INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY

Pak Elektron Limited (PEL) was in corporated in Pakistan on march 03,1956 as a public limited company
under the companies Act, 1913 (replaced by companies ordinance 1984). Registered office of the company
is situated at 17 Aziz Avenue, canal bank Gulberg_ V Lahore. The company is currently listed on all three
stock exchange of Pakistan. The principal activity of the company is manufacturing and sales of electrical
capital goods and domestic appliances.

These activities are organized under following divisions.

Power division: manufacture of switchgear, energy meter, and transformers.

Appliances division: manufacture and assembling of refrigerators, air conditioner, microwave oven, and
washing machine

VISION STATEMENT

To excel in providing engineering goods and services through continuous improvement.

MISSION STATEMENT

o To provide quality products & services to the complete satisfaction of our customers and maximize returns
for all stakeholders through optimal use of resources.
o To focus on personal development of our employees to meet future challenges.
o To promote good governance, corporate values and a safe working environment with a strong sense of
social responsibility.
 Divisions
of PEL

Appliances Power
division division

Product Hierarchy
 PAK ELEKTRON
LTD.

Appliances
divisin
Power Division
Manufactruing
division
Distribution Tarding Division
Transformers

Refrigratior
Washing
Energy Meters
Machine

Deep Freezer
Microwave
Switchgare
oven

Power Air conditined

transformer Genrator

Grid Station Televison

Introduction to switch-gear

Switch-gear:

All equipment' and instruments associated with the fault clearing process is covered in Switch-
gear, including magnetic contractors, circuit breakers, relays , fuses, CT(current transformer) and
PT(potential transformer).
Switch-gear basically uses control measurements to protect and regulate the electrical power
systems based on the used instrument.

Switch-gear performs four actions:

  Metering 
 Protection 
 Switching 
 Controlling 

Classification of Switch-gear:

Based on Voltage level:

1: Low Tension (L.T.) Type/Low Voltage

These panels work on 440 v, 3 phase supplies. These panels are designed on the
user load and voltage requirements.

2: Medium Tension (M.T) Types/Medium voltage

These panels work on 3.3 to 11 or 32 .For instance,where transmission line
voltages are stepped down to 32 .

Based on Construction types:

1: Utility Panels (Medium voltage)

  
Incoming Panels
  
Outgoing Panels
  
Bus Couple Panels
  
Consumer Panels
  
Capacitor Control Panels
 
Industrial Panel

2: Private Panels (Medium Voltage)

  Change over Panels

 
Owner Panels

3: Low voltage panels :( Low voltage)

  
Star-Delta Panels
  
Direct on Line Panels
  
Motor Revers Forward Panels
  
Street Light Panels
  
Power Factor Improvement Panels
  
Auto Transfer Switch Panels
 
Synchronizing Panels

Circuit Breakers:

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and interrupt current flow. A circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.
When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled and
extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the
voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas or oil as the medium
the arc forms in.

Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such as voltage
class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features. Low-voltage circuit breakers.
Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial and industrial
application, and include:

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker):

Following are the properties of the MCB:

  Rated current not more than 100 A

  Trip characteristics normally not adjustable

 
Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation

There are three main types of MCBs:

Type B - trips between 3 and 5 times full load current
Type C - trips between 5 and 10 times full load current
Type D - trips between 10 and 20 times full load current.

MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker):

Following are the properties of this breaker:

  Rated current up to 2,500 A

  Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation

 
Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings.

Medium-voltage circuit breakers can be classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc:
  VCB

 
ACB
 Oil circuit Breaker

Vacuum circuit breaker:

Rated current of this circuit is up to 6,300 A. These breakers interrupt the current by
creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container. Long life bellows are designed to travel the
6-10 mm the contacts must part. These are generally applied for voltages up to about 40,500 V which
corresponds roughly to the medium-voltage range of power systems. Vacuum circuit breakers tend to
have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.

Advantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker or VCB

Service life of vacuum circuit breaker is much longer than other types of circuit breakers.
There is no chance of fire hazard as oil circuit breaker. It is much environment friendly than SF6
Circuit breaker. Beside of that contraction of VCB is much user friendly. Replacement of vacuum
interrupter (VI) is much convenient.
Oil Circuit Breaker Bulk:

Mineral oil has better insulating property than air. In oil circuit breaker the fixed contact and
moving contact are immerged inside the insulating oil. Whenever there is a separation of current
carrying contacts in the oil, the arc in circuit breaker is initialized at the moment of separation of
contacts, and due to this arc the oil is vaporized and decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and
ultimately creates a hydrogen bubble around the arc. This highly compressed gas bubble around the
arc prevents re-striking of the arc after current reaches zero crossing of the cycle. The oil circuit
breaker is the one of the oldest type of circuit breakers.

Air Circuit Breaker:

This type of circuit breakers is that kind of circuit breaker which operates in air at
atmospheric pressure. After development of oil circuit breaker, the medium voltage air circuit
breaker (ACB) is replaced completely by oil circuit breaker in different countries. But in countries
like France and Italy, ACBs are still preferable choice up to voltage 15 KV. It is also good choice to
avoid the risk of oil fire, in case of oil circuit breaker. In America ACBs were exclusively used for the
system up to 15 KV until the development of new vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers.

SF6 Circuit Breaker:

A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in Sulphur hexafluoride or
SF6 gas is known as an SF6 circuit breaker.SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has high electro-
negativity. That means it has high affinity of absorbing free electron. Whenever a free electron collides
with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by that gas molecule and forms a negative ion.

Disadvantages of SF6 CB

The SF6 gas is identified as a greenhouse gas, safety regulation are being
introduced in many countries in order to prevent its release into atmosphere.

Accessories of the Circuit Breakers:

Following are the accessories of the circuit breaker

Motor: To charge the spring after the tripping of the circuit breaker Closing
Coil: The coil that is used to close the circuit breaker
Trip Coil: Also called shunt coil. This is used to make the Circuit breaker off in case of issue UVT: This
is under voltage trip that should be continuously energized
If the power to UVT is off then Circuit breaker will also be off.
If the voltages are also less then the circuit breaker will also remain off. So UVT is
used for the interlocking, to make one circuit on and other off.

Change over contacts:

There are two types of contact:

Power contacts 

Auxiliary Contacts 

Charging of spring:

In the circuit breaker used in M.T, for operation spring mechanism is used. To charge the spring we
have two methods to charge.
Motor: This is automatic system which charges the circuit breaker that takes some time. Manually:
This can be up-down or by rotating.

In L.T. no need if relay only circuit breaker can trip the circuit. But in M.T we need the circuit
breaker with the relay.

There are different current specifications of the circuit breakers

  ICU: Ultimate Current Capacity

  ICS: Service Current

 
ICW: Withstand Current

Types of Circuit Breaker:

 
Single Pole: Only phase fault can be detected by single phase.
  2 Pole: Phase and ground. This gives phase and earth fault protection.

  3 Pole: For three phase system protection

 
4Pole: for three phases with neutral protection

In case of D.C. supply we have to control both the negative and positive sequence so we have to use
the 2 pole circuit breaker instead of 1 pole circuit breakers

Relays:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a
switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where
it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Contactor:

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other
loads is called a contactor.

Solid State Relay

Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a
semiconductor device to perform switching.

Buchholz relay

A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil-filled transformers,
which will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the transformer if gas is produced
rapidly in the transformer oil. The contacts are not operated by an electric current but by the
pressure of accumulated gas or oil flow.

Protective Relays:
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit
breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.

Most of the relays in service on power system today operate on the principle of electromagnetic
attraction or electromagnetic induction. Regardless of the principle involved, relays are generally
classified according to the function they are called upon to perform in the protection of electric power
circuits
 Induction type over current relays 

Distance relays 


Differential relays 

 The following designations are commonly encountered:


 SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected
or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology
"SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.

 SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of
two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total

High Tension Panels

Introduction to Workshop:

Medium voltage switch-gear provides centralized control and protection of medium

voltage power equipment’s and power circuits in industrial commercial and utility installations
involving generators, motor, feeder circuits, transmission and distribution lines. The main task of
medium voltage switch-gear is cost-efficient and safe power distribution.
At PEL in HT shop following rating voltages are used for switch-gear
Type of these H.T Panels:
Two types of these H.T Panels:
  WAPDA Panels 
 
Private Panels

WAPDA Panels:

  Incoming Panels 
  Outgoing panels 
  Bus coupler panels 
  Consumer Panels 
  Capacitor control Panels 
 
Industrial Panels

Private Panels:

  Change Over Panels 

  Owner Panels/ Transformer Protection panels 
 
Switch Boar

H.T. Panels:

WAPDA Panels:

Panels that come under WPADA panel are described below:

Industrial Panel

For each industry, the utility forces the industry to install their own panel at the wall of the industry
for the metering and protection purpose of the industry and also the feeder. This panel is installed at the wall
boundary of the industry and utility has its own tag on the panel to lock the panel. This panel is installed by the
industry.

