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Vol. 5 Issue 08, August-2016

A Survey on Methods of Evaluation of Reliability

of Distribution Systems with Distributed
Generation
Vishalini Divakar Dr. M. S. Raviprakasha
Research Scholar, Jain University Professor
Bangalore, India Department of E&E Engineering
Department of E & C Engineering. Malnad College of Engineering
K S Institute of Technology, Hassan - 573 202, India.
Bangalore, India
Dr. B. K. Keshavan
Professor & Head
Department of E&E Engineering
P E S Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India

Abstract— With the growth of economy and society, consumers II. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
of electricity are demanding supply of more reliable electricity Distributed generators are small scale power sources (10 MW
that needs a superior performance of power system. Distributed
or less) installed on the consumer terminal, and provide
Generation (DG) sources have obtained a lot of consideration in
modern times because of their positive impact on the reliability power independently for a few customers and are able to
of distribution system. System and load point reliability indices provide power in association with public distribution. Some
are found to be improved if DG is employed in distribution examples for DGs are fuel cells, wind turbines, micro
network. This article makes an effort to review different turbines, PV cells, IC engines and renewable sources etc.
methodologies and techniques employed for the evaluation of Distributed generation has specific advantages in supporting
reliability of distribution system when integrated with the power distribution systems, reducing energy
distribution generation (DG). Various techniques employed by consumption, saving investment, utilizing new energy and
different authors are analyzed, which are divided mainly into enhancement in the reliability and flexibility. It is generally
three categories: analytical techniques, Monte Carlo simulation
used in the distribution network. With advances in
and other probabilistic techniques. It is found that most of the
studies in reliability of distribution systems with DG in the technology, usage of distributed generation in the power
literature are formulated for specific study - systems. distribution networks is increasing. Employing DG into the
power system poses several challenges in interconnection,
Keywords – Distributed power generation, Distribution system protection coordination and voltage regulation. But increased
reliability, Monte Carlo simulation, Reliability evaluation. reliability and cost reduction are the primary advantages of
adding DG into a power system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The aim of a power system is to supply power in cost- III. CONTRIBUTION OF DG FOR RELIABILITY
effective and reliable manner. It is essential to plan and
maintain reliable electrical power systems because price of DG technologies are having a great impact on high-reliability
interruptions and power failures can have very bad financial applications, as source of capacity during emergency or as a
impact on the utility and its consumers. The reliability of means of deferring the extension of a local network. DG can
power distribution system is main issue in planning and be made available during power system failure to guarantee a
working of the system. Reliability assessment is of prime more reliable supply. The major direct role of DG to
importance in planning and designing of distribution systems reliability is on the consumer side. The level of reliability is
that operate in a cost-effective manner with minimum boosted since the local load is supplied by DGs during
interruption of customer loads. From the available reports in interruptions. When a stand by DG is connected, the
literature, it is understood that nearly 85% of interruptions of durations of interruptions are lesser. The system reliability is
customers take place due to the distribution system failures. improved by the presence of DG in the distribution system
Hence, the reliability of distribution systems is considered as since it supplies loads in the islanding operation.
one of the more important issues from the technical as well as IV. RELIABILITY EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTION
economical point of view. Further, there are regulations based SYSTEMS
on the performance, introduced by the regulation authorities The Evaluation of Reliability of the distribution system is
in different countries. Hence, the utility company will search based on a number of reliability indices like Average Failure
for means to reduce costs and also supply the satisfactory Rate λ, Average Interruption time U, Average Interruption
level of reliability for its customers, to remain competitive. duration time r, System Average Interruption Duration Index
(SAIDI), System Average Interruption Frequency Index

