O.W.

Andersen

USER’S MANUAL FLD11

POISSONIAN MAGNETIC FIELDS

PROGRAM INSTALLATION

FLD11 is transmitted as a zip-file. It is extracted and installed in any directory (folder). The program
can also be installed on a memory stick and run from there.

RUNNING THE DEMO INPUT

Here all the Command Prompt commands, directories (folders) and file names will be in capital letters.
However, they are case insensitive, and small letters can also be used.

To run the program with an input file DEMO.INP, enter:

RUN DEMO.INP

After a few seconds, a flux plot with 25 flux lines appears on the screen. It has been drawn on a Visual
Basic Form. If the picture appears to be cropped or too small, adjust the file SIZESCR.FIL. At the
same time a bitmap picture file PLOTFILE.BMP has been produced. Close the form and enter
command:

PLOT

The flux plot now reappears in a standard Windows program. The tic-marks to the left and at the
bottom show the positions of horizontal and vertical finite element grid lines. The conductor is red.

If it is now desired to print the flux plot, crop the picture file first to remove empty space and save it.
Microsoft Office Picture Manager or Microsoft Paint can be used for that. Rather than printing it
directly, it is recommended to transfer the picture file to Microsoft Word. Here it can easily be resized
and comments added before printing.

Output from FLD11 is stored in file OUTPUT. To display it on the screen, enter:

FILE OUTPUT

Batch command FILE starts the standard Windows program NOTEPAD. It will be used here for
viewing, editing and printing text files. The first time it is invoked, it should be set to Courier New size
9, word wrap, and to no top and bottom extra text when printing. The window should always be
maximized.
 –2–

To display the finite element grid on the screen, enter:

GRID

After the form is closed, the grid also reappears with the command:

PLOT

INPUT

The demo input file can be viewed with the command:

FILE DEMO.INP

What the numbers mean can be found on the input sheet, page 5. For an explanation of what else can be
done with the input file, copy it first to a new file with the command:

COPY DEMO.INP NEW.INP

Introduce headings with the command:

HEADINGS NEW.INP

To see how the file now has been modified, enter:

FILE NEW.INP

The abbreviated headings on the input file also explain the numbers. With a little experience, that
explanation suffices to enter new numbers and to make up new input files.

Old input as similar as possible is first copied to a new input file. Then headings are introduced and the
file changed. Numbers always start in columns 1, 11, 21 and so on. They can be entered with or without
decimal point.

Before the new file can be run, the headings must be removed. Do this first with:

CLEANUP NEW.INP

A file without headings can have headings introduced and be viewed at the same time with:

HEADFILE NEW.INP
 -3–

Headings can also be removed and the file run at the same time with:

CLEANRUN NEW.INP

New input must be entered very carefully, following explanations on the input sheet and instructions
elsewhere in this manual. Small mistakes like a comma instead of a decimal point or a number starting
in the wrong column are not tolerated. Some mistakes are caught by the program and are explained on
the output. Another way to catch mistakes is by giving a command such as:

CHECK NEW.INP

The input must here be without headings. A picture similar to a flux plot, but without flux lines, will be
displayed on the screen. Mistakes with the geometry can be caught this way.

Another command which does the same, and also modifies the input grid automatically, if necessary to
satisfy program requirements, is:

CORRECT NEW.INP

Modified input will replace the original input, in this case in file NEW.INP. If desired, the original input
can be retrieved from file INP1.FIL.

Before modification of the grid with CORRECT, it should be reasonably close to being right, and the
number of vertical and horizontal break lines should be less than the maximum 64 with a good margin.
However, even so, there is no guarantee of a successful modification.
 -4-

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

A derivation of the finite element equations for flat fields (constant in the z-direction) can be found in
the paper:

O.W. Andersen, "Iterative Solution of Finite Element Equations in Magnetic Field Problems", IEEE
Paper C72 425-7, San Francisco July 1972.

However, the finite element equations are now solved directly by Gaussian elimination, and not by
iteration, as described in the paper. Iterative solution used to have significant advantages in terms of
speed and storage requirements, but with newer computers, it is more important that Gaussian
elimination is safer and more accurate. For fields with saturable iron, the solution is repeated about 8-
12 times with modified permeabilities, until they converge to the right values.

For axi-symmetric fields, the equations are derived in:

O.W. Andersen, "Transformer Leakage Flux Program Based on the Finite Element Method," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-92, 1973, pp. 682-689.

In FLD11 the finite element equations have been modified slightly, to make it possible to have different
permeabilities in the x and y (or r and z) directions.

An early version of the automatic grid generation is described in the paper:

O.W. Andersen, "Laplacian Electrostatic Field Calculations by Finite Elements with Automatic Grid
Generation", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-92, Sept./Oct. 1973,
pp. 1485-1492.

The grid generation has since been vastly improved, to give the best possible grid under all
circumstances with maximum numerical accuracy, and a minimum of restrictions on the input
specifications.
POISSONIAN MAGNETIC FIELDS PROGRAM FLD11 INPUT SHEET

Numerical data are entered with the first digit in columns 1,11,21 etc., as indicated. (Does not apply to coordinate lines.)
Decimal point is optional.