Main Components:

  Current Transformers 
  Potential Transformers

  DC supervision Relay


  MIF II Relay


  Power factor Meter


  Voltage Meter

  Ampere Meter


  Indication Lights


  ON/OFF Push Buttons



  TOD Meters


  Selector Switch


  Miniature Circuit Breakers


 
Vacuum Circuit Breakers

Working:

First of all supply will comes on Current Transformer and Potentials Transformers. Current
Transformers are connected in series and potential transformers are attached in parallel. 6 current
transformers are used in this panel.3 for differential protection relays and 3 for metering purpose.
Supply will come on CTs and then on PTs and after that to the circuit breakers and goes to the
outgoing panels.

Here we have Ampere Meters in this panel for the current metering of the all phases. Only one volt
meter is used. To find the voltage at each phase we used the voltage switch selector. Using the voltage
switch selector we can find the voltage on each phase.

Consumer Panel

If the load of the consumer or industry enters in C tariff i.e. load increases to more
than 2 MW then WAPDA forces the consumer to separate feeder from the grid station. This panel
is installed at grid station under the custody of the utility.

Main Components:

  Current Transformers 
  Potential Transformers


  DC supervision Relay

  MIF II Relay


  Power factor Meter



  Voltage Meter


  Ampere Meter


  Indication Lights


  ON/OFF Push Buttons


  TOD Meters

  Selector Switch


  Miniature Circuit Breakers


  
Vacuum Circuit Breakers

Working:
First of all supply will comes on Current Transformer and Potentials Transformers. Current
Transformers are connected in series and potential transformers are attached in parallel. 6 current
transformers are used in this panel.3 for differential protection relays and 3 for metering purpose.
Supply will come on CTs and then on PTs and after that to the circuit breakers and goes to the
outgoing panels.

Here we have Ampere Meters in this panel for the current metering of the all phases. Only one volt
meter is used. To find the voltage at each phase we used the voltage switch selector. Using the voltage
switch selector we can find the voltage on each phase.

Incoming Panel:

This is the panels that are installed at the Grid Station. This panel is installed at the output of the
step-down transformer at the grid station i.e. the transformer which steps down the incoming voltage ( ) that is
fed to the user.

Main Components:
  Current Transformers 
  Potential Transformers

  DC supervision Relay


  MIF II Relay

 
Power factor Meter

  Voltage Meter 
  Ampere Meter

  Indication Lights

  ON/OFF Push Buttons


  TOD Meters


  Selector Switch

  Miniature Circuit Breakers

 
Vacuum Circuit Breakers

Working:

First of all supply will comes on Current Transformer and Potentials Transformers. Current
Transformers are connected in series and potential transformers are attached in parallel. 6 current
transformers are used in this panel.3 for differential protection relays and 3 for metering purpose.
Supply will come on CTs and then on PTs and after that to the circuit breakers and goes to the
outgoing panels.

Here we have Ampere Meters in this panel for the current metering of the all phases. Only one volt
meter is used. To find the voltage at each phase we used the voltage switch selector. Using the
voltage switch selector we can find the voltage on each phase.

Outgoing Panel:

These panels are used at the output of the incoming panels. These panels get the supply
from the incoming panels and send the supply to the user. These panels are used to make feeders that
are the used for distribution purpose. Normally we use the 8 outgoing panels for one incoming
panels. Every panel is specified for specific zones.