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(SAIFI), Customer Average Interruption Duration Index improve traversing speed. The defective network is converted
(CAIDI), Average Service Availability Index (ASAI), into the Islanding operation mode automatically, to increase
Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI), Expected Un the reliability of the system. The probability model of
served Energy(EUE) and Expected Outage Cost(EOC). network components is proposed and the status of
There are several techniques used in the analysis of power Distribution System with DG is simulated by using MCS
system reliability. These techniques are usually divided into Method and the reliability of the system is quantitatively
the two main categories: Analytical approaches and Monte estimated.
Carlo Simulation techniques or it could be the combination of A new methodology which is based on a combination of
these two techniques. analytical techniques (minimal cut-sets) and chronological
Analytical approaches make use of mathematical models for MCS to evaluate the effect of distributed energy recourses on
evaluation of the reliability of electrical distribution systems. the reliability indices of distribution systems is discussed in
The analytical approach based on contingency enumeration [3]. It estimates the capacity that can be transferred to other
can identify low voltage and voltage collapse problems in feeders, considering the presence of DG. This methodology is
addition to thermal overloads. But the enumeration approach tested on a typical Brazilian distribution system considering
cannot model a wide range of operating conditions and hence the integration of a diesel-based unit, wind turbines, and solar
is subject to various simplifying assumptions. panels. The results are presented and discussed considering
But Monte Carlo simulation is capable of modeling the entire the reliability benefits of employing distributed energy
range of operating conditions. Monte Carlo simulation has resources to improve load transfer limitations. But the
several advantages in reliability evaluation of distribution Impacts of DG on power quality, transmission losses, voltage
system, which is more evident when DGs are extensively stability etc. are not considered. A systematic method based
introduced into the distribution system. Monte Carlo on system well-being analysis framework is utilized [4] to
simulation avoids the different operation issues introduced by obtain the two elementary aspects of power system reliability,
DGs. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulation can better explain known as adequacy and security, of a power system having
the uncertain properties of DGs. It is also easier to discuss winding power generation. A sequential MCS technique has
several accidents when applying Monte Carlo simulation. been used to accurately integrate the chronology of
One drawback of this model is that limitations of computer intermittent wind generation and to illustrate the system well-
resource limit the precision of solution to dc power flow being index probability distributions in addition to the
problems. In this case, the simulated performance indices expected values. The results of adding wind power generation
indicate only overloading problems of the system. But the and conventional generation have been presented and
low-probability transmission outages and low voltage and compared by using numerical results and probability
voltage collapse problems cannot be modeled in this distributions. The system well-being analysis presented in the
technique. work is a significant extension of the usual approach to the
assessment of generating system adequacy to consider the
Hence the survey conducted on the evaluation of reliability system security constraint. It provides a visual representation
can be classified into three categories: 1. Evaluation based on of a multi-dimensional risk assessment approach that
Analytical methods. 2. Evaluation using Monte Carlo complements the single risk dimension provided by an
simulation and 3. Evaluation based on other methods. expected value.
Based on the concept of segmentation, four types of data
V. RELIABILITY EVALUATION BY USING structures are introduced to represent the topological structure
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION and parameters of the distribution system [5]. The power
A new method has been proposed for reliability evaluation of interruption time of each load point is calculated by using the
active distribution systems with multiple micro grids based area division and load optimization, and the reliability indices
on Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) in [1]. Different types of are calculated for a small reliability test system. The article
distributed generators are represented by developing multi- proposes the sequence model of DGs and the load by
state models based on generalized capacity outage tables for assuming that the basic unit for changes in power is an hour.
reliability evaluation. It divides the system into various types of area on the
The micro grids with intermittent sources are modeled by segmentation concept, and obtains the synchronous sampling
introducing the virtual power plant (VPP). The reliability of load size DG output and DG output by time sequential
behavior of VPP is characterized by an equivalent GCOT MCS. The role of DGs in the improvement of reliability of
efficiently. The non sequential Monte Carlo technique is then distribution system is verified by comparing the reliability
used for the assessment of reliability of active distribution indices before and after the connection of DGs into the test
systems for different modes of operation with single or system. Hence the rationality of evaluation of reliability is
multiple contingencies. improved by the proposed method. The data structures
A two-hierarchy MCS technique is proposed to estimate the explained in this paper can bring great ease to the reliability
reliability of active distribution networks on both the micro evaluation.
grid and main grid levels. Two step sampling, zone The distribution network reliability under islanded micro grid
partitioning and minimal path search techniques are used to and grid-tied modes is evaluated in [6]. The stochastic models
accelerate the state sampling and evaluation process in the of PV and WT have been used to simulate the intermittent
MCS. In [2], Depth-First Search algorithm is used to divide nature of the wind speed and solar insolation. The time
the distribution system into numerous smallest units to varying load model has been developed to make the study