IDENTIFICATION (line 1): No commas and max. 80 characters, including blanks

Col. Data Line

FLAT / AXI-SYMMETRIC FIELD (1 or 2) 1
MINIMUM RADIUS (zero if flat field) 11
SCALE, INPUT DRAWING (usually 1) 21
PERIODICITY CONDITION (yes = 1, no = 0, usually 0) 31
IF YES, ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT (0 or 180) 41 2
RELAXATION FACTOR (0.1 - 0.2) )  0 only if *1 51
MAX. NO. OF ITERATIONS ( 20) ) saturable 61
MAX. % CHANGE OF POTENTIAL ( 0.1) ) iron 71
1 3
VERTICAL GRID 11 4
DENSITY BREAK LINES 21 5
(Remainder of lines must 31 6
be filled out with zeros. 41 7
Max. 300 grid lines and 51 8
60000 nodes.) 61 9
71 10
COORDINATE LINE(S) *2 11
1 12
HORIZONTAL GRID 11 13
DENSITY BREAK LINES 21 14
(Remainder of lines must 31 15
be filled out with zeros. 41 16
Max. 300 grid lines and 51 17
60000 nodes.) 61 18
71 19
COORDINATE LINE(S) *2 20
DETAILED INFORMATION REQUIRED BETWEEN
FIRST HORIZONTAL LINE ) 1 21
LAST HORIZONTAL LINE ) zeros, if not 11 22
FIRST VERTICAL LINE ) required 21 23
LAST VERTICAL LINE ) 31
SCALE, FLUX PLOT (used only for printer or plotter, not on screen) 1
NUMBER OF FLUX LINES 11 24
NUMBER OF CONTOUR LINES (max. 150) 21

For each contour line:

NUMBER OF POINTS (max. 150, 1500 total) *3 1
REL. PERMEABILITY, HORIZONTALLY ) 0 or 1, except 11
VERTICALLY ) for iron 21 25
CONDUCTIVITY, M/OHM*SQ.MM (47.6 for Cu) *4 31 27
TOTAL CURRENT (positive or negative) 41 29
CODE *5 51
COORDINATE LINE(S) *2 26,28,30

*1:  0.1 if no air gap

*2: See separate description
*3: Actually pairs of coordinates, codes, etc.
*4:  0 only if the total current is given different from zero
*5: 0: Normal field zone
1: Area excluded from the calculations, with flux lines perpendicular.
2: Specified flux line, or area bounded by specified flux line (enter first). Other ways of keeping A=constant are
described in manual.
5: Saturable iron. See user's manual.
 -6-

SPECIFICATION OF INPUT

LINE 1. The identification can consist of up to 80 characters, including blanks. Most combinations of
letters, numbers and special symbols on the keyboard can be used, but commas are not allowed. They
are interpreted as delimiters between data.

LINE 2. Even though it is not mentioned on the input sheet, a zero can also be entered in column 1.
This signifies that the contour lines are specified in polar coordinates, and that the initial grid consists of
circular arcs and radial lines. A more detailed explanation of this will be given later (page 14).

10 added to the number in column 1 signifies that the input after line 2 is to be generated by a
subroutine INPGN. This will also be explained later (page 17).

The drawing is always oriented with the x or r-axis horizontally, and with the y or z-axis vertically. The
origin for input coordinates can be anywhere as long as all the coordinates come out positive, but output
coordinates always have:

x-min = 0 (Flat field)

r-min = minimum radius, as specified in column 11 (Axi-symmetric field)
y-min = 0 (Flat field)
z-min = 0 (Axi-symmetric field)

Axi-symmetric problems always have the z-axis to the left. The minimum radius is the true radius from
the axis of symmetry. It will be equal to zero if the axis of symmetry is the left field boundary.

The scale of the input drawing (a smaller drawing has a smaller scale) should nearly always be specified
as one. In any case, it should be between 0.1 and 10, for the output to contain a sufficient number of
significant digits. If in fact the scale is outside of this range, it should be multiplied by an appropriate
factor, for example 0.1 or 10, to make it come out right. The specified minimum radius (col. 11) and the
output information must then also be modified accordingly.

The periodicity condition can be used both with Cartesian and polar coordinates. It is a boundary
condition for the left and the right boundaries, as shown on the figure.

A1 A2 A2

A1

Cartesian coordinates Polar coordinates

 -7-

Vector potentials in corresponding positions have the same absolute value |A1| = |A2|. With zero angular
displacement, A1 = A2. With a displacement of 180 degrees, A1 = -A2.

The matrix band width limits the number of vertical or radial grid lines to 244 in this case.

With polar coordinates, a complete circle can be calculated. The last radial grid line will then coincide
with the first. The periodicity condition must be specified, and the angular displacement given as zero.

LINES 3 TO 10.

20

17

1
1 7 14

Line numbers are entered for vertical grid lines, where the grid density changes (grid density break
lines). In the example in the figure, which shows a cylindrical conductor over a plate, they are 1, 7 and
14.

Flux densities are assumed to be constant within each triangle in the numerical solution, and the grid
should be fine enough for this to be true within acceptable accuracy, especially in critical regions. In any
case, the grid lines must be close enough, so that contour line points are at least as far apart as the grid
lines in the same region.