Main components:

  
Over current and earth fault relay
  
DC supervision relay
  
Power factor meter
  
Energy meter
  
Indicating lights
  
ON/OFF Push Buttons
  
Miniature Circuit Breakers
  
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
  
Current Transformers
  
Magnetic Contactors
 
TOD meters

Working:

First of the all supply comes to CTs and then goes to the PTs and then through the Vacuum
Circuit Breakers. This supply is the same of the from the incoming panels. From these panels supply
comes to the Distribution transformer which further steps down the voltage to L-L /220 V L-N for the
user purpose. For its control circuit we give DC Supply individually from a DC Source that would be a
Generator or a Battery. To supervise these voltages we use a DC Supervision Relay. In case of low
voltage or High voltage this relay trips the system. In these panels we used 3 current transformers for
only metering purpose.

Bus coupler panel:

Bus couple panel is used where there are two sources of electricity for different feeders. If one of the source
is off bus couple panel couples the feeder to the other source so that load is managed
Main Components:

  Vacuum Circuit Breaker 

  Indicators 
 LB switches 

Private Panels

The panels that are come under private privilege are explained below:

Owner Panel:
Owner panel is also called the transformer protection panel. This panel is used for the protection
of the transformer. It provides the protection against over current, over winding temperature, over voltage.
This panel is installed after the industrial panel.

Main Components:
  Vacuum Circuit Breakers 
  Buzzer

  Current Transformers


  Potential Transformers

  DC supervision Relay


  Selector Switch


  Power factor Meter


 
Voltage Meter

 Low Tension Panels

Introduction to the Workshop:

Low voltage switch-gears are used for indoor and outdoor installations. The switch-gear
and their key components comply with requirements of the all international standards and
regulations. At PEL in LT workshop the ratings of the switch-gears are 230 V and 415 V

 L.T. Panels

The panels that are assembled under Low Tension workshop are given
below:
  Power Factor Improvement Panel

Power factor tells how much active and reactive power is consumed by consumer. If power
factor is low, it means more reactive power is consumed by the consumer for which user is charged more as
compared to original electricity used. So to have a good power factor industry has to use a power factor
improvement panel which is used to improve the power factor.
We know when power factor is low; load is consuming reactive power from the utility because of
which power factor is decreased. If the same reactive power is provided by the capacitor instead of taking from
the utility power factor can be improved. So capacitors are added in shunt or series to improve the power
factor.

Main Components:

  Reactive Power Controller REMO-Q 

  
Power factor meter ECR-3
  
Exhaust fan: manually or automatic controlled
  
Power Factor improvement selector either manually or automatic
  
Power Circuit breaker
  
Magnetic Contactor
 
Fuses

Working:

Reactive power controller is always monitoring the power factor of the load for which the panel is
installed. If the power factor is decreased more than specific value, controller adds a capacitor to improve the
power factor up to a specific value.

The panel is designed for 350 KVAR, in which panel has 8 capacitor: 6 of 50 KVAR each and two of 25
KVAR each.

 Control Panel

 Main Components:
  Digital Energy meter 
  DC Annunciator for alarm

 Following indications are given by this annunciator. 
  AC supply fail 
  CB Mechanical fail 
  trip lockout 
 Oil Pressure high 
 Oil/air/ pressure low
  Spring uncharged 
  Motor supply fail 
  Loss of 
  DC Annunciator for alarm 
 
Following indicators are given by this annunciator.
  Excess oil temperature 
  Excess winding temperature 
  Low oil level 
  Differential relay unhealthy 
  Transformer bunch 
  Pressure relief valve 
  Transformer cooling system fail 
 Over current relay unhealthy 
  DC Annunciator for Trip 
 
Following indications are given by this annunciator
  Differential trip 
  Transformer Buccholz relay trip 
  Oil temperature Trip 
  Pressure relief valve trip 
  Over current and earth fault relay trip 
 Winding temperature trip 
: Auxiliary and outdoor Panel:

This panel is used for the protection of power transformers where we over heats it’s winding or at
over load. It automatically energizes the cooling system. Auxiliary panel is interlinked with
outdoor panel. It also controls the tape change of the transformer. Main Components:

  Ammeter 
  Voltmeter 
  Selector switch 
  MCB with overload 1-1.6 A 
 Winding Temperature indicator 




 TRANSFORMERS


 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
 ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION
 ACCORDING TO BASIC PURPOSE
 ACCORDING TO SUPPLY
 ACCORDING TO THEIR USE
 ACCORDING TO INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
 ACCORDING TO BASIC COOLING
  ACCORDING TO CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER

 CORE TYPE
In the so-called core type transformers, the windings surround a considerable part of the core. Where as shell type
transformer, the core surrounds a considerable part of the windings

 SHELL TYPE
The coils are form wound but are multilayer disc type usually wound in the form of pancakes. The different layers of
such multilayer discs are insulated from each other by paper. The complete winding consists of stacked discs with
insulation space between the coils, the spaces forming horizontal and cooling ducts.