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realistic. A MCS has been used to calculate the reliability number of DGs have been studied to investigate the impact of
indices of RBTS Bus-2 with and without having micro grids. DG on reliability of the network at system level and at
The effect of islanded operation on the reliability of particular load points.
distribution system is analyzed. A new method has been
introduced by applying MCS for the assessment of system VI. RELIABILITY EVALUATION BY USING
failure state, based on zoning and minimal path concepts and ANALYTICAL METHODS
the reliability of the distribution system with DGs are A novel universal systematic approach along with the
calculated [7]. The impacts of DGs on the distribution system associated analytical formulation is presented in [10] to
are studied by using an example based on IEEE-RBTS Bus-6. evaluate reliability of distribution system in the context of a
A lot of elements such as models of DGs, multiple accidents, multi-micro grid smart network. Also, a new method is
switch devices configuration and islanding strategies are presented to compute the adequacy of micro grid with
taken into consideration. But this discussion does not focus conventional and renewable DGs by taking into account load
on the probable relation between islanding schemes and shedding and restrictions. Reliability indices have been
multiple accidents, which requires further study. Since the worked out for the RBTS-BUS6, both when island operation
results of reliability calculation in the example are based on is assumed to be possible and when it is not possible. Using
the non-sequential Monte Carlo method, precise frequency the proposed procedure, it has been shown that in the case,
indexes are not available. such an advanced network paradigm can significantly
A methodology for evaluation of reliability of distribution improve local and overall reliability. But the proposed
systems with distributed generation (DG) based on different procedure is based on the assumption that an advanced
energy sources is proposed in [8]. It takes into consideration automation and protection scheme is available in order to
the possibility of DG connection at the High Voltage (HV) avoid conflicts between DGs interface and network
and Medium Voltage (MV) buses of the distribution protections, as well as to allow that the switches closest to the
substation, and also the MV distribution network. The fault trip first. Hence there is further scope for the
uncertainty in availability of energy of time varying sources, development of procedures to calculate the reliability when
like the wind generation, and the sequential variation of the the switches are not fully reliable. The adequacy of a radial
loads are incorporated in the methodology. The non- distribution system having various types of DG units has
intermittent energy sources such as gas and oil DGs, are been assessed for different modes of operation by using an
represented by a multiple states Markov model. For wind analytical technique [11]. The load behavior has been
generation two different models are used. One model modeled using IEEE-RTS system and by creating the multi-
combines the two states Markov model of wind turbine with state availability models of all the generating units. Also, the
the stochastic wind turbine model. The other which is a impact of islanding mode of operation on system adequacy
chronological model combines the time series of wind, the from the point of view of Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE)
characteristic of wind turbine generation and the generator and Loss of Energy Expectation (LOEE) has been measured.
failure probability. The load variation model used is obtained The validity of the analytical technique is checked by using
by using fuzzy sets and neural networks. For the LV MCS technique. The results obtained show no major
consumers, yearly load curve of the distribution transformer difference between the outcomes of the two proposed
to which the customers are connected is used to represent the methods. Moreover, it is found that incorporating DG units
load. For the MV customers, the load is represented by the with the system has a significant impact on the enhancement
annual load characteristic constructed by using its daily of the system adequacy, and islanded mode of operation also
demand characteristics. The evaluation of system reliability is adds to the improvement of adequacy. Paper [12] analyzes
obtained using Sequential MCS. the impact of DGs running in three different modes, which
A new methodology which simulates the functioning of are back up mode, in parallel with main grid and as a micro
distribution networks with DG and estimates the status of grid on reliability and applies the methods of reliability
load demand and reliability of the system has been presented analysis respectively. A technique for assessing the reliability
in [9]. A flexible and proficient simulator is developed to of the distribution system involving DGs based on traditional
execute this methodology. A variety of additional features reliability evaluation technique has been proposed. The
like multiple distributions for the distribution and supply line technique used to evaluate reliability of distribution system is
failure and repair charges and stochastic load characteristics based on usual failure mode and effect analysis. In [13], an
have been included. The methodology uses a sequential MCS analytical method has been proposed to study the DG impacts
for stochastic model of the distribution system to create the on reliability indices of distribution systems. The approach
operating behavior. This is integrated with a path augmenting involves intrinsic attributes of both DG and distribution
Max flow algorithm to estimate the load status for each system, such as failure of the DG components, change in the
change of state of operation of the system. General system DG resource, and change in the load demand. An analytical
and load point reliability indices like hourly loss of load, probabilistic method is proposed for this, after developing the
frequency of loss of load and expected energy un-served can reliability model for DG. The probability of islanding is
be evaluated by using this technique. The methodology calculated for the failure of each segment of the distribution
presented in this paper uses the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm to feeder. Both DG and load demand are incorporated in
find out the flows in the network and assess the load demand calculation of islanding probability. A technique to evaluate
condition for each state of operation of the system. Different the distribution system reliability including distributed
cases of supply level distribution systems with different generation, by means of the load duration curve has been

