Chapter 7: Induction Motors

7-1. A dc test is performed on a 460-V ∆-connected 100-hp induction motor. If VDC = 24 V and I DC = 80 A,
what is the stator resistance R1 ? Why is this so?
SOLUTION If this motor’s armature is connected in delta, then there will be two phases in parallel with one
phase between the lines tested.

VDC R1 R1

R1

Therefore, the stator resistance R1 will be

VDC R ( R + R1 ) 2
= 1 1 = R1
I DC R1 + ( R1 + R1 ) 3
3 VDC 3 24 V
R1 = = = 0.45 Ω
2 I DC 2 80 A

7-2. A 220-V, three-phase, two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor is running at a slip of 5 percent. Find:
(a) The speed of the magnetic fields in revolutions per minute
(b) The speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute
(c) The slip speed of the rotor
(d) The rotor frequency in hertz

SOLUTION
(a) The speed of the magnetic fields is
120 f e 120 (50 Hz )
nsync = = = 3000 r/min
P 2
(b) The speed of the rotor is
nm = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.05)( 3000 r/min ) = 2850 r/min

(c) The slip speed of the rotor is

nslip = snsync = (0.05)(3000 r/min ) = 150 r/min

(d) The rotor frequency is

fr =
nslip P
=
(150 r/min )( 2 ) = 2.5 Hz
120 120
7-3. Answer the questions in Problem 7-2 for a 480-V, three-phase, four-pole, 60-Hz induction motor running at
a slip of 0.035.
SOLUTION
(a) The speed of the magnetic fields is
171
 120 f e 120 (60 Hz )
nsync = = = 1800 r/min
P 4
(b) The speed of the rotor is
nm = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.035)(1800 r/min ) = 1737 r/min

(c) The slip speed of the rotor is

nslip = snsync = (0.035)(1800 r/min ) = 63 r/min

(d) The rotor frequency is

fr =
nslip P
=
(63 r/min )(4 ) = 2.1 Hz
120 120
7-4. A three-phase, 60-Hz induction motor runs at 890 r/min at no load and at 840 r/min at full load.
(a) How many poles does this motor have?
(b) What is the slip at rated load?
(c) What is the speed at one-quarter of the rated load?
(d) What is the rotor’s electrical frequency at one-quarter of the rated load?

SOLUTION
(a) This machine has 8 poles, which produces a synchronous speed of
120 f e 120 (60 Hz )
nsync = = = 900 r/min
P 8
(b) The slip at rated load is
nsync − nm 900 − 840
s= × 100% = × 100% = 6.67%
nsync 900

(c) The motor is operating in the linear region of its torque-speed curve, so the slip at ¼ load will be
s = 0.25(0.0667) = 0.0167
The resulting speed is
nm = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.0167 )(900 r/min ) = 885 r/min

(d) The electrical frequency at ¼ load is

f r = sf e = ( 0.0167 )( 60 Hz ) = 1.00 Hz

7-5. A 50-kW, 440-V, 50-Hz, six-pole induction motor has a slip of 6 percent when operating at full-load
conditions. At full-load conditions, the friction and windage losses are 300 W, and the core losses are 600
W. Find the following values for full-load conditions:
(a) The shaft speed nm
(b) The output power in watts
(c) The load torque τ load in newton-meters

(d) The induced torque τ ind in newton-meters

172
 (e) The rotor frequency in hertz

SOLUTION
(a) The synchronous speed of this machine is
120 f e 120 (50 Hz )
nsync = = = 1000 r/min
P 6
Therefore, the shaft speed is
nm = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.06 )(1000 r/min ) = 940 r/min

(b) The output power in watts is 50 kW (stated in the problem).

(c) The load torque is
POUT 50 kW
τ load = = = 508 N ⋅ m
ωm 2π rad 1 min
(940 r/min )
1r 60 s
(d) The induced torque can be found as follows:
Pconv = POUT + PF&W + Pcore + Pmisc = 50 kW + 300 W + 600 W + 0 W = 50.9 kW
Pconv 50.9 kW
τ ind = = = 517 N ⋅ m
ωm
(940 r/min ) 2π rad 1 min
1r 60 s
(e) The rotor frequency is
f r = sf e = ( 0.06 )(50 Hz ) = 3.00 Hz

7-6. A three-phase, 60-Hz, four-pole induction motor runs at a no-load speed of 1790 r/min and a full-load
speed of 1720 r/min. Calculate the slip and the electrical frequency of the rotor at no-load and full-load
conditions. What is the speed regulation of this motor [Equation (4-68)]?
SOLUTION The synchronous speed of this machine is 1800 r/min. The slip and electrical frequency at no-
load conditions is
nsync − nnl 1800 − 1790
snl = × 100% = × 100% = 0.56%
nsync 1800
f r ,nl = sf e = ( 0.0056)( 60 Hz ) = 0.33 Hz

The slip and electrical frequency at full load conditions is

nsync − nnl 1800 − 1720
sfl = × 100% = × 100% = 4.44%
nsync 1800
f r ,fl = sf e = ( 0.0444 )( 60 Hz ) = 2.67 Hz

The speed regulation is

nnl − nfl 1790 − 1720
SR = × 100% = × 100% = 4.1%
nfl 1720

7-7. A 208-V, two-pole, 60-Hz Y-connected wound-rotor induction motor is rated at 15 hp. Its equivalent
circuit components are

173
 R1 = 0.200 Ω R2 = 0.120 Ω X M = 15.0 Ω

X 1 = 0.410 Ω X 2 = 0.410 Ω

Pmech = 250 W Pmisc ≈ 0 Pcore = 180 W

For a slip of 0.05, find
(a) The line current I L

(b) The stator copper losses PSCL

(c) The air-gap power PAG

(d) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form Pconv

(e) The induced torque τind

(f) The load torque τ load

(g) The overall machine efficiency
(h) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and radians per second

SOLUTION The equivalent circuit of this induction motor is shown below:

IA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2

+ j0.41 Ω 0.120 Ω
0.20 Ω j0.41 Ω

1− s 
Vφ j15 Ω jXM R2  
 s 
2.28 Ω
-

(a) The easiest way to find the line current (or armature current) is to get the equivalent impedance Z F
of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M , and then calculate the current as the phase voltage divided by the
sum of the series impedances, as shown below.
IA
R1 jX1 jXF RF

+
0.20 Ω j0.41 Ω

Vφ

The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M is:

1 1
ZF = = = 2.220 + j 0.745 = 2.34 ∠18.5° Ω
1 1 1 1
+ +
jX M Z 2 j15 Ω 2.40 + j 0.41

The phase voltage is 208/ 3 = 120 V, so line current I L is

174
 Vφ 120∠0° V
IL = IA = =
R1 + jX 1 + RF + jX F 0.20 Ω + j 0.41 Ω + 2.22 Ω + j 0.745 Ω
I L = I A = 44.8∠ − 25.5° A
(b) The stator copper losses are