LINE(S) 11. One or more lines which contain x or r-coordinates of the grid density break lines are
entered here. Up to 10 coordinates are entered on one line. Each coordinate consists of a five digit
number with one digit after the decimal point. Then there is a blank before the next coordinate. When a
coordinate is less than 1000 mm, it is entered with leading zeros. In the example, the coordinates are:

0000.0 0015.0 0085.0

LINES 12 TO 19. In the example, horizontal grid density break line numbers are 1, 17 and 20.
 -8-

LINE 20. y-coordinates in the example:

0000.0 0040.0 0070.0

LINES 21 TO 23. The detailed output information increases the bulk of the output and the computing
time significantly, and should therefore be limited to those areas where it is of real interest. The
information includes node coordinates, vector potentials, permeabilities and flux densities.

If only one area of detailed output is desired, lines 22 and 23 are filled out with zeros.

LINE 24. The scale of the flux plot is unimportant on newer computers. It was used earlier for the plot
on the printer or plotter.

LINES 25. It is important that the contour lines are entered in a proper sequence, since the grid is
fitted to line segments that are common for two or more lines only the first time they are entered. This
usually means that flux lines should be entered first, so that they receive the proper code throughout.

When a flux line is entered with code 2, normally the items in columns 11 to 41 are entered as zeros,
and the vector potential A will be kept constant equal to zero along the line (and within the line, if it is a
closed curve). This also serves the purpose of providing a reference potential for the program.
Therefore, it is necessary to enter at least one flux line. However, it can be specified as a single point. In
some rare cases it is desirable to enter flux lines with A different from zero. This is done by using code
2, and giving the value of A in column 41.

Along straight line boundaries, it is sometimes desirable to be able to specify a linear variation of A.
This can be done by using code 2.1, with the vector potential of the first point in column 31, and of the
last point in column 41.

Another possibility is to make the vector potential along a straight line in an axi-symmetric field
inversely proportional to the radius. Code 2.2 is used, and the vector potential of the first point is
entered in column 41. This makes the line into a flux line with Ar constant, but different from zero.

The number of points (col. 1, line 25) is used only to enable the program to read the input properly. It
actually means the number of pairs of five digit numbers, entered in coordinate line format. This should
be kept in mind when preprogrammed shapes (see separate instructions) are used to describe the contour
lines.
 -9-

COORDINATE LINES

A line can contain one, two, three, four or five pairs of coordinates, codes, etc. When more lines are
needed because there are more than five pairs, only the last line can have fewer than five.

Each coordinate usually consists of a five digit number, with one digit after the decimal point. Then
there is a blank before the next coordinate. The x or r-coordinate is entered first, then the y or
z-coordinate. When a coordinate is less than 1000 mm, it is entered with leading zeros. Example:

0000.0 0100.0 0030.2 0400.5 0102.6 1206.8

x y x y x y
point 1 point 2 point 3

Other possibilities are:

123.45 Normally coordinates can be rounded to the nearest 1/10 mm.

1234.56 To be avoided, because no blank will separate the next number.
-123.4 Permissible as coordinate of center of circular arc.

PREPARATION OF INPUT DRAWING

The preparation of the input drawing for transfer of coordinates should be done with great care.

1. A rectangular section is framed (by pencil), where the field is to be calculated.

2. If the boundary conditions make it desirable, estimated flux lines can be drawn in, deleting parts of
the section from the calculations. This is rarely necessary.

3. Positions of grid density break lines, whose coordinates are to be entered on input lines 11 and 20,
are marked on a horizontal and a vertical line on the drawing. The spacing between the lines can also be
put in, and the line numbers which are to be entered on input lines 3-10 and 12-19. During this process
it is important to make mesh sizes reasonably in accordance with the requirements in the various areas,
with the finest meshes in the regions where the flux density changes most rapidly. It is also important to
observe requirements 8 and 10 in the "Instructions for Entry of Coordinates". Grid lines must always be
spaced at least as close to each other as the contour line points in the same region. If they are not, the
situation may be remedied by running program CORRECT (see page 3).

4. Now all the points along conductors, estimated flux lines, etc., whose coordinates are to be entered,
are marked on the drawing. This is done in accordance with "Instructions for Entry of Coordinates".
 - 10 -

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ENTRY OF COORDINATES

1. The position of the reference point (origin) is unimportant, except that coordinates should always
come out positive.

2. The grid lines are horizontal and vertical, and the drawing should be oriented accordingly. For axi-
symmetric problems, the axis of symmetry must be in the vertical direction (the same as the y-direction
in flat, two dimensional problems), with the axis to the left.

3. On input line 11 only x(r)-coordinates are entered, on line 20 only y(z)-coordinates.

4. Contour lines can be open or closed curves. Single points can also be entered. For closed curves, the
last point must have the same coordinates as the first. Only for closed curves, permeability and
conductivity can be given different from zero. Whether the curves are entered in a clockwise or counter-
clockwise direction is unimportant.

5. When points are supposed to have the same coordinates, or a point is supposed to be on a line
segment belonging to another contour line, a maximum error of 0.01 mm is permitted, to allow for slight
inaccuracies.

