent” gonads forms near two sets of ducts that five two developmental
options.
- If one set of tubes, called the Mullerian ducts, continue to develop, they eventually form the
sexual structures characteristics of a female.
- If the other set, the Wolffian ducts, persists, male sexual structures form.
- The choice of one of these developmental pathways occur during the sixth week depending
upon the sex chromosome constitution.
- If a gene on the Y chromosome called SRY (sex-determining region of the Y) is activated,
hormones steer development along a male route.
- In the absence of SRY activation, a female develops.
- A human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- 22 pairs are autosomes, or chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes. The autosomes
are numbered 1-22, with 1 the largest.
- The other two chromosomes, the X and the Y, are sex chromosomes and a male has one X and
one Y.