PSCL = 3I A2 R1 = 3 ( 44.8 A ) ( 0.20 Ω ) = 1205 W

2

R2
(c) The air gap power is PAG = 3 I 2 2 = 3I A2 RF
s
R2
(Note that 3 I A2 RF is equal to 3 I 2 2
, since the only resistance in the original rotor circuit was R2 / s , and
s
the resistance in the Thevenin equivalent circuit is RF . The power consumed by the Thevenin equivalent
circuit must be the same as the power consumed by the original circuit.)
R2
= 3I A 2 RF = 3 ( 44.8 A ) ( 2.220 Ω ) = 13.4 kW
2
PAG = 3 I 2 2
s
(d) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
Pconv = (1 − s ) PAG = (1 − 0.05)(13.4 kW ) = 12.73 kW

(e) The induced torque in the motor is

PAG 13.4 kW
τ ind = = = 35.5 N ⋅ m
ω sync 2π rad 1 min
(3600 r/min )
1r 60 s
(f) The output power of this motor is
POUT = Pconv − Pmech − Pcore − Pmisc = 12.73 kW − 250 W − 180 W − 0 W = 12.3 kW
The output speed is
nm = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.05)( 3600 r/min ) = 3420 r/min

Therefore the load torque is

POUT 12.3 kW
τ load = = = 34.3 N ⋅ m
ωm 2π rad 1 min
(3420 r/min )
1r 60 s
(g) The overall efficiency is
POUT POUT
η= × 100% = × 100%
PIN 3Vφ I A cosθ
12.3 kW
η= × 100% = 84.5%
3 (120 V )( 44.8 A ) cos 25.5°

(h) The motor speed in revolutions per minute is 3420 r/min. The motor speed in radians per second is
2π rad 1 min
ω m = ( 3420 r/min ) = 358 rad/s
1r 60 s
7-8. For the motor in Problem 7-7, what is the slip at the pullout torque? What is the pullout torque of this
motor?
175
SOLUTION The slip at pullout torque is found by calculating the Thevenin equivalent of the input circuit
from the rotor back to the power supply, and then using that with the rotor circuit model.

jX M ( R1 + jX 1 ) ( j15 Ω )( 0.20 Ω + j 0.41 Ω )

Z TH = = = 0.1895 + j0.4016 Ω = 0.444∠64.7° Ω
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.20 Ω + j ( 0.41 Ω + 15 Ω )

jX M ( j15 Ω )
VTH = Vφ = (120∠0° V ) = 116.8∠0.7° V
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.22 Ω + j ( 0.43 Ω + 15 Ω )

The slip at pullout torque is

R2
smax =
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

0.120 Ω
smax = = 0.144
(0.1895 Ω ) + (0.4016 Ω + 0.410 Ω )
2 2

The pullout torque of the motor is

2
3VTH
τ max =
2ω sync RTH + RTH + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

3 (116.8 V )
2

τ max =
2 ( 377 rad/s) 0.1895 Ω + (0.1895 Ω)2 + (0.4016 Ω + 0.410 Ω )
2

176
 τ max = 53.1 N ⋅ m
7-9. (a) Calculate and plot the torque-speed characteristic of the motor in Problem 7-7. (b) Calculate and plot
the output power versus speed curve of the motor in Problem 7-7.
SOLUTION
(a) A MATLAB program to calculate the torque-speed characteristic is shown below.

% M-file: prob7_9a.m
% M-file create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the
% induction motor of Problem 7-7.

% First, initialize the values needed in this program.

r1 = 0.200; % Stator resistance
x1 = 0.410; % Stator reactance
r2 = 0.120; % Rotor resistance
x2 = 0.410; % Rotor reactance
xm = 15.0; % Magnetization branch reactance
v_phase = 208 / sqrt(3); % Phase voltage
n_sync = 3600; % Synchronous speed (r/min)
w_sync = 377; % Synchronous speed (rad/s)

% Calculate the Thevenin voltage and impedance from Equations

% 7-41a and 7-43.
v_th = v_phase * ( xm / sqrt(r1^2 + (x1 + xm)^2) );
z_th = ((j*xm) * (r1 + j*x1)) / (r1 + j*(x1 + xm));
r_th = real(z_th);
x_th = imag(z_th);

% Now calculate the torque-speed characteristic for many

% slips between 0 and 1. Note that the first slip value
% is set to 0.001 instead of exactly 0 to avoid divide-
% by-zero problems.
s = (0:1:50) / 50; % Slip
s(1) = 0.001;
nm = (1 - s) * n_sync; % Mechanical speed

% Calculate torque versus speed

for ii = 1:51
t_ind(ii) = (3 * v_th^2 * r2 / s(ii)) / ...
(w_sync * ((r_th + r2/s(ii))^2 + (x_th + x2)^2) );
end

% Plot the torque-speed curve

figure(1);
plot(nm,t_ind,'k-','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itn_{m}');
ylabel('\bf\tau_{ind}');
title ('\bfInduction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic');
grid on;
The resulting plot is shown below:

177
 Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic
60

50

40

ind

30
τ

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
n
m

(b) A MATLAB program to calculate the output-power versus speed curve is shown below.

% M-file: prob7_9b.m
% M-file create a plot of the output pwer versus speed
% curve of the induction motor of Problem 7-7.

% First, initialize the values needed in this program.

r1 = 0.200; % Stator resistance
x1 = 0.410; % Stator reactance
r2 = 0.120; % Rotor resistance
x2 = 0.410; % Rotor reactance
xm = 15.0; % Magnetization branch reactance
v_phase = 208 / sqrt(3); % Phase voltage
n_sync = 3600; % Synchronous speed (r/min)
w_sync = 377; % Synchronous speed (rad/s)

% Calculate the Thevenin voltage and impedance from Equations

% 7-41a and 7-43.
v_th = v_phase * ( xm / sqrt(r1^2 + (x1 + xm)^2) );
z_th = ((j*xm) * (r1 + j*x1)) / (r1 + j*(x1 + xm));
r_th = real(z_th);
x_th = imag(z_th);

% Now calculate the torque-speed characteristic for many

% slips between 0 and 1. Note that the first slip value
% is set to 0.001 instead of exactly 0 to avoid divide-
% by-zero problems.
s = (0:1:50) / 50; % Slip
s(1) = 0.001;
nm = (1 - s) * n_sync; % Mechanical speed (r/min)
wm = (1 - s) * w_sync; % Mechanical speed (rad/s)

% Calculate torque and output power versus speed

for ii = 1:51
178
 t_ind(ii) = (3 * v_th^2 * r2 / s(ii)) / ...
(w_sync * ((r_th + r2/s(ii))^2 + (x_th + x2)^2) );
p_out(ii) = t_ind(ii) * wm(ii);
end

% Plot the torque-speed curve

figure(1);
plot(nm,p_out/1000,'k-','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itn_{m} \rm\bf(r/min)');
ylabel('\bf\itP_{OUT} \rm\bf(kW)');
title ('\bfInduction Motor Ouput Power versus Speed');
grid on;
The resulting plot is shown below:

7-10. For the motor of Problem 7-7, how much additional resistance (referred to the stator circuit) would it be
necessary to add to the rotor circuit to make the maximum torque occur at starting conditions (when the
shaft is not moving)? Plot the torque-speed characteristic of this motor with the additional resistance
inserted.
SOLUTION To get the maximum torque at starting, the smax must be 1.00. Therefore,

R2
smax =
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

R2
1.00 =
(0.1895 Ω ) + (0.4016 Ω
2
+ 0.410 Ω )
2

R2 = 0.833 Ω

Since the existing resistance is 0.120 Ω, an additional 0.713 Ω must be added to the rotor circuit. The
resulting torque-speed characteristic is:

179
7-11. If the motor in Problem 7-7 is to be operated on a 50-Hz power system, what must be done to its supply
voltage? Why? What will the equivalent circuit component values be at 50 Hz? Answer the questions in
Problem 7-7 for operation at 50 Hz with a slip of 0.05 and the proper voltage for this machine.
SOLUTION If the input frequency is decreased to 50 Hz, then the applied voltage must be decreased by 5/6
also. If this were not done, the flux in the motor would go into saturation, since
1
φ=
N ∫ v dt
T

and the period T would be increased. At 50 Hz, the resistances will be unchanged, but the reactances will
be reduced to 5/6 of their previous values. The equivalent circuit of the induction motor at 50 Hz is shown
below:
IA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2

+ j0.342 Ω 0.120 Ω
0.20 Ω j0.342 Ω

1− s 
Vφ j12.5 Ω jXM R2  
 s 
2.28 Ω
-

(a) The easiest way to find the line current (or armature current) is to get the equivalent impedance Z F
of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M , and then calculate the current as the phase voltage divided by the
sum of the series impedances, as shown below.

180
 IA
R1 jX1 jXF RF

+
0.20 Ω j0.342 Ω

Vφ

The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M is:

1 1
ZF = = = 2.197 + j 0.744 = 2.32∠18.7° Ω
1 1 1 1
+ +
jX M Z 2 j12.5 Ω 2.40 + j 0.342

The line voltage must be derated by 5/6, so the new line voltage is VT = 173.3 V . The phase voltage is
173.3 / 3 = 100 V, so line current I L is
Vφ 100∠0° V
IL = IA = =
R1 + jX 1 + RF + jX F 0.20 Ω + j 0.342 Ω + 2.197 Ω + j 0.744 Ω
I L = I A = 38.0∠ − 24.4° A
(b) The stator copper losses are

PSCL = 3I A 2 R1 = 3 ( 38 A ) (0.20 Ω) = 866 W

2

R2
(c) The air gap power is PAG = 3 I 2 2 = 3I A2 RF
s
R2
(Note that 3 I A2 RF is equal to 3 I 2 2
, since the only resistance in the original rotor circuit was R2 / s , and
s
the resistance in the Thevenin equivalent circuit is RF . The power consumed by the Thevenin equivalent
circuit must be the same as the power consumed by the original circuit.)
R2
= 3I A 2 RF = 3 ( 38 A ) ( 2.197 Ω ) = 9.52 kW
2
PAG = 3 I 2 2
s
(d) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
Pconv = (1 − s ) PAG = (1 − 0.05)( 9.52 kW ) = 9.04 kW

(e) The induced torque in the motor is

PAG 9.52 kW
τ ind = = = 30.3 N ⋅ m
ω sync 2π rad 1 min
(3000 r/min )
1r 60 s
(f) In the absence of better information, we will treat the mechanical and core losses as constant despite
the change in speed. This is not true, but we don’t have reason for a better guess. Therefore, the output
power of this motor is
POUT = Pconv − Pmech − Pcore − Pmisc = 9.04 kW − 250 W − 180 W − 0 W = 8.61 kW
The output speed is
nm = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.05)( 3000 r/min ) = 2850 r/min
181
 Therefore the load torque is
POUT 8.61 kW
τ load = = = 28.8 N ⋅ m
ωm 2π rad 1 min
(2850 r/min )
1r 60 s
(g) The overall efficiency is
POUT POUT
η= × 100% = × 100%
PIN 3Vφ I A cosθ
8.61 kW
η= × 100% = 82.9%
3 (100 V )( 38.0 A ) cos 24.4°

(h) The motor speed in revolutions per minute is 2850 r/min. The motor speed in radians per second is
2π rad 1 min
ω m = ( 2850 r/min ) = 298.5 rad/s
1r 60 s
7-12. Figure 7-18a shows a simple circuit consisting of a voltage source, a resistor, and two reactances. Find the
Thevenin equivalent voltage and impedance of this circuit at the terminals. Then derive the expressions for
the magnitude of VTH and for RTH given in Equations (7-41b) and (7-44).

SOLUTION The Thevenin voltage of this circuit is

jX M
VTH = Vφ
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M )

The magnitude of this voltage is

XM
VTH = Vφ
R + ( X1 + X M )
2 2
1

If X M >> X 1 , then R12 + ( X 1 + X M ) ≈ ( X 1 + X M ) , so

2 2

XM
VTH ≈ Vφ
X1 + X M

The Thevenin impedance of this circuit is

jX M ( R1 + jX 1 )
Z TH =
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M )

182
 jX M ( R1 + jX 1 ) R1 − j ( X 1 + X M )
Z TH =
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) R1 − j ( X 1 + X M )

− R1 X 1 X M + R1 X 1 X M + R1 X M 2 + j R12 X M + X 12 X M + X 1 X M 2
Z TH =
R12 + ( X 1 + X M )
2

R1 X M 2 R12 X M + X 12 X M + X 1 X M 2
Z TH = RTH + jX TH = +j
R12 + ( X 1 + X M ) R12 + ( X 1 + X M )
2 2

R1 X M 2
. If X M >> R1 , then R12 + ( X 1 + X M ) ≈ ( X 1 + X M ) ,
2 2
The Thevenin resistance is RTH =
R + ( X1 + X M )
2 2
1

so
2
XM
RTH ≈ R1
X1 + X M

R12 X M + X 12 X M + X 1 X M 2
The Thevenin reactance is X TH = .
R12 + ( X 1 + X M )
2

If X M >> R1 and X M >> X 1 then X 1 X M 2 >> R12 X M + X 12 X M and ( X 1 + X M ) ≈ X M 2 >> R12 , so

2

X1 X M 2
X TH ≈ = X1
XM2

7-13. Figure P7-1 shows a simple circuit consisting of a voltage source, two resistors, and two reactances in
parallel with each other. If the resistor RL is allowed to vary but all the other components are constant, at
what value of RL will the maximum possible power be supplied to it? Prove your answer. (Hint: Derive
an expression for load power in terms of V, RS , X S , RL and X L and take the partial derivative of that
expression with respect to RL .) Use this result to derive the expression for the pullout torque [Equation (7-
54)].