6. When the same line segment is entered twice, the grid is only fitted to the line segment the first time.
Therefore, whenever specified flux lines have line segments in common with other contour lines, the flux
lines should be entered first, to make sure that all the points on them receive the proper code. At least
one flux line or point with code 2, 2.1 or 2.2 must be specified.

7. A maximum of 150 points is permitted per contour line, for a maximum of 150 lines, but the total
number of points must not exceed 1500. If more than 150 points are required for a contour line, it must
be divided up into two or more parts.

8. The points should not be closer to each other than necessary, and with a spacing at least equal to the
mesh size in that region (except when the points coincide).

9. If a contour line is put in outside of the section boundary, the program will move it to the section
boundary.

10. When part of a contour line follows a section boundary, this part must be entered first, and points
inside of the boundary must be further away from it than half a mesh size. This avoids problems that
otherwise might arise due to grid points being unavailable on the boundary when this part of the line is
fitted.

11. If a portion of the section is to be excluded from the calculations and the flux lines are to enter at
right angles, a closed curve around this portion is specified with code=1. If the area is to be bounded by
a flux line, code=2 is used.

12. Problems have sometimes arisen when three lines meet in a

point at sharp angles, as shown in the figure. In such a case, the
middle line must not be entered last, because grid points may
then no longer be available for the line fitting.
 - 11 -

13. In the figure, two intermediate points are marked on Contour 2

contour 1, coming from contour 2. Such intermediate points
are put in automatically by the program. Contour 1

ERROR MESSAGES

The program aborts and prints out one or more of the following error messages, if it is necessary to
modify the input.

1. The number of horizontal or vertical grid lines is more than 300.

2. The number of nodes in the grid is more than 60000.

3. There are more than 150 contour lines.

4. The contour line is described by more than 150 points.

5. The total number of points exceeds 1500.

6. The input is for a closed curve, but the last point on the contour line is not equal to the first.

7. The line fitting was interrupted for line segment - near -. (Coordinates define the line segment and the
point where the line fitting got stuck.)

8. This point is too close to the preceding point -. (The point is defined by its coordinates.)

9. The program has moved node no. - from one line to another line which is too close. (The node is
defined by its number and its coordinates.)

10. The area came out negative or zero for triangle with -. (The triangle is defined by its node numbers
and coordinates.) Change line sequence or move grid lines.

11. Coordinates of grid density break lines are not in increasing order.

12. There is no specified flux line.

13. The radial lines span more than 360 degrees (see the section on polar coordinates).

14. Due to the periodicity condition, half the band width came out more than 246.
 - 12 -

PREPROGRAMMED SHAPES

Two preprogrammed shapes that can be entered in a simplified manner are used very frequently, circular
arcs and rectangles with horizontal and vertical sides. The way they are entered will be explained by
means of the example in the figure.

mm
35

25

15

5
0
0 10 55 mm

The half cylindrical conductor includes a circular arc, described by 7 points, between which straight line
segments are drawn by the program. It can be specified as follows:

0000.0 0035.0
9000.0 0001.0 Codes
0007.0 0010.0 Number of points and radius
0000.0 0025.0 Coordinates of center (can be negative)
0270.0 0450.0 Starting angle and finish angle (degrees)

An x-coordinate 9000 mm is recognized by the program as a code, telling it that a preprogrammed

shape of some kind follows. The value 1 in the corresponding y-position indicates that the shape is a
circular arc.

Angles are measured counter-clockwise from the horizontal, in the usual way. If the contour line
progresses through the arc counter-clockwise, as in the example, the finish angle must be greater than
the starting angle. Conversely, if the progression is clockwise, the finish angle must be smaller than the
starting angle.

The bottom plate is a rectangle with horizontal and vertical sides, which can be specified as follows:

9000.0 0002.0 Codes

0000.0 0000.0 Coordinates of lower left corner
0055.0 0005.0 Coordinates of upper right corner
 - 13 -

Right angles with sharp and rounded corners have also been preprogrammed, but they are used much
less frequently.

SHARP RIGHT ANGLES (4 possible orientations)

X2, Y2
9000.0 0004.0 Codes
X1 Y1
X2 Y2
T1 T2
Th’k = T2

Th’k = T1

X1, Y1 X1, Y1

X2, Y2

CURVED RIGHT ANGLES (4 possible orientations)

The angles are similar to the ones shown above, except that the right angle corner is rounded. This
makes T1=T2=T, and the specifications are:

9000.0 0005.0 Codes

X1 Y1
X2 Y2
T R Thickness and inside radius of corner

In the region of the rounded corner, it is important that the grid is sufficiently dense. It will usually be
satisfactory to have the line spacing no more than T or (outside radius)/5, whichever is smaller.
7 contour line points are generated along the inside radius, 8 along the outside radius.
 - 14 -

POLAR COORDINATES

As mentioned earlier, a zero in column 1 of input line 2 signifies that the contour lines are specified in
polar coordinates, and that the initial grid consists of circular arcs and radial lines. In the example
below, this would be required.

outer flux line

boundary

cylindrical steel tank

center conductor
copper
bar symmetry
unmagnetic steel insert line

For the grid to come out with meshes of a finite size near the center where the radial lines meet, it is
necessary to have an inner boundary at some finite radius, for example 10-50 mm. So the center current
carrying conductor must be modeled with a hole in it, even though in actual fact it may be a solid
cylinder.

