Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2018;22(2):105---109

Brazilian Journal of
Physical Therapy
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/brazilian-journal-of-physical-therapy

MASTERCLASS

Do hip muscle weakness and dynamic knee valgus

matter for the clinical evaluation and decision-making
process in patients with patellofemoral pain?
Nayra Deise dos Anjos Rabelo, Paulo Roberto Garcia Lucareli ∗

Human Motion Analysis Laboratory, Reabilitation Sciences Departament, Universidade Nove de Julho --- UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP,
Brazil

Received 19 October 2017; accepted 23 October 2017

Available online 8 November 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract
Patellofemoral pain; Background: Patellofemoral pain is a very common musculoskeletal condition. In the last years,
Muscle strength; evidence regarding this disease increased exponentially. Although widely investigated, this
Kinematics; problem still frustrates patients and clinicians for having an unfavorable prognosis. Some gaps
Biomechanics; still exist in the understanding and managing of patellofemoral pain. Numerous cross-sectional
Physical therapy association studies show an association between gluteus muscular strength and dynamic knee
valgus in patients with patellofemoral pain. In spite of this biological plausibility, many evi-
dences challenge the direct relationship between these factors. Recent studies have concluded
that women with patellofemoral pain show muscular weakness of the hip based on the cross-
sectional studies, however prospective studies indicate that hip weakness cannot be considered
a risk for development of patellofemoral pain. In addition, some clinical trials have demon-
strated that strength training of the gluteal muscles promotes significant improvement in
symptoms but not alter the kinematics of the patients with patellofemoral pain. These findings
cast doubt on whether the cause of this condition is really being treated, whether all individ-
uals suffering from patellofemoral pain present dynamic knee valgus or if this is a disturbance
present in only a subgroup of patients and whether the strengthening of the hip musculature is
an option to consider for prevention of patellofemoral pain.
Conclusion: Certainly, more studies should be conducted to clarify the influence of mechanical
patterns on this condition, but with the existing evidence so far, the importance given to these
issues in the evaluation and clinical decision on treatment of these patients seems questionable.
Therefore, this masterclass explores the understanding about patellofemoral pain, highlighting
mainly the importance of muscular strength and dynamic knee valgus, as well as other possible
factors that must be consider during the evaluation and the decision making in these patients.
© 2017 Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia. Published by Elsevier
Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

∗ Corresponding author at: UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
E-mails: plucareli@hotmail.com, paulolucareli@uni9.pro.br (P.R. Lucareli).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.10.002
1413-3555/© 2017 Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
106 N.D. Rabelo, P.R. Lucareli