SOLUTION The current flowing in this circuit is given by the equation

V
IL =
RS + jX S + RL + jX L
V
IL =
( RS + RL ) + ( X S + X L )2
2

The power supplied to the load is

183
 V 2 RL
P = I L 2 RL =
( RS + RL )2 + ( X S + X L )2
∂P ( RS + RL )2 + ( X S + X L )2 V 2 − V 2 RL 2 ( RS + RL )
=
∂RL ( RS + RL )2 + ( X S + X L )2
2

To find the point of maximum power supplied to the load, set ∂P / ∂RL = 0 and solve for RL .

( RS + RL )2 + ( X S + X L )2 V 2 − V 2 RL 2 ( RS + RL ) = 0

( RS + RL )2 + ( X S + X L )2 = 2 RL ( RS + RL )

RS 2 + 2 RS RL + RL 2 + ( X S + X L ) = 2 RS RL + 2 RL 2
2

RS 2 + RL 2 + ( X S + X L ) = 2 RL 2
2

RS 2 + ( X S + X L ) = RL 2
2

Therefore, for maximum power transfer, the load resistor should be

RL = RS 2 + ( X S + X L )
2

7-14. A 440-V 50-Hz two-pole Y-connected induction motor is rated at 75 kW. The equivalent circuit
parameters are
R1 = 0.075 Ω R2 = 0.065 Ω X M = 7.2 Ω

X 1 = 0.17 Ω X 2 = 0.17 Ω

PF&W = 1.0 kW Pmisc = 150 W Pcore = 1.1 kW

For a slip of 0.04, find
(a) The line current I L
(b) The stator power factor
(c) The rotor power factor
(d) The stator copper losses PSCL

(e) The air-gap power PAG

(f) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form Pconv

(g) The induced torque τ ind

(h) The load torque τ load

(i) The overall machine efficiency η

(j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and radians per second

SOLUTION The equivalent circuit of this induction motor is shown below:

184
 IA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2

+ j0.17 Ω 0.065 Ω
0.075 Ω j0.17 Ω

1− s 
Vφ j7.2 Ω jXM R2  
 s 
1.56 Ω
-

(a) The easiest way to find the line current (or armature current) is to get the equivalent impedance Z F
of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M , and then calculate the current as the phase voltage divided by the
sum of the series impedances, as shown below.
IA
R1 jX1 jXF RF

+
0.075 Ω j0.17 Ω

Vφ

The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M is:

1 1
ZF = = = 1.539 + j 0.364 = 1.58∠13.2° Ω
1 1 1 1
+ +
jX M Z 2 j 7.2 Ω 1.625 + j0.17

The phase voltage is 440/ 3 = 254 V, so line current I L is

Vφ 254∠0° V
IL = IA = =
R1 + jX 1 + RF + jX F 0.075 Ω + j0.17 Ω + 1.539 Ω + j 0.364 Ω
I L = I A = 149.4∠ − 18.3° A
(b) The stator power factor is
PF = cos (18.3° ) = 0.949 lagging

(c) To find the rotor power factor, we must find the impedance angle of the rotor
X2 0.17
θ R = tan −1 = tan −1 = 5.97°
R2 / s 1.625

Therefore the rotor power factor is

PFR = cos5.97° = 0.995 lagging
(d) The stator copper losses are

PSCL = 3I A2 R1 = 3 (149.4 A ) ( 0.075 Ω ) = 1675 W

2

R2
(e) The air gap power is PAG = 3 I 2 2 = 3I A2 RF
s

185
 R2
(Note that 3 I A2 RF is equal to 3 I 2 2
, since the only resistance in the original rotor circuit was R2 / s , and
s
the resistance in the Thevenin equivalent circuit is RF . The power consumed by the Thevenin equivalent
circuit must be the same as the power consumed by the original circuit.)
R2
= 3I A 2 RF = 3 (149.4 A ) (1.539 Ω ) = 103 kW
2
PAG = 3 I 2 2
s
(f) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
Pconv = (1 − s ) PAG = (1 − 0.04 ) (103 kW ) = 98.9 kW

(g) The synchronous speed of this motor is

120 f e 120 (50 Hz )
nsync = = = 3000 r/min
P 2
2π rad 1 min
ω sync = ( 3000 r/min ) = 314 rad/s
1r 60 s
Therefore the induced torque in the motor is
PAG 103 kW
τ ind = = = 327.9 N ⋅ m
ω sync
(3000 r/min ) 2π rad 1 min
1r 60 s
(h) The output power of this motor is
POUT = Pconv − Pmech − Pcore − Pmisc = 98.8 kW − 1.0 kW − 1.1 kW − 150 W = 96.6 kW
The output speed is
nm = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.04) (3000 r/min ) = 2880 r/min

Therefore the load torque is

POUT 98.8 kW
τ load = = = 327.6 N ⋅ m
ωm
(2880 r/min ) 2π rad 1 min
1r 60 s
(i) The overall efficiency is
POUT POUT
η= × 100% = × 100%
PIN 3Vφ I A cosθ
96.6 kW
η= × 100% = 89.4%
3 ( 254 V )(149.4 A ) cos (18.3°)

(j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute is 2880 r/min. The motor speed in radians per second is
2π rad 1 min
ω m = ( 2880 r/min ) = 301.6 rad/s
1r 60 s
7-15. For the motor in Problem 7-14, what is the pullout torque? What is the slip at the pullout torque? What is
the rotor speed at the pullout torque?
SOLUTION The slip at pullout torque is found by calculating the Thevenin equivalent of the input circuit
from the rotor back to the power supply, and then using that with the rotor circuit model.

186
 jX M ( R1 + jX 1 ) ( j 7.2 Ω )( 0.075 Ω + j 0.17 Ω )
Z TH = = = 0.0731 + j 0.1662 Ω = 0.182 ∠66.3° Ω
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.075 Ω + j (0.17 Ω + 7.2 Ω )

jX M ( j7.2 Ω )
VTH = Vφ = (254∠0° V ) = 248∠0.06° V
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.075 Ω + j ( 0.17 Ω + 7.2 Ω )

The slip at pullout torque is

R2
smax =
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

0.065 Ω
smax = = 0.189
(0.0731 Ω ) + (0.1662 Ω + 0.17 Ω )
2 2

The pullout torque of the motor is

2
3VTH
τ max =
2ω sync  RTH + RTH + ( X TH + X 2 ) 
2 2
 
3 ( 248 V )
2

τ max =
2 ( 314.2 rad/s) 0.0731 Ω + (0.0731 Ω )2 + (0.1662 Ω + 0.17 Ω )
2

τ max = 704 N ⋅ m
7-16. If the motor in Problem 7-14 is to be driven from a 440-V 60-Hz power supply, what will the pullout
torque be? What will the slip be at pullout?
SOLUTION If this motor is driven from a 60 Hz source, the resistances will be unchanged and the reactances
will be increased by a ratio of 6/5. The resulting equivalent circuit is shown below.
IA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2