The initial grid and the contour lines could be as shown below (an actual calculation for a similar
configuration had 32 * 32 grid lines).

radial
grid
line 6
3
21
1 23
tangential grid line
1 3 6 9,12,13 16
 - 15 -

Radial grid density break lines 1, 3, 6, 21 and 23 are entered on input line 3. Their positions are given
on input line 11, with x-coordinates as 1000 times radial positions in radians, starting with zero for grid
line 1. This is the same as tangential distance, normalized to a one meter radius.

The tangential grid density break lines are specified on input line 12, with y-coordinates given as the
radius directly on input line 20.

To enter the contours, they may be thought of as transformed to a coordinate system in which tangential
lines become horizontal and radial lines become vertical, as shown below.

outer flux line boundary

copper bar
steel tank

unmagnetic steel insert

center conductor

Coordinates are given in the same way as explained for the grid lines. Since all the contours are now
rectangles with horizontal and vertical sides, they can be specified in a simplified manner, as explained
in the section "Preprogrammed Shapes".

In the detailed output for the nodes and triangles, polar coordinates are changed to Cartesian
coordinates, with the origin in the bottom left corner.

The program accepts field problems in polar coordinates, which span up to 360 degrees. For 360
degrees, the periodicity condition must be specified, and the angular displacement given as zero. For a
problem which spans 90 degrees, the drawing is oriented as shown on the next page.
 - 16 -

The first radial grid line is always in the same horizontal position.

The current in the center conductor is specified only for that part of the conductor which enters into the
calculation.

SATURATION CURVES

Data for five saturation curves are shown below. They are contained in file ATPCM.FIL. Data can be
changed and added for up to 20 saturation curves in this file. Interpolation and extrapolation is done in
subprogram MAG11, and is described in the paper "Iterative Solution - - -" (see page 4).

SATURATION CURVES
AMPERETURNS PER CM FOR B=1.0,1.1--2.1, HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY
CODE=5.0 0.35 MM H-10
1 1.3 1.8 2.9 5.7 14.3 35 66 107 167 295 875
1 1.3 1.8 2.9 5.7 14.3 35 66 107 167 295 875
CODE=6.0 STRUCTURAL STEEL, YIELD STRENGTH LESS THAN 400 N/SQ.MM
4 4.5 5.5 7 11 16.5 26 42 71 126 240 500
4 4.5 5.5 7 11 16.5 26 42 71 126 240 500
CODE=7.0 STRUCTURAL STEEL, YIELD STRENGTH GREATER THAN 400 N/SQ.MM
6 8.5 11 14 19 25.5 35 50 90 166 340 580
6 8.5 11 14 19 25.5 35 50 90 166 340 580
CODE=8.0 USS 16 GAGE
5.9 6.9 8.5 10.7 14.3 21 33 58 100 163 270 500
5.9 6.9 8.5 10.7 14.3 21 33 58 100 163 270 500
CODE=9.0 USS MANTEN
11.5 13.4 15.9 19.9 24 31 44 65 103 167 280 605
11.5 13.4 15.9 19.9 24 31 44 65 103 167 280 605
 - 17 -

GENERATION OF INPUT

The value in column 1 of input line 2 is normally given as 0, 1 or 2. If instead it is given as 10, 11 or
12, it signifies to the program that the data on input line 3 and the following lines are to be generated by
subroutine INPGN, instead of being given directly.

SUBROUTINE INPGN
C --- FOR CERTAIN APPLICATIONS, THE GRID GENERATION CAN BE MADE
C --- COMPLETELY AUTOMATIC FROM A GEOMETRY WHICH IS SPECIFIED IN A
C --- SIMPLIFIED MANNER AS INPUT TO THE SUBROUTINE. THE DATA MUST BE
C --- STORED CONSECUTIVELY IN UNIT 14 IN THE SAME SEQUENCE AS THEY
C --- WOULD NORMALLY APPEAR ON INPUT LINE 3 AND THE FOLLOWING LINES.
CHARACTER*1 IDENT(80)
INTEGER*2 ILN(150)
DIMENSION XPOS(300),YPOS(300),DATLN(100,12),TRI(119022,3),V(6300)
EQUIVALENCE (V(1),TRI(1,3))
COMMON/BLOCK1/XPOS,YPOS,LNVER,LNHOR,SCALE,FLXLN,
1 LINTO,ILN,I5,I6,TRI,DATLN,RMIN/BLCK10/IDENT
IF (RMIN.LT.9.9E9) GO TO 200
DO 100 I=1,6300
100 V(I)=0.0
C --- THE USER'S PROGRAM COMES HERE
200 RETURN
END

ADDITIONAL OUTPUT

In subroutine OUTGN the user can program additional output. Data for such calculations are
transferred by means of common blocks (see next page).