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presented in [14]. The proposed procedure considers the Paper [18] introduces a new simplified and intuitive
stand by and peaking modes and also their mixed operation analytical technique for assessment of load point indices and
mode. For the purpose of general application in connection system indices when DG is connected to the system to find
matrices, the equations have been developed. The reliability the role of the DG in the improvement of reliability of the
indices with MCS, using the hourly load model are compared system. The distribution system has been modeled for
by conducting case studies. It is found that the results of the reliability calculations including these DG units. Reliability
proposed analytical method are almost equivalent to that of evaluations are analyzed in a case study for an original
MCS. A probabilistic based analytical method is formulated distribution system configuration : with and without DG. One
to estimate reliability of the system in terms of system of the major advantages of this technique is that it is
average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) and system computationally efficient. The results are combined to
average interruption duration index (SAIDI) for distribution produce the system and load point indices for two
system involving non-dispatchable and dispatchable simulations. The method is suitable to ring systems. Another
renewable DG units [15]. The proposed technique has been advantage is that it avoids the necessity of special devices in
developed by implementing restoration of DG side with reliability algorithms for not including the DG twice and even
complete technical considerations, involving DG unit in the protection algorithms to create the essential actions for
failures, time-dependent patterns of load demand and power restoring power.
output of DG, and two-stage and single-stage restoration.
VII. RELIABILITY EVALUATION BY USING
From the results of simulation, it is found that the results
OTHER METHODS
obtained by the proposed analytical technique are almost
comparable to those derived by MCS and better than those An evaluation of adequacy and security of distribution
calculated using present analytical methods existing, in all the systems considering islanded operation of DGs is illustrated
cases. in paper [19]. It proposes a method which employs a
combined discrete-continuous simulation model to study
Paper [16] presents an algorithm based on analytical
dynamic and steady state behavior of the system operation
approach for evaluating restoration time of distribution
and to assess the load point and system reliability indices.
system load points with DG units used as backup generation.
Also under voltage/overvoltage information is integrated in
Many system indices such as SAIFI, CAIDI, SAIDI and
terms of performance indices. A Markov model proposed in
AENS are calculated for a real radial distribution system. A
[20] assesses the reliability of a future networked distribution
sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact of DG
system containing conventional or renewable DG units. The
units, their number and their location on reliability indices.
analysis of reliability is achieved by using an encoded
The results show that when DG units are incorporated as
Markov cut set (EMCS) algorithm. An integrated Markov
standby units, they only affect duration of outage and not
model which incorporates the transition rate of DG adequacy,
frequency of interruption and hence SAIFI will be
DG mechanical breakdown, and switching and starting
unchanged. The results also illustrate that indices are very
probability is planned and utilized to give precise results for
sensitive to number, location, and availability of DG units.
the assessment of DG reliability. To model the impact of the
Hence, using the proposed method the optimum number of
DG on reliability, all the components or failure modes which
DG units for the best location in distribution system can be
are associated with the operation of the DG during faults are
obtained. In [17], the method used to calculate reliability
integrated into the reliability model of DG unit. The system
indices with and without installation of DGs in a radial
adequacy of DG in islanded mode is evaluated and included
distribution system has been presented. The paper proposed
in the reliability assessment.
the estimation of restoration time and the impact of customer
A probabilistic technique to assess the reliability of the
scattering on reliability of distribution system when DG unit
distribution system with wind-based DGs during the
is implemented at different locations. The system reliability
islanding mode of operation using segmentation concept is
indices assessed by the algorithm presented incorporated
presented in [21]. A novel constrained Grey predictor
SAIFI, ENS SAIDI, AENS and CAIDI, for 6 cases of
procedure is applied for estimating wind speed profile
customer scattering and for 9 possible locations of DG. The
evaluation. Also, the impact of altering the wind penetration
results obtained showed the optimal location of DG for every
on the reliability of the system is studied by carrying out the
pattern of customer scattering in terms of reliability
sensitivity analysis. An optimization problem called the
evacuation. It is found that SAIFI is constant for all cases of
feeder addition problem is stated to decide possible locations
customer scattering, because assessment of restoration time
for adding interties amid feeders in a radial distribution
does not affect the frequency of interruption of the
system to enhance the reliability in the islanded mode of
distribution system. The best locations of DG for SAIDI and
functioning [22]. A heuristic method called the sequential
CAIDI improvement changed with the type of customer
feeder technique and a multipurpose Genetic Algorithm were
scattering. The AENS and ENS depended on the locations of
used to resolve the optimization of feeder addition in an
DG only and not on the customer scattering patterns. This
islanded distribution system with DGs, taking into
analysis can be utilized to recognize the optimal location of
consideration the cost and reliability which were calculated
DG employed as backup generator in a distribution system, to
using a slack bus-based statement of ENS. The power output
improve reliability indices depending on customer scattering.
of the DG sources considered is approximated using an
The results indicate that the restoration time and customer
empirical equation involving the capacity factors of
scattering affect the optimal location of DG units.
renewable energy-based DGs and industry survey results. It

