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F97105 DC HN9 S Ua KMoo Ub
F97105 DC HN9 S Ua KMoo Ub
Rigid Body :
A body whose size and shape cannot be
changed, however large the applied force may
be is called rigid body.
There is no perfectly rigid body in nature.
Deformation force :
The force which changes the size or shape or both relative displacement of layers
of a body without moving it as a whole is called Shearing strain
distance between the layers
deformation force.
Restoring force : x
The force which restores the size and shape of L
the body when deformation force is removed is This strain is due to the change in shape of the
called restoring force. body.
Magnitude of restoring force is equal to the defor- Volumetric strain (or) Bulk strain
mation force. But they are in opposite direction.
change in volume V
They do not form action, reaction pair. This force
is responsible for the elastic nature of the original volume V
body. Shearing strain = 2 x e
Elasticity : (e is longitudinal strain).
The property of a material by virtue of which it Bulk strain (or) Volumetric strain = 3 x e
regains its original size and shape when defor Longitudinal strain : Shearing strain :
mation force is removed is called elasticity. Bulk strain = 1 : 2 : 3.
Ex : Steel, Rubber. . Elastic limit :
No body is perfectly elastic, but quartz is the The maximum value of the stress with in which
nearest example. the body regains its original size and shape is
Elasticity is molecular property of matter. called elastic limit.
Plasticity : . Hooke's law :
The property of a material by virtue of which it With in the elastic limit, stress is directly propor
does not regain the size and shape when the de tional to strain.
formation force is removed is called Plasticity. Stress
Ex : Putty dough, Chewing gum, Lead sholder. E const.
Strain
No body is perfectly plastic but putty is nearest With in the elastic limit, stress-strain graph is a
example. straight line passing through the origin.
Stress : Slope of the graph is E.
The restoring force per unit area is called stress. Spring balance works on the principle of Hooke's
restoring force F law.
Stress = = Modulus of elasticity depends on the nature of
area of cross section A
the material, but it is independent of dimensions.
Unit : N/m 2 or Pascal. Young's modulus (Y) :
Strain :
longitudinal stress F
The change produced per unit dimension is called Y
strain. longitudinal strain Ae
If load attached to the wire is M, then F = Mg,
change in dimension
Strain and A r 2
original dimension
change in length e Mgl
Longitudinal strain Y e
original length r2e
l 2dg
e ( d is density). Proportional limit (A) :
2Y Upto the point A stress is directly proportional
If 1 ,2 are the lengths of a wire under tensions to the strain and the wire obeys Hooke's law.
Elastic limit (B) :
T1 & T2 then the length of the unstretched wire.
In the region AB, the wire does not obey Hooke's
1T2 2T1 law but it regains, the original length when load
is removed.
T2 T1
Yield point C:
When a load is suspended from a wire its elon The point where elasticity ends and plasticity
gation is e. If the load is immersed in a liquid of begins is called yield point.
density '' then the new elongation. Here the wire behaves like fluid and it elongates
with time.
e1 e(1 / d) Permanent set (OP) :
d is density of load The permanent increase in length of the wire af
Stress required to double the length of the wire ter removing the load is called permanent set.
is numerically equal to the Young's modulus. Permanent set = OP x
If a load 'M' produced elongation e in a wire,
Breaking Point : The point in the graph where
the raise in temperature required to produce same
the wire breaks.
elongation.
Breaking Stress :
Mg Mg The stress required to break the wire is called
;
AY AY breaking stress.
Two wires of same length and radius are joined The maximum stress the material can with stand
end to end and loaded. If Young's moduli of the without breaking is called breaking stress.
Breaking stress
materials are Y1 &Y2 , the Young's modulus of
breaking force
2 1 1 2Y1Y2 =
initial area of cross section
the combination is ;Y
Y Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2 Mg Adg
dg
For a perfectly elastic material e = 0. So Young's A A
modulus is infinity. The maximum length of the wire that can hang
For a plastic material the Young's modulus is zero. without breaking under its own weight
From Searle's experiment the Young's modulus
of the material of wire. breaking stress
dg
Mg
Y Breaking stress depends on the nature of the
r 2e material, but it is independent of dimensions.
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