+ j0.204 Ω 0.065 Ω
0.075 Ω j0.204 Ω

1− s 
Vφ j8.64 Ω jXM R2  
 s 
1.56 Ω
-

The slip at pullout torque is found by calculating the Thevenin equivalent of the input circuit from the rotor
back to the power supply, and then using that with the rotor circuit model.
jX M ( R1 + jX 1 ) ( j8.64 Ω )( 0.075 Ω + j 0.204 Ω )
Z TH = = = 0.0731 + j 0.1994 Ω = 0.212 ∠69.9° Ω
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.075 Ω + j ( 0.204 Ω + 8.64 Ω)

jX M ( j8.64 Ω )
VTH = Vφ = (254∠0° V ) = 248∠0.05° V
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.075 Ω + j ( 0.204 Ω + 8.64 Ω )

The slip at pullout torque is

R2
smax =
RTH 2 + ( X TH + X 2 )
2

187
 0.065 Ω
smax = = 0.159
(0.0731 Ω ) + (0.1994 Ω + 0.204 Ω )
2 2

The synchronous speed of this motor is

120 f e 120 ( 60 Hz )
nsync = = = 3600 r/min
P 2
2π rad 1 min
ω sync = ( 3600 r/min ) = 377 rad/s
1r 60 s
Therefore the pullout torque of the motor is
2
3VTH
τ max =
2ω sync RTH + RTH + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

3 ( 248 V )
2

τ max =
2 ( 377 rad/s) 0.0731 Ω + (0.0731 Ω )2 + (0.1994 Ω + 0.204 Ω )
2

τ max = 507 N ⋅ m
7-17. Plot the following quantities for the motor in Problem 7-14 as slip varies from 0% to 10%: (a) τ ind (b)
Pconv (c) Pout (d) Efficiency η. At what slip does Pout equal the rated power of the machine?
SOLUTION This problem is ideally suited to solution with a MATLAB program. An appropriate program is
shown below. It follows the calculations performed for Problem 7-14, but repeats them at many values of
slip, and then plots the results. Note that it plots all the specified values versus nm , which varies from
2700 to 3000 r/min, corresponding to a range of 0 to 10% slip.

% M-file: prob7_17.m
% M-file create a plot of the induced torque, power
% converted, power out, and efficiency of the induction
% motor of Problem 7-14 as a function of slip.

% First, initialize the values needed in this program.

r1 = 0.075; % Stator resistance
x1 = 0.170; % Stator reactance
r2 = 0.065; % Rotor resistance
x2 = 0.170; % Rotor reactance
xm = 7.2; % Magnetization branch reactance
v_phase = 440 / sqrt(3); % Phase voltage
n_sync = 3000; % Synchronous speed (r/min)
w_sync = 314.2; % Synchronous speed (rad/s)
p_mech = 1000; % Mechanical losses (W)
p_core = 1100; % Core losses (W)
p_misc = 150; % Miscellaneous losses (W)

% Calculate the Thevenin voltage and impedance from Equations

% 7-41a and 7-43.
v_th = v_phase * ( xm / sqrt(r1^2 + (x1 + xm)^2) );
z_th = ((j*xm) * (r1 + j*x1)) / (r1 + j*(x1 + xm));
r_th = real(z_th);
x_th = imag(z_th);

188
% Now calculate the torque-speed characteristic for many
% slips between 0 and 0.1. Note that the first slip value
% is set to 0.001 instead of exactly 0 to avoid divide-
% by-zero problems.
s = (0:0.001:0.1); % Slip
s(1) = 0.001;
nm = (1 - s) * n_sync; % Mechanical speed
wm = nm * 2*pi/60; % Mechanical speed

% Calculate torque, P_conv, P_out, and efficiency

% versus speed
for ii = 1:length(s)

% Induced torque
t_ind(ii) = (3 * v_th^2 * r2 / s(ii)) / ...
(w_sync * ((r_th + r2/s(ii))^2 + (x_th + x2)^2) );

% Power converted
p_conv(ii) = t_ind(ii) * wm(ii);

% Power output
p_out(ii) = p_conv(ii) - p_mech - p_core - p_misc;

% Power input
zf = 1 / ( 1/(j*xm) + 1/(r2/s(ii)+j*x2) );
ia = v_phase / ( r1 + j*x1 + zf );
p_in(ii) = 3 * v_phase * abs(ia) * cos(atan(imag(ia)/real(ia)));

% Efficiency
eff(ii) = p_out(ii) / p_in(ii) * 100;

end

% Plot the torque-speed curve

figure(1);
plot(nm,t_ind,'b-','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itn_{m} \rm\bf(r/min)');
ylabel('\bf\tau_{ind} \rm\bf(N-m)');
title ('\bfInduced Torque versus Speed');
grid on;

% Plot power converted versus speed

figure(2);
plot(nm,p_conv/1000,'b-','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itn_{m} \rm\bf(r/min)');
ylabel('\bf\itP\rm\bf_{conv} (kW)');
title ('\bfPower Converted versus Speed');
grid on;

% Plot output power versus speed

figure(3);
plot(nm,p_out/1000,'b-','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itn_{m} \rm\bf(r/min)');
ylabel('\bf\itP\rm\bf_{out} (kW)');
title ('\bfOutput Power versus Speed');
axis([2700 3000 0 180]);
189
grid on;

% Plot the efficiency

figure(4);
plot(nm,eff,'b-','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itn_{m} \rm\bf(r/min)');
ylabel('\bf\eta (%)');
title ('\bfEfficiency versus Speed');
grid on;
The four plots are shown below:
Induced Torque versus Speed
700

600

500

400
(N-m)
ind
τ

300

200

100

0
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
n (r/min)
m

190
 This machine is rated at 75 kW. It produces an output power of 75 kW at 3.1% slip, or a speed of 2907
r/min.
7-18. A 208-V, 60 Hz, six-pole Y-connected 25-hp design class B induction motor is tested in the laboratory,
with the following results:
No load: 208 V, 22.0 A, 1200 W, 60 Hz
Locked rotor: 24.6 V, 64.5 A, 2200 W, 15 Hz
DC test: 13.5 V, 64 A
Find the equivalent circuit of this motor, and plot its torque-speed characteristic curve.