SUBROUTINE OUTGN
C --- CAN BE USED TO GENERATE ADDITIONAL OUTPUT
REAL LINC(3000)
INTEGER POINT(1500)
INTEGER*2 OUT,WARN,IBIT(60000),ILN(150),ITRI4(119022)
CHARACTER*1 IDENT(80)
DIMENSION XPOS(300),YPOS(300),PCHV(64),PCHH(64),TRI(119022,3),
1 VERT(60000,3),DATLN(150,12),HORF(3),HORL(3),VERF(3),VERL(3)
COMMON/BLOCK1/XPOS,YPOS,LNVER,LNHOR,SCALE,FLXLN,LINTO,ILN,I5,I6,
1 TRI,DATLN,RMIN/BLOCK2/LINC/BLOCK3/VERT/BLOCK4/ITRI4/
2 BLOCK7/NOCOL,WARN,FLAXI,PCHV,PCHH,PI,VERF,VERL,HORF,HORL,OUT,
3 POINT,MASS,ITMX,ITAC,DPTMX,NEWIT,RELAX,PERMO,PER,DISPL
4 /BLOCK8/IBIT/BLCK10/IDENT
C --- REMOVE TO ACTIVATE THE SUBROUTINE
IF (FLAXI.LT.20.0) GO TO 200
C --- THE USER'S PROGRAM COMES HERE
C --- CALCULATIONS THAT ARE OFTEN REQUIRED
DO 100 I=1,I5
 - 18 -

C --- NODE NUMBERS FOR TRIANGLE I

L=ITRI(I,1)
M=ITRI(I,2)
N=ITRI(I,3)
C --- NODE COORDINATES, METERS
XL=VERT(L,1)
YL=VERT(L,2)
XM=VERT(M,1)
YM=VERT(M,2)
XN=VERT(N,1)
YN=VERT(N,2)
C --- TWICE THE TRIANGLE AREA D, SQ.M
CALL SUBD(D,XM,YM,XN,YN,XL,YL)
C --- VECTOR POTENTIALS
AL=VERT(L,3)
AM=VERT(M,3)
AN=VERT(N,3)
C --- VECTOR POTENTIAL AND RADIUS AT CENTROID
AC=(AL+AM+AN)/3.0
RC=(XL+XM+XN)/3.0
C --- FLUX DENSITIES
BX=(AL*(XM-XN)+AM*(XN-XL)+AN*(XL-XM))/D
BY=(AL*(YM-YN)+AM*(YN-YL)+AN*(YL-YM))/D
IF (FLAXI.GT.1.5) BY=BY+AC/RC
B=SQRT(BX**2+BY**2)
100 CONTINUE
200 RETURN
END

LIST OF SYMBOLS IN COMMON BLOCKS

DATLN Array containing data for contour lines

I,1 Relative permeability, contour line I, horizontally
2 vertically
3 Conductivity, m/(ohms*sq.mm)
4 Total current
5 Calculation code. See input sheet.
6 Min. x or r-coordinate, mm
7 Max. x or r-coordinate, mm
8 Min. y or z-coordinate, mm
9 Max. y or z-coordinate, mm
10 Sum of D (twice area), sq.m
11 Sum of D times radius to centroid, cub.m
12 Loss, kW/m or kW/circle
DISPL Angular displacement for periodicity condition
DPTMX Limit for max. percent change of potential between iterations
 - 19 -

FLAXI 0.0 = Polar coordinate flat field, 1.0 = Cartesian coordinate flat field,
2.0 = Axi-symmetric field
FLXLN Number of flux lines
HORF Array containing first horizontal grid lines, detailed output
HORL Array containing last horizontal grid lines, detailed output
I5 Number of triangles
I6 Number of nodes
IBIT Array containing information stored in individual bits
IDENT Array containing run identification
ILN Array of last contour point numbers, numbered consecutively
ITAC Iteration number, actual
ITMX Maximum number of iterations
ITRI4 Array containing contour line numbers for each triangle
LINC Array containing coordinates for all the contour points, mm
LINTO Total number of contour lines
LNHOR Number of horizontal grid lines
LNVER Number of vertical grid lines
MASS Logical unit number for mass storage device (= 3)
NEWIT = 1 if a new iteration is required, = 0 if not
NOCOL Number of columns in grid
OUT Logical unit number for output device (= 6)
PCHH Array containing horizontal grid line numbers, where the grid density changes.
PCHV As above, but for vertical grid lines
PER Periodicity condition, yes = 1, no = 0
PERMO Permeability of free space, 4.0**1.0E-7
PI 3.1415927
POINT Array containing node numbers for all the contour points
RELAX Relaxation factor for change of permeabilities, saturable iron
RMIN Minimum radius to left field boundary, axi-symmetric fields
SCALE Scale of flux plot on printer or plotter
TRI Array containing triangle information
I,1 Relative permeability, horizontally
2 vertically
3 Current density, A/sq.m
VERF Array containing first vertical grid lines, detailed output
VERL Array containing last vertical grid lines, detailed output
VERT Array containing data for the nodes (vertices)
I,1 x or r-coordinate, meters (initially mm)
2 y or z-coordinate, meters (initially mm)
3 Vector potential
WARN Warning code (refers to format number for message)
XPOS Array containing x or r-positions of vertical grid lines, mm
YPOS Array containing y or z-positions of horizontal grid lines, mm
 - 20 -