ACCORDING TO BASIC PURPOSE

 STEP- UP
This is used where a lower voltage is required to supply a load or control voltage. Example: A unit has a 230-volt
supply, and the control circuit requires 24 volts. A unit has 600-volt supply and a damper motor requires 120
volts.

 STEP- DOWN
Rarely seen in the trade but is sometimes used, it is used where a higher voltage is required. Example: Unit
supply voltage is 120 volts and a crankcase heater requires a 230-volt supply

 ACCORDING TO BASIC SUPPLY

 SINGLE PHASE
 THREE PHASE

ACCORDING TO USE
Power transformers

are used in TRANSMISION network of higher voltages for step-up and step down application (400 kV,
200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above 200MVA
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end user
connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally rated less than 200 MVA

ACCORDING TO INSTRUMENTS TRANSFORMER

While a potential transformer(PT) used to reduce the voltage to lower values and to provide isolation
between high voltage power network and the relays and the other instruments that are connected to their
secondary's. CT is used for current measurement and PT is used for voltage measurement.

TYPES ON BASIS OF DESIGNS:

On basis of design, focusing on shape and size two main classifications are:

 Pad mounted Transformer

 Pole mounted Transformer

 PAD MOUNTED TRANSFORMER:

A pad mount transformer is a ground mounted distribution transformer in a locked steel
cabinet mounted on a concrete pad. Since all energized connection points are securely
enclosed in a grounded metal housing. Their enclosed construction allows the installation of
pad-mount transformers in public areas without the need of protective fencing.
 POLE MOUNTED TRANSFORMER:
Pole mounted transformers are mounted on an electrical service pole, usually at the level of
the overhead cables.Pole-mounted transformers often include accessories such as surge
arresters or protective fuse links. Pole mounted transformers are small in size so that it is
easy to install them on single pole structures.

 Dry Type Transformers are used mostly in indoor applications i.e. hospitals, schools
and commercial buildings where safety and reliability are mandatory.

Each wind turbine is connected to a step-up transformer which boosts the

METHODS OF COOLING:

 Oil Natural Air Natural

 Oil Natural Air Forced
  Oil Forced Air Forced
 Oil Forced Water Forced
 OIL NATURAL AIR NATURAL:

In this method, the heat generated in the core and winding is transferred to the oil. The
heated oil flows in the upward direction and then in the radiator. The heat from the oil will
dissipate in the atmosphere due to the natural air flow around the transformer. In this way,
the oil in transformer keeps circulating due to natural convection and dissipating heat in
atmosphere due to natural conduction
 OIL NATURAL AIR FORCED:

Forced air provides faster heat dissipation than natural air flow. In this method, fans are
mounted near the radiator and may be provided with an automatic starting arrangement,
which turns on when temperature increases beyond certain value.
 Oil Forced Air Forced

In this method, oil is circulated with the help of a pump. The oil circulation is forced through
the heat exchangers. Then compressed air is forced to flow on the heat exchanger with the
help of fans

 Oil Forced Water Forced:

In this method, forced water flow is used to dissipate heat from the heat exchangers. The oil
is forced to flow through the heat exchanger with the help of a pump, where the heat is
dissipated in the water which is also forced to flow.

 KOISK TRANSFORMER
A KOISK TRANSFORMER or pad-mounted transformer is a ground mounted electric power distribution
transformer in a locked steel cabinet mounted on a concrete pad. Since all energized connection points are securely
enclosed in a grounded metal housing, a pad mount transformer can be installed in places that do not have room for a
fenced enclosure. Pad mount transformers are used with underground electric power distribution lines at service drops,
to step down the primary voltage on the line to the lower secondary voltage supplied to utility customers. A single
transformer may serve one large building, or many homes.

Pad-mounted transformers are made in power ratings from around 75 to around 5000 kVA and often include built-in
fuses and switches. Primary power cables may be connected with elbow connectors, which can be operated when
energized using a hot stick and allows for flexibility in repair and maintenance