191
SOLUTION From the DC test,
13.5 V
2 R1 = ⇒ R1 = 0.105 Ω
64 A
IDC

R1

VDC

R1 R1

In the no-load test, the line voltage is 208 V, so the phase voltage is 120 V. Therefore,
Vφ 120 V
X1 + X M = = = 5.455 Ω @ 60 Hz
I A,nl 22.0 A

In the locked-rotor test, the line voltage is 24.6 V, so the phase voltage is 14.2 V. From the locked-rotor
test at 15 Hz,
Vφ 14.2 V
′ = RLR + jX LR
Z LR ′ = = = 0.2202 Ω
I A,LR 64.5 A
PLR 2200 W
θ LR
′ = cos−1 = cos−1 = 36.82°
S LR 3 ( 24.6 V )(64.5 A )

Therefore,
′ cos θ LR = ( 0.2202 Ω ) cos ( 36.82° ) = 0.176 Ω
RLR = Z LR
⇒ R1 + R2 = 0.176 Ω
⇒ R2 = 0.071 Ω

′ sinθ LR = ( 0.2202 Ω ) sin ( 36.82°) = 0.132 Ω

′ = Z LR
X LR

At a frequency of 60 Hz,
60 Hz
X LR = ′ = 0.528 Ω
X LR
15 Hz
For a Design Class B motor, the split is X 1 = 0.211 Ω and X 2 = 0.317 Ω . Therefore,

X M = 5.455 Ω − 0.211 Ω = 5.244 Ω

The resulting equivalent circuit is shown below:

192
 IA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2

+ j0.317 Ω 0.071 Ω I2
0.105 Ω j0.211 Ω

1 − s 
Vφ j5.244 Ω jXM R2  
 s 

A MATLAB program to calculate the torque-speed characteristic of this motor is shown below:

% M-file: prob7_18.m
% M-file create a plot of the torque-speed curve of the
% induction motor of Problem 7-18.

% First, initialize the values needed in this program.

r1 = 0.105; % Stator resistance
x1 = 0.211; % Stator reactance
r2 = 0.071; % Rotor resistance
x2 = 0.317; % Rotor reactance
xm = 5.244; % Magnetization branch reactance
v_phase = 208 / sqrt(3); % Phase voltage
n_sync = 1200; % Synchronous speed (r/min)
w_sync = 125.7; % Synchronous speed (rad/s)

% Calculate the Thevenin voltage and impedance from Equations

% 7-41a and 7-43.
v_th = v_phase * ( xm / sqrt(r1^2 + (x1 + xm)^2) );
z_th = ((j*xm) * (r1 + j*x1)) / (r1 + j*(x1 + xm));
r_th = real(z_th);
x_th = imag(z_th);

% Now calculate the torque-speed characteristic for many

% slips between 0 and 1. Note that the first slip value
% is set to 0.001 instead of exactly 0 to avoid divide-
% by-zero problems.
s = (0:1:50) / 50; % Slip
s(1) = 0.001;
nm = (1 - s) * n_sync; % Mechanical speed

% Calculate torque versus speed

for ii = 1:51
t_ind(ii) = (3 * v_th^2 * r2 / s(ii)) / ...
(w_sync * ((r_th + r2/s(ii))^2 + (x_th + x2)^2) );
end

% Plot the torque-speed curve

figure(1);
plot(nm,t_ind,'b-','LineWidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itn_{m}');
ylabel('\bf\tau_{ind}');
title ('\bfInduction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic');
grid on;

193
 The resulting plot is shown below:

7-19. A 460-V, four-pole, 50-hp, 60-Hz, Y-connected three-phase induction motor develops its full-load induced
torque at 3.8 percent slip when operating at 60 Hz and 460 V. The per-phase circuit model impedances of
the motor are
R1 = 0.33 Ω X M = 30 Ω

X 1 = 0.42 Ω X 2 = 0.42 Ω
Mechanical, core, and stray losses may be neglected in this problem.
(a) Find the value of the rotor resistance R2 .

(b) Find τ max , smax , and the rotor speed at maximum torque for this motor.

(c) Find the starting torque of this motor.

(d) What code letter factor should be assigned to this motor?

SOLUTION The equivalent circuit for this motor is

IA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2

+ j0.42 Ω ??? Ω I2
0.33 Ω j0.42 Ω

1− s 
Vφ j30 Ω jXM R2  
 s 

The Thevenin equivalent of the input circuit is:

jX M ( R1 + jX 1 ) ( j 30 Ω )( 0.33 Ω + j 0.42 Ω )
Z TH = = = 0.321 + j 0.418 Ω = 0.527∠52.5° Ω
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.33 Ω + j ( 0.42 Ω + 30 Ω )

194
 jX M ( j30 Ω )
VTH = Vφ = (265.6∠0° V ) = 262∠0.6° V
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) 0.33 Ω + j ( 0.42 Ω + 30 Ω)

(a) If losses are neglected, the induced torque in a motor is equal to its load torque. At full load, the
output power of this motor is 50 hp and its slip is 3.8%, so the induced torque is
nm = (1 − 0.038)(1800 r/min ) = 1732 r/min

τ ind = τ load =
(50 hp)(746 W/hp) = 205.7 N ⋅ m
(1732 r/min ) 2π rad 1min
1r 60 s
The induced torque is given by the equation
2
3VTH R2 / s
τ ind =
ω sync ( RTH + R2 / s ) + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

Substituting known values and solving for R2 / s yields

3 ( 262 V ) R2 / s
2

205.7 N ⋅ m =
(188.5 rad/s) (0.321 + R2 / s ) + (0.418 + 0.42 )2
2

205,932 R2 / s
38,774 =
(0.321 + R2 / s )2 + 0.702

(0.321 + R2 / s )2 + 0.702 = 5.311 R2 / s

0.103 + 0.642 R2 / s + ( R2 / s ) + 0.702 = 5.311 R2 / s

2

2
R2 R2
− 4.669 + 0.702 = 0
s s

R2
= 0.156, 4.513
s
R2 = 0.0059 Ω, 0.172 Ω
These two solutions represent two situations in which the torque-speed curve would go through this specific
torque-speed point. The two curves are plotted below. As you can see, only the 0.172 Ω solution is
realistic, since the 0.0059 Ω solution passes through this torque-speed point at an unstable location on the
back side of the torque-speed curve.

195
 Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic
450

R2 = 0.0059 ohms
400 R2 = 0.172 ohms

350

300

250
ind
τ

200

150

100

50

0
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800
n
m

(b) The slip at pullout torque can be found by calculating the Thevenin equivalent of the input circuit
from the rotor back to the power supply, and then using that with the rotor circuit model. The Thevenin
equivalent of the input circuit was calculate in part (a). The slip at pullout torque is
R2
smax =
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

0.172 Ω
smax = = 0.192
(0.321 Ω) + (0.418 Ω
2
+ 0.420 Ω )
2

The rotor speed a maximum torque is

npullout = (1 − s ) nsync = (1 − 0.192 )(1800 r/min ) = 1454 r/min

and the pullout torque of the motor is

2
3VTH
τ max =
2ω sync RTH + RTH + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

3 ( 262 V )
2

τ max =
2 (188.5 rad/s) 0.321 Ω + (0.321 Ω )2 + (0.418 Ω + 0.420 Ω )
2

τ max = 448 N ⋅ m
(c) The starting torque of this motor is the torque at slip s = 1. It is
2
3VTH R2 / s
τ ind =
ω sync ( RTH + R2 / s ) + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

3 ( 262 V ) (0.172 Ω )
2

τ ind = = 199 N ⋅ m
(188.5 rad/s) (0.321 + 0.172 Ω )2 + (0.418 + 0.420)2
196
 (d) To determine the starting code letter, we must find the locked-rotor kVA per horsepower, which is
equivalent to finding the starting kVA per horsepower. The easiest way to find the line current (or
armature current) at starting is to get the equivalent impedance Z F of the rotor circuit in parallel with
jX M at starting conditions, and then calculate the starting current as the phase voltage divided by the sum
of the series impedances, as shown below.
IA,start
R1 jX1 jXF RF