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can be found that both optimization methods improve the load duration curve in a sequential MCS technique. Practical
system reliability. It is projected that the techniques presented operational locations are taken into account in all models. In
in this paper can be used as a means for planning the a broad sense, the paper concludes that DG improves the
improvement of reliability of the distribution system. distribution systems reliability, particularly in cases where
The reliability of distributed generation system is evaluated islanding is considered.
by implementing software called Distributed Industrial Paper [27] introduces a methodology for assessing the
System Reliability Evaluation algorithm (DISREL) for probabilistic reliability, taking into consideration web based
validating the reliability evaluation module and is tested on a on a daily interval reliability information system for a grid
32-bus distribution system by simulating for various case controlled complex power system involving wind generators
studies in [23]. The reliability of distribution system is (WG). The model proposed makes use of a multi-state model
assessed based on a variety of reliability indices. The effect of a generator to deal with WG, got by combining the power
of DG on distribution systems during contingency was output model of WGs and wind speed model. It also
analyzed by implementing DG as a control action for considers transmission line unavailability, capacity
reducing overloaded lines thereby enhancing system limitations and the operation of WG modeled by multi-states.
reliability and improving security. A web based online real time reliability integrated
The distribution system reliability with wind generators is information system (WORRIS) is employed using the
assessed by applying the network-equivalent approach in methodology presented in this paper. An interval algorithm is
[24]. The uncertainty of wind power caused by wind speed is presented [28] to consider the uncertainty of component data
examined by dividing wind speed into intervals explained by to evaluate the interval reliability indices. In this paper,
the interval probability and mean output. Then the interval mathematics is applied to assess the distribution
importance of load is studied by classifying loads into system reliability indices dealing with the uncertainty of
different grades, each with separate weight coefficients. primary parameters. In order to find out the impact of DG on
Reliability indices are evaluated considering load importance improvement of reliability of distribution system, RBTS bus6
and uncertainty in wind generation, which reveals the notable system is taken as an example and the reliability indices are
influence of wind power on reliability of distribution system. calculated before and after the addition of DG into the
The reliability indices are compared with those before system. In the meantime, the impacts of different locations of
considering wind power uncertainty and load importance, DG on distribution system are also studied. The simulation
which shows the significant improvement that wind results show that interval algorithm and mathematical model
generation can make on reliability of distribution system. It is chosen can precisely evaluate the reliability indices taking
noted that the wind generators can satisfy customers only into account the uncertainty of primary parameters. A critical
within the limits of their capacities according to load review of a variety of techniques which are used to address
importance. Since wind generators give priority to important the siting and sizing of Distributed generation in view of
customers, the reliability indices of less significant customers different objectives is presented in [29]. The different
can not improve; due to insufficient wind power. techniques reviewed are grouped as Analytical techniques,
In paper [25] credibility theory is applied to assess the Heuristic techniques, Meta heuristic techniques, Genetic
distribution network reliability. This technique models both Algorithm and Genetic algorithm hybrid approach.
subjective and objective uncertainties. Failures of equipments Depending upon this review it can be concluded that
are modeled as random procedures, while the failure indices analytical techniques may not be suitable for complicated
uncertainty is modeled by employing fuzzy set theory. Hence problems, meta-heuristic and heuristic techniques
reliability of distribution system is assessed by considering offer a more simplified and feasible solution. However this
objective and subjective uncertainty simultaneously. In this may direct to a compromise in quality of solution and
paper, a hybrid algorithm based on Failure Mode and Effect computational time. A hybrid of two or more techniques can
Analysis (FMEA) and fuzzy simulation and is employed to suggest a better option by involving the benefits of
find out fuzzy reliability indices of distribution system. This techniques and avoiding the drawbacks. Paper [30] presents a
method can obtain fuzzy expected values of reliability indices new model and procedure for studying the reliability of
and their variances, and the credibility of reliability indices in distribution network by considering the effect of the WPDG.
reaching specific targets. The method proposed gives It discusses the island’s interruption time and rate of failure
information regarding the indices by illustrating the way in during different modes of functioning of the WPDG, and
which the indices are dispersed, rather than simply obtaining explains an optimization policy known as under-frequency
their expected values. This provides a better sense of load shedding in the island and makes the reliability model
achievable reliability targets, during planning and operation. more precise. By using the example of RBTS-Bus 6, it
A presentation about modeling of reliability aspects of compares 4 cases: as without DG, with the WPDG, with the
distributed generation integrated into distribution network is WDG and the PDG respectively. It proves that the WPDG is
discussed in [26]. Three different models created were more competitive in improving the reliability of the
presented. The first one is based on analytical approach and is distribution network system. It applies the technique of
employable for non-intermittent energy source DGs. The failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) for evaluating the
second one takes into account the uncertainty of generation reliability.
involved in wind generation and introduces a model based on
multiple states Markov process. The third model combines
some features of the two earlier models and integrates the