LOSSES IN SUBDIVIDED CONDUCTORS

An ac current carrying conductor is often subdivided into small series connected or transposed
subconductors or strands, where all the strands are forced to carry the same total current. The overall
current density distribution in the conductor is essentially uniform, but eddy currents will flow within
the strands, because of the ac flux cutting through them. The following output information makes it
possible to calculate the losses due to such eddy currents:

SUM BX-SQUARED TIMES CUB.M (per meter depth for flat fields, for the
SUM BY-SQUARED TIMES CUB.M whole circle for axi-symmetric fields)
BX-MAX
BY-MAX

In axi-symmetric fields, BR replaces BX, and BZ replaces BY.

kW eddy current loss due to either BX(R) or BY(Z) is:

(fill factor) * ( * f * mm)2 * (B2 m3) / (resistivity * 6000)

 - 21 -

where:

fill factor = net/gross conductor area

f = frequency
mm = strand dimension in mm perpendicular to the flux
B = peak value of flux density in tesla, either in the x(r) or y(z)-direction. The program output is
usually for rms values.
resistivity = ohms * sq.mm/m ( 0.021 for Cu at 75 degrees)

The per unit eddy current loss due to either BX(R) or BY(Z) is:

{( * f * mm * B-MAX) / (1000 * resistivity * A/mm2 )}2 / 6

where:

A/mm2 = rms current divided by net conductor area

Again, for B-MAX the peak value should be used, whereas the program output usually gives the rms
value.

POST PROCESSING

After the main program has been run, the run identification and all the essential calculated and input
information are in file FOR.FIL, and can be retrieved for further processing. This includes all the vector
potentials, current densities and node and contour line coordinates.

Two post processors are supplied with the program, both in source code and in executable versions. One
of them calculates forces in both directions between specified grid lines. It is started with the command:

FORCES

This should be done after the output from the main program has been printed, because the file OUTPUT
is also used by this post processor. Some questions will appear on the screen, and it is useful to have the
output from the main program available, in order to answer some of them.
 - 22 -

A frequently used post processor draws a graph of flux density along or perpendicular to a straight line
or a contour line. It is started with the command:

GRAPH

It is drawn on a Windows form on the screen first. Closing the form followed by the command PLOT, it
can also be printed.

The Fortran source code for all post processors is in file PPROC.FOR. It contains numerous comment
lines, and new post processors can be added by the user, if desired. A suitable Fortran 77 compiler must
then be available, such as the free Watcom compiler.

THE COMMAND PROMPT ENVIRONMENT

The Command Prompt window should be maximized and the size adjusted to fill the screen after right
clicking the top title bar. Cursor size small and letter size 12x16 pixels are recommended. If Command
Prompt goes into full screen mode by an application, it can be brought back with Alt-Enter.

Since many PC users are not familiar with Command Prompt, here are some hints and frequently used
commands. The commands are examples and may be modified in obvious manners. Large and small
letters are interchangeable.

Commands given once on startup, perhaps in a STARTUP.BAT file:

SET COPYCMD=/Y Deactivates warning on overwriting existing files.
PATH=C:\SYSTEM;C:\QBASIC Specifies search paths for executable files.
SUBST P: C:\DRIVEP Substitutes drive P for directory (or folder) C:\DRIVEP making P a virtual
drive (or unit).

Other commands:
C: Moves to unit C or another unit.
CD\ Changes to base directory.
MD GRAPHICS Makes directory GRAPHICS.
CD\GRAPHICS Changes directory to GRAPHICS, just below the base directory.
COPY OLD.INP NEW.INP Copies old file OLD.INP to a new file NEW.INP.
COPY /? Explains options available for command COPY.
REN OLD.INP NEW.INP Renames OLD.INP as NEW.INP.
DEL OLD.INP Deletes OLD.INP.
DIR *.INP Lists all files in the directory with extension INP.
DIR *.I?? Lists all files in the directory with three letter extension starting with I.
START NOTEPAD OUTPUT Invokes Windows program NOTEPAD with file OUTPUT.
START PLOTFILE.BMP Starts a standard Windows program to process the bitmap file.
 - 23 -

SPECIAL PURPOSE PROGRAMS

On the following pages are input and additional output for a synchronous machine program, which has
been made from FLD11 by means of special input and output subroutines. It can be seen from the input
sheet how the input has been simplified and tailor made for that particular application. The input
subroutine transforms this special input into the normal input for FLD11, and makes all the decisions
about positions of grid lines, etc.

The additional output gives information about the flux in the air gap and between the poles, and makes
it possible to calculate reactances, self and mutual, for the field winding, armature winding and the
various bar circuits.

Special purpose programs have also been made for:

TRANSFORMER LEAKAGE FLUX. Calculates short circuit reactance, forces, stresses in the
windings and eddy current losses.

SERIES LAYER IRON CORE REACTORS. Also an analysis program.

PARALLEL LAYER AIR CORE REACTORS. This is both an analysis and a design program, which
decides on the number of turns in the various layers to equalize the current distribution, and to give the
specified overall reactance.