+
0.33 Ω j0.42 Ω

Vφ

The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M at starting conditions (s = 1.0) is:
1 1
Z F ,start = = = 0.167 + j 0.415 = 0.448∠68.1° Ω
1 1 1 1
+ +
jX M Z 2 j 30 Ω 0.172 + j 0.42

The phase voltage is 460/ 3 = 266 V, so line current I L,start is

Vφ 266∠0° V
I L,start = I A = =
R1 + jX 1 + RF + jX F 0.33 Ω + j 0.42 Ω + 0.167 Ω + j 0.415 Ω
I L ,start = I A = 274 ∠ − 59.2° A

Therefore, the locked-rotor kVA of this motor is

S = 3 VT I L ,rated = 3 ( 460 V )( 274 A ) = 218 kVA

and the kVA per horsepower is

218 kVA
kVA/hp = = 4.36 kVA/hp
50 hp
This motor would have starting code letter D, since letter D covers the range 4.00-4.50.
7-20. Answer the following questions about the motor in Problem 7-19.
(a) If this motor is started from a 460-V infinite bus, how much current will flow in the motor at starting?
(b) If transmission line with an impedance of 0.35 + j0.25 Ω per phase is used to connect the induction
motor to the infinite bus, what will the starting current of the motor be? What will the motor’s terminal
voltage be on starting?
(c) If an ideal 1.4:1 step-down autotransformer is connected between the transmission line and the motor,
what will the current be in the transmission line during starting? What will the voltage be at the motor
end of the transmission line during starting?

SOLUTION
(a) The equivalent circuit of this induction motor is shown below:

197
 IA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2

+ j0.42 Ω 0.172 Ω I2
0.33 Ω j0.42 Ω

1− s 
Vφ j30 Ω jXM R2  
 s 

The easiest way to find the line current (or armature current) at starting is to get the equivalent impedance
Z F of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M at starting conditions, and then calculate the starting current
as the phase voltage divided by the sum of the series impedances, as shown below.
IA
R1 jX1 jXF RF

+
0.33 Ω j0.42 Ω

Vφ

The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX M at starting conditions (s = 1.0) is:
1 1
ZF = = = 0.167 + j0.415 = 0.448∠68.0° Ω
1 1 1 1
+ +
jX M Z 2 j 30 Ω 0.172 + j 0.42

The phase voltage is 460/ 3 = 266 V, so line current I L is

Vφ 266∠0° V
IL = I A = =
R1 + jX 1 + RF + jX F 0.33 Ω + j0.42 Ω + 0.167 Ω + j 0.415 Ω
I L = I A = 273∠ − 59.2° A

(b) If a transmission line with an impedance of 0.35 + j0.25 Ω per phase is used to connect the induction
motor to the infinite bus, its impedance will be in series with the motor’s impedances, and the starting
current will be
Vφ ,bus
IL = I A =
Rline + jX line + R1 + jX 1 + RF + jX F
266∠0° V
IL = I A =
0.35 Ω + j 0.25 Ω + 0.33 Ω + j 0.42 Ω + 0.167 Ω + j0.415 Ω
I L = I A = 193.2∠ − 52.0° A
The voltage at the terminals of the motor will be
Vφ = I A ( R1 + jX 1 + RF + jX F )
Vφ = (194.1∠ − 52.3° A )(0.33 Ω + j 0.42 Ω + 0.167 Ω + j 0.415 Ω )
Vφ = 187.7∠7.2° V

Therefore, the terminal voltage will be 3 (187.7 V ) = 325 V . Note that the terminal voltage sagged by
about 30% during motor starting, which would be unacceptable.
198
 (c) If an ideal 1.4:1 step-down autotransformer is connected between the transmission line and the motor,
the motor’s impedances will be referred across the transformer by the square of the turns ratio a = 1.4. The
referred impedances are
R1′ = a 2 R1 = 1.96 ( 0.33 Ω ) = 0.647 Ω
X 1′ = a 2 X 1 = 1.96 (0.42 Ω ) = 0.823 Ω
RF′ = a 2 RF = 1.96 ( 0.167 Ω) = 0.327 Ω
X F′ = a 2 X F = 1.96 (0.415 Ω ) = 0.813 Ω

Therefore, the starting current referred to the primary side of the transformer will be
Vφ ,bus
I′L = I′A =
Rline + jX line + R1′ + jX 1′ + RF′ + jX F′
266∠ 0° V
I ′L = I ′A =
0.35 Ω + j0.25 Ω + 0.647 Ω + j 0.823 Ω + 0.327 Ω + j 0.813 Ω
I′L = I′A = 115.4∠ − 54.9° A
The voltage at the motor end of the transmission line would be the same as the referred voltage at the
terminals of the motor
Vφ′ = I ′A ( R1′ + jX 1′ + RF′ + jX F′ )
Vφ = (115.4∠ − 54.9° A )( 0.647 Ω + j0.823 Ω + 0.327 Ω + j0.813 Ω )
Vφ = 219.7 ∠4.3° V

Therefore, the line voltage at the motor end of the transmission line will be 3 ( 219.7 V ) = 380.5 V . Note
that this voltage sagged by 17.3% during motor starting, which is less than the 30% sag with case of
across-the-line starting.
7-21. In this chapter, we learned that a step-down autotransformer could be used to reduce the starting current
drawn by an induction motor. While this technique works, an autotransformer is relatively expensive. A
much less expensive way to reduce the starting current is to use a device called Y-∆ starter. If an induction
motor is normally ∆-connected, it is possible to reduce its phase voltage Vφ (and hence its starting current)
by simply re-connecting the stator windings in Y during starting, and then restoring the connections to ∆
when the motor comes up to speed. Answer the following questions about this type of starter.
(a) How would the phase voltage at starting compare with the phase voltage under normal running
conditions?
(b) How would the starting current of the Y-connected motor compare to the starting current if the motor
remained in a ∆-connection during starting?

SOLUTION
(a) The phase voltage at starting would be 1 / 3 = 57.7% of the phase voltage under normal running
conditions.
(b) Since the phase voltage decreases to 1 / 3 = 57.7% of the normal voltage, the starting phase current
will also decrease to 57.7% of the normal starting current. However, since the line current for the original
delta connection was 3 times the phase current, while the line current for the Y starter connection is
equal to its phase current, the line current is reduced by a factor of 3 in a Y-∆ starter.
For the ∆-connection: I L ,∆ = 3 I φ ,∆

199
 For the Y-connection: I L,Y = I φ ,Y
But I φ ,∆ = 3I φ ,Y , so I L ,∆ = 3I L ,Y

7-22. A 460-V 100-hp four-pole ∆-connected 60-Hz three-phase induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent,
an efficiency of 92 percent, and a power factor of 0.87 lagging. At start-up, the motor develops 1.9 times
the full-load torque but draws 7.5 times the rated current at the rated voltage. This motor is to be started
with an autotransformer reduced voltage starter.
(a) What should the output voltage of the starter circuit be to reduce the starting torque until it equals the
rated torque of the motor?
(b) What will the motor starting current and the current drawn from the supply be at this voltage?