Introduction ment in symptoms, it is unable to generate movement

changes in women with PFP.24,28,29 In addition, strength
training associated with movement control training did not
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common musculoskele- alter the kinematics28,30 and did not promote additional
tal condition in both adolescents1,2 and young women.3,4 benefits to the clinical outcomes obtained from strength
Although PFP has been widely investigated, this problem still training alone.24
frustrates patients and clinicians. About 40% of treated indi- This evidence challenges the hypothesis of causality of
viduals experience a recurrence in symptoms in one year5 muscular strength and movement disturbance in patients
and more than 50% of patients did not fully recover between with PFP. The reason is that if there is a direct causal rela-
five and eight years.6 This unfavorable prognosis reveals that tionship between dynamic knee valgus and PFP, what is the
many gaps still exist in the understanding and managing of explanation for the improvement of symptoms in patients
this condition. who do not change their movement pattern after treatment?
The etiology of PFP is considered to be multifactorial.7,8 Therefore, if the positive response to therapeutic exercise
Historically, local factors such as weakness of the quadri- cannot be explained by the kinematic change, then perhaps
ceps muscle were established as a potential risk factor the importance of dynamic knee valgus as a causal factor
for the development of this condition.9,10 However, the of the PFP could be questionable and new discussions about
focus has shifted to proximal factors, such as the func- the interpretation of mechanical changes and tissue damage
tion of the hip muscles and disturbances in the movement as source of pain are strongly needed.
of the trunk, pelvis and hips.7,8 Therefore, clinicians and Although plausible, so far there is limited evidence that
researchers have been focusing their attention on the weak- dysfunction of movement is a risk factor for this condition.31
ness of the gluteal muscles and dynamic misalignment of the It is possible to observe association between PFP and move-
lower limbs on the assessment, treatment and prevention ment disturbance in cross-sectional studies,11,13---16 but it
of PFP. is important to note that existing studies also have found
Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that the no differences in the adduction11,12,16,32 and internal hip
weakness of the gluteal muscles11,12 and excessive adduc- rotation12,16,32 in women with PFP, in several activities. This
tion and internal rotation of the hip as well as contralateral casts doubt on whether all individuals suffering from PFP
pelvic drop were associated with the presence of PFP.13---16 present dynamic knee valgus or if this is a disturbance
Therefore, it has been hypothesized that weakness of the hip present in only a subgroup of patients.
muscles, more specifically the abductor and lateral rotator In this respect, recent studies appear to challenge the
muscles, contributes to increase the movements of the hip direct relationship between the dynamic alignment of the
in the frontal and transverse planes.17---19 lower limbs and PFP.33,34 Rabin et al.33 demonstrated that
Furthermore, there are assumptions that dynamic knee individuals with good quality of movement did not show dif-
valgus can be closely associated with PFP, since these condi- ference in the knee pain intensity when compared to those
tion would result in reduction of the contact area between with worse movement quality during the lateral step-down
the patella and trochlea and increase the pressure on the test. Besides this, Baldon et al.34 showed that even though
patellofemoral joint, causing overload on the subchondral there was a reduction of the pelvic drop and hip adduction
bone and adjacent soft tissues, and hence anterior knee movement after strengthening and functional stabilization
pain.17---20 These data are based solely on cross-sectional training in a group of women with PFP, no statistical differ-
association studies and therefore this type of association, ence was observed in the knee pain intensity and disability
to date, cannot be considered as causative. immediately after the training between this group and the
This novel concept has become the basis for treatment other group that had not present kinematic change. Cer-
strategies based upon a possible causal relationship between tainly, more studies should be conducted to clarify the
hip muscle weakness and movement disturbance in patients influence of mechanical patterns on PFP, but with the exist-
with PFP. This has become even more likely because few ing evidence so far, the importance given to these issues in
clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment protocols the evaluation and clinical decision on treatment of these
involving proximal muscles strengthening alone21,22 or asso- patients seems questionable.
ciated with strengthening of the quadriceps,23,24 resulted in With respect to weakness of the abductor and lateral
significant improvement of pain and disability of patients rotator muscles, although this is present in women with
compared to patients who received other interventions, PFP,31,35 its causal relation with dynamic knee valgus and
such as knee braces,25 patellar taping26 and electro-physical consequently PFP is not clear. To the best of our knowledge,
agents.27 Nevertheless, there are no studies that directly there is no consensus among studies that have correlated
comprised interventions mentioned above. the strength of the gluteal muscles and dysfunctions of
In this context, it seems reasonable to speculate that hip movement.12,19,33,36,37 The studies of Souza and Powers11
the strengthening of the gluteal muscles would reduce and Bolgla et al.12 indicated a strength deficit of the hip
the adduction and internal rotation of the hip, and these abductor muscles of 14% and 26%, respectively, but with-
changes on these surrogate outcomes would be asso- out difference in adduction movement of the hip between
ciated with positive changes with clinical outcomes of women with and without pain. Sigward et al.36 observed
these patients. Therefore, at first glance it might appear that the strength of the hip muscles did not predict dynamic
that doubts about this condition have been resolved. knee valgus among women, and Rabin et al.33 and Hollman
Interestingly, however, recent prospective studies have et al.,37 comparing women with different levels of move-
demonstrated that although strength training of the gluteal ment quality during lateral-step down and single-leg squat,
muscles promotes a gain in force and significant improve- respectively, did not identify differences in the strength of
Muscle strength and dynamic knee valgus matter in PFP? 107

the adductor and lateral rotator muscles between the two Conclusion
groups.
Prospective studies have been published suggesting that In conclusion, the current evidence indicates based on few
individuals who develop PFP tend to have stronger hip prospective and clinical trials that much more research is
abductor and lateral rotator muscles than those who do needed to clarify, more robustly, the possible causal factors
not develop this condition.38,39 In addition, Plastaras et al.40 of PFP. For this reason, other variables, such as struc-
analyzed runners in the initial stages of PFP and did not iden- tural factors of the knee,56 weakness of the quadriceps,10
tify deficits in the strength of the hip abductor muscles of dysfunction of distal segment,57 task dependency,58 neu-
the limb with pain when compared with the weaker limb of rophysiological factors, such as cognitive and behavioral
asymptomatic runners. Based on these results, the authors factors51 and patient education59 should be considered both
suggested that the weakness of gluteal muscles identified in at the moment of evaluation and when recommending pre-
individuals with PFP could not be the cause of the pain, and ventive and therapeutic approaches to patients.
instead is a consequence of the reduced demand placed on Certainly, it is impossible to ignore the existence of
the painful knee due to an antalgic response of the individual relationship among lower limb joints during weight-bearing
over time. Finally, recent meta-analysis31,35 have concluded activities, so the evidence presented above does not exclude
that women with PFP show muscular weakness of the hip consideration of these relationships, but it does suggest that
based on the cross-sectional studies, but contrary to these other possible factors can contribute to PFP and dynamic
prospective studies indicate that the hip weakness cannot be knee valgus and should receive more attention and criti-
considered a risk for development of PFP. These divergent cal analysis of clinicians and researchers. Perhaps the key
findings cast doubt on whether the cause of this condition is to PFP management is to understand that the treatment
really being treated and whether the strengthening of the should include a contribution of patient education to self-
hip musculature is an option to consider for prevention of management, strategies to correct biomechanical factors,
PFP. as well as to reduce psychosocial components.
It is possible that specific strengthening may improve the
patients’ muscle tissue’s envelope of function, increasing
their tolerance to the loads on the patellofemoral joint.41 Conflicts of interest
However, a recent narrative review contested traditional
methods based on a biomedical model of treatment for The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
patients with PFP, and discussed the pain mechanisms after
exercise therapy.42 In general, loaded therapeutic exercises
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