These special purpose programs are not normally supplied with FLD11.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE FIELD PROGRAM FLD13 INPUT SHEET

Numerical data are entered with the first digit in columns 1,11,21 etc., as indicated. Decimal point is optional.

IDENTIFICATION (line 1): No commas and max. 80 characters

Col. Data Line

EXCITATION: 1 = field wdg., 2 = armature wdg., d-axis, 3 = armature wdg., q-axis
4 = amortisseur bar, q-axis 1
NO. OF FLUX LINES (usually  50) 11
NO. OF POLES 21
INSIDE STATOR DIAMETER, ACTUAL 31
MIN. AIR GAP, ACTUAL (GMINA) 41 2
CARTER’S COEFFICIENT 51
NO. OF AMORTISSEUR BARS PER POLE 61
SPACING OF AMORTISSEUR BARS AT POLE SURFACE 71
AMORTISSEUR BAR NEAREST POLE CENTERLINE:
SLOT WIDTH ABOVE BAR 1
SLOT DEPTH ABOVE BAR 11
BAR DIAMETER 21
DEPTH OF POLE TIP AT CENTERLINE (HPTCL) 31 3
WIDTH OF POLE TIP (WPT) 41
POLE FACE RADIUS, INNER (RPFI) 51
POLE FACE RADIUS, OUTER (RPFO) or GMAX, Fig.2 61
X-POSITION OF CENTER OF OUTER RADIUS (XCTRO) or XT, Fig.2 71
DEPTH OF POLE BODY (HBOD) 1
WIDTH OF POLE BODY (WBOD) 11
WIDTH OF POLE PEDESTAL ( 0 only for 2-pole) (WPED) 21 4
THICKNESS OF FIELD COIL, OUTER (WFCO) 31
THICKNESS OF FIELD COIL, INNER (WFCI) 41
DEPTH OF TAPERED PART OF FIELD COIL (HFCT) 51
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE FIELD PROGRAM FLD13

24 POLE GENERATOR

EXCITATION: 1 AMPERE IN FIELD WINDING

NO. OF FLUX LINES 50.0

NO. OF POLES 24.0
INSIDE STATOR DIAMETER, ACTUAL 1800.0
MIN. AIR GAP, ACTUAL 3.00
CARTER'S COEFFICIENT 1.081
NO. OF AMORTISSEUR BARS PER POLE 5.0
SPACING OF AMORTISSEUR BARS AT POLE SURFACE 34.0
AMORTISSEUR BAR NEAREST POLE CENTERLINE
SLOT WIDTH ABOVE BAR 3.00
SLOT DEPTH ABOVE BAR 3.00
BAR DIAMETER 10.00
DEPTH OF POLE TIP AT CENTERLINE 25.0
WIDTH OF POLE TIP 165.0
POLE FACE RADIUS, INNER 643.0
OUTER 0.0
X-POSITION OF CENTER OF OUTER RADIUS 0.0
DEPTH OF POLE BODY 180.0
WIDTH OF POLE BODY 125.0
WIDTH OF POLE PEDESTAL 0.0
THICKNESS OF FIELD COIL, OUTER 25.0
INNER 18.5
DEPTH OF TAPERED PART OF FIELD COIL 45.0

MAX/MIN AIR GAP 1.502

POLE ARC/POLE PITCH 0.705
MIN. GAP/POLE PITCH 0.0127

TOTAL AIR GAP FLUX, ACTUAL/FUNDAMENTAL 0.986

MAX. FLUX DENSITY, ACTUAL/FUNDAMENTAL 0.955

MAX. FLUX DENSITY, FUNDAMENTAL/ACTUAL 1.047

ACTUAL FLUX DENSITY, AVG/MAX 0.657
ACTUAL FLUX DENSITY, RMS/MAX 0.746

VECTOR POTENTIALS
MAX. IN STATOR WINDING 2.967E-05
AVG. IN FIELD WINDING 3.180E-05
INSIDE OF TOP OF FIELD WINDING 3.056E-05
INSIDE OF CENTER OF FIELD WINDING 3.201E-05
INSIDE OF BOTTOM OF FIELD WINDING 3.271E-05
AT AMORTISSEUR BAR NEAREST POLE CENTERLINE 0.000E+00
AT BAR NO. 2 FROM POLE CENTERLINE 1.266E-05
AT BAR NO. 3 FROM POLE CENTERLINE 2.382E-05

MAX. FUNDAMENTAL FLUX DENSITY 4.011E-04

HARMONIC FLUX DENSITIES IN PER UNIT OF FUNDAMENTAL
3. HARMONIC -3.733E-02
5. HARMONIC -6.702E-02
7. HARMONIC 7.317E-02
9. HARMONIC -5.371E-02
11. HARMONIC -3.301E-03
13. HARMONIC 1.775E-02

PERMEANCE FACTORS DEPTH/LENGTH FOR CALC. OF POLE LEAKAGE FLUX

POLE TIP 0.357
POLE BODY 0.855
PERMEANCE FACTOR FOR CALC. OF FIELD LEAKAGE REACTANCE 0.849