SOLUTION
(a) The starting torque of an induction motor is proportional to the square of VTH ,
2 2
τ start2 V V
= TH2 = T2
τ start1 VTH1 VT 1

If a torque of 1.9 τ rated is produced by a voltage of 460 V, then a torque of 1.00 τ rated would be produced
by a voltage of

1.00 τ rated
2
VT 2
=
1.90 τ rated 460 V

(460 V )
2

VT 2 = = 334 V
1.90
(b) The motor starting current is directly proportional to the starting voltage, so
334 V
I L2 = I L1 = ( 0.726 ) I L1 = ( 0.726 ) (7.5I rated ) = 5.445 I rated
460 V
The input power to this motor is

PIN =
POUT
=
(100 hp )(746 W/hp ) = 81.1 kW
η 0.92
The rated current is equal to

I rated =
PIN
=
(81.1 kW ) = 117 A
3 VT PF 3 ( 460 V )( 0.87 )

Therefore, the motor starting current is

I L 2 = 5.445 I rated = (5.445)(117 A ) = 637 A

The turns ratio of the autotransformer that produces this starting voltage is
N SE + N C 460 V
= = 1.377
NC 334 V

so the current drawn from the supply will be

200
 I start 637 A
I line = = = 463 A
1.377 1.377
7-23. A wound-rotor induction motor is operating at rated voltage and frequency with its slip rings shorted and
with a load of about 25 percent of the rated value for the machine. If the rotor resistance of this machine is
doubled by inserting external resistors into the rotor circuit, explain what happens to the following:
(a) Slip s
(b) Motor speed nm
(c) The induced voltage in the rotor
(d) The rotor current
(e) τ ind

(f) Pout

(g) PRCL

(h) Overall efficiency η

SOLUTION
(a) The slip s will increase.
(b) The motor speed nm will decrease.
(c) The induced voltage in the rotor will increase.
(d) The rotor current will increase.
(e) The induced torque will adjust to supply the load’s torque requirements at the new speed. This will
depend on the shape of the load’s torque-speed characteristic. For most loads, the induced torque will
decrease.

(f) The output power will generally decrease: POUT = τ ind ↓ ω m ↓

(g) The rotor copper losses (including the external resistor) will increase.
201
 (h) The overall efficiency η will decrease.
7-24. Answer the following questions about a 460-V ∆-connected two-pole 75-hp 60-Hz starting code letter E
induction motor:
(a) What is the maximum current starting current that this machine’s controller must be designed to
handle?
(b) If the controller is designed to switch the stator windings from a ∆ connection to a Y connection during
starting, what is the maximum starting current that the controller must be designed to handle?
(c) If a 1.25:1 step-down autotransformer starter is used during starting, what is the maximum starting
current that will be drawn from the line?

SOLUTION
(a) Starting code letter E corresponds to a 4.50 – 5.00 kVA/hp, so the maximum starting kVA of this
motor is
Sstart = ( 75 hp )( 5.00 ) = 375 kVA

Therefore,
S 375 kVA
I start = = = 471 A
3 VT 3 ( 460 V )

(b) The line voltage will still be 460 V when the motor is switched to the Y-connection, but now the
phase voltage will be 460 / 3 = 266 V.
Before (in ∆):
Vφ ,∆ 460 V
I φ ,∆ = =
( RTH + R2 ) + j ( X TH + X 2 ) ( RTH + R2 ) + j ( X TH + X 2 )
But the line current in a ∆ connection is 3 times the phase current, so

3Vφ ,∆ 797 V
I L ,∆ = 3I φ ,∆ = =
( RTH + R2 ) + j ( X TH + X 2 ) ( RTH + R2 ) + j ( X TH + X 2 )
After (in Y):
Vφ ,Y 265.6 V
I L,Y = I φ ,Y = =
( RTH + R2 ) + j ( X TH + X 2 ) ( RTH + R2 ) + j ( X TH + X 2 )
Therefore the line current will decrease by a factor of 3 when using this starter. The starting current with a
∆-Y starter is
471 A
I start = = 157 A
3
(c) A 1.25:1 step-down autotransformer reduces the phase voltage on the motor by a factor 0.8. This
reduces the phase current and line current in the motor (and on the secondary side of the transformer) by a
factor of 0.8. However, the current on the primary of the autotransformer will be reduced by another factor
of 0.8, so the total starting current drawn from the line will be 64% of its original value. Therefore, the
maximum starting current drawn from the line will be
I start = ( 0.64 )( 471 A ) = 301 A

202
7-25. When it is necessary to stop an induction motor very rapidly, many induction motor controllers reverse the
direction of rotation of the magnetic fields by switching any two stator leads. When the direction of
rotation of the magnetic fields is reversed, the motor develops an induced torque opposite to the current
direction of rotation, so it quickly stops and tries to start turning in the opposite direction. If power is
removed from the stator circuit at the moment when the rotor speed goes through zero, then the motor has
been stopped very rapidly. This technique for rapidly stopping an induction motor is called plugging. The
motor of Problem 7-19 is running at rated conditions and is to be stopped by plugging.
(a) What is the slip s before plugging?
(b) What is the frequency of the rotor before plugging?
(c) What is the induced torque τ ind before plugging?
(d) What is the slip s immediately after switching the stator leads?
(e) What is the frequency of the rotor immediately after switching the stator leads?
(f) What is the induced torque τ ind immediately after switching the stator leads?

SOLUTION
(a) The slip before plugging is 0.038 (see Problem 7-19).
(b) The frequency of the rotor before plugging is f r = sf e = ( 0.038)( 60 Hz ) = 2.28 Hz

(c) The induced torque before plugging is 205.7 N⋅m in the direction of motion (see Problem 7-19).
(d) After switching stator leads, the synchronous speed becomes –1800 r/min, while the mechanical speed
initially remains 1732 r/min. Therefore, the slip becomes
nsync − nm −1800 − 1732
s= = = 1.962
nsync −1800

(e) The frequency of the rotor after plugging is f r = sf e = (1.962 )( 60 Hz ) = 117.72 Hz

(f) The induced torque immediately after switching the stator leads is
2
3VTH R2 / s
τ ind =
ω sync ( RTH + R2 / s ) + ( X TH + X 2 )
2 2

3 ( 262 V ) (0.172 Ω /1.962 )

2

τ ind =
(188.5 rad/s) (0.321 + 0.172 Ω /1.962)2 + (0.418 + 0.420)2
3 ( 262 V ) (0.0877 )
2

τ ind =
(188.5 rad/s) (0.321 + 0.0877)2 + ( 0.418 + 0.420)2
τ ind = 110 N ⋅ m, opposite the direction of motion

203