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Vishalini Divakar is an Asst. Professor in the

Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering at KSIT, Bangalore, India. She has
obtained MSc. (Engg.) by Research from VTU in
Demand Side Management. Presently she is
pursuing research in Reliability of Distribution
Systems with Distributed Generation, under the
guidance of Dr. M. S. Raviprakasha, at Jain
University.

Dr. M. S. Raviprakasha is presently serving as

Vice-Principal & Professor in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Department, at Malnad
College of Engineering, Hassan. He obtained his
M.Tech. degree in 1986 and Ph.D. in the year 1995
in Electrical Engineering both from Indian Institute
of Technology, Madras. He has over 75
International and National Journal/Conference
research publications to his credit. He has
successfully guided 3 Ph.D.scholars.
Presently 3 Scholars are pursuing their Ph.D. degree under his supervision. He
has served as subject expert on the panels of VTU- LIC and AICTE since last
2 decades. He has taught about 5 courses on Power System Analysis,
Computer Methods in Power Systems, etc. through the prestigious EDUSAT
based e-Learning programme of VTU, during the sessions: 2005 to 2011. He
received many awards such as, ISTE Kolkata convention award-2004, and
Research achievers award for his excellent research contributions, by the IEEE
students chapter, P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya during 2013.

Dr. B.K.Keshavan is currently working as Professor and Head, Department

of Electrtical and Electronics engineering, and Dean (Academic) at PES
University, Bangalore. He has graduated in engineering from Malnad
College of Engineering, Hassan, Mysore University, and completed Masters
in Electrical Machines from P.S.G. College of Technology, Coimbatore. He
obtained his Ph.D. from I.I.T. Bombay. He has Implemented several
centrally funded research projects and is currently working on two such
projects.He is a recipient of the VGST award for center of excellence in high
voltage and power systems during 2010. He has successfully guided two
research scholars for their Ph.D. and is currently guiding five research
scholars for their Ph.D. His research topics include modeling of solar and
wind generation, energy auditing, testing of transformers and machines,
stochastic modeling of wind energy systems, probabilistic modeling and
forecasting of wind power systems, etc.

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