Afda Vocab Cards 2016
Afda Vocab Cards 2016
Afda Vocab Cards 2016
Table of Contents
Expressions and Operations Difference of Squares (model)
Real Numbers Factoring (sum and difference of cubes)
Complex Numbers Factor by Grouping
Complex Number (examples) Divide Polynomials (monomial divisor)
Absolute Value Divide Polynomials (binomial divisor)
Order of Operations Prime Polynomial
Expression Square Root
Variable Cube Root
Coefficient nth Root
Term Simplify Radical Expressions
Scientific Notation Add and Subtract Radical Expressions
Exponential Form Product Property of Radicals
Negative Exponent Quotient Property of Radicals
Zero Exponent
Product of Powers Property Equations and Inequalities
Power of a Power Property Zero Product Property
Power of a Product Property Solutions or Roots
Quotient of Powers Property Zeros
Power of a Quotient Property x-Intercepts
Polynomial Coordinate Plane
Degree of Polynomial Literal Equation
Leading Coefficient Vertical Line
Add Polynomials (group like terms) Horizontal Line
Add Polynomials (align like terms) Quadratic Equation (solve by factoring and
Subtract Polynomials (group like terms) graphing)
Subtract Polynomials (align like terms) Quadratic Equation (number of solutions)
Multiply Binomials Inequality
Multiply Polynomials Graph of an Inequality
Multiply Binomials (model) Transitive Property for Inequality
Multiply Binomials (graphic organizer) Addition/Subtraction Property of Inequality
Multiply Binomials (squaring a binomial) Multiplication Property of Inequality
Multiply Binomials (sum and difference) Division Property of Inequality
Factors of a Monomial Linear Equation (standard form)
Factoring (greatest common factor) Linear Equation (slope intercept form)
Factoring (perfect square trinomials) Linear Equation (point-slope form)
Factoring (difference of squares) Equivalent Forms of a Linear Equation
Imaginary
Real Numbers
Numbers
Case Examples
2i
a=0 -i, 0.01i,
5
b=0 √5, 4, -12.8
a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 39 – 6i, -2 + πi
5 units 5 units
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
54 4
1
3 2m
2
4 8
3(y + 3.9) –
9
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 6
Variable
2 3
y
9 + log x = 2.08
d = 7c - 5
A=r 2
(-4) + 2 log x
1
7y 3
2 1
ab –
3 2
πr 2
2
-5x – x
2 terms
a
2
3
1 term
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 9
Scientific Notation
n
a x 10
1 ≤ |a| < 10 and n is an integer
Examples:
Standard Notation Scientific Notation
17,500,000 1.75 x 107
-84,623 -8.4623 x 104
0.0000026 2.6 x 10-6
-0.080029 -8.0029 x 10-2
(4.3 x 2) (105 x 10-2) =
(4.3 x 105) (2 x 10-2)
8.6 x 105+(-2) = 8.6 x 103
6 6.6 106 6−3
6.6 × 10 × = 3.3 × 10 =
2 103
2 × 103 3.3 × 103
n
a = a∙a∙a∙a… , a0
base
n factors
Examples:
3
2∙2∙2=2 =8
4
n∙n∙n∙n=n
3 2 2
3∙3∙3∙x∙x = 3 x = 27x
Examples:
1 1
4-2 = =
42 16
x4 x4 x4 y2
= 1 = ∙ =x y 4 2
y-2 1 1
y2
1
(2 – a)-2 = 2 , a≠2
(2 – a)
Examples:
4 2 4+2 6
x ∙x =x =x
3 3+1 4
a ∙a=a =a
7 -4 7 + (-4) 3
w ∙w =w =w
Examples:
4 2 4∙2 8
(y ) = y = y
2 -3 2∙(-3) -6
1
(g ) = g =g =
g6
(3a b) 3 a b
2 2
4 2 4 2
9a b 2 2
1 1 1
3
3 3
3
(2 x) 2 x 8 x
x6
= x6 – 5 = x1 =x
x5
y-3 -3 – (-5) 2
= y =y
y-5
a4
4-4 0
=a =a =1
a4
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 17
Power of Quotient
Property
a m am
(b) = m , b0
b
Examples:
y 4 y4 y
(3) = 34 =
81
1
5 -3
5-3 53 1 t3 t3 t3
() = = 1 = 3∙ = =
t t-3 5 1 5 3
125
t3
Nonexample Reason
variable
5mn – 8
exponent
negative
n-3 + 9
exponent
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 19
Degree of a
Polynomial
The largest exponent or the
largest sum of exponents of a
term within a polynomial
Examples:
3 2
7a – 2a + 8a – 1
3 2
-3n + 7n – 4n + 10
16t – 1
2g3 + 6g2 –4
+ g3 –g–3
h(g) k(g) 3g3 + 6g2 – g – 7
4x2 +5 4x2 +5
–(-2x2 + 4x – 7) + 2x2 – 4x + 7
f (x) g(x) 6x2 – 4x + 12
= (x + 3)(x + 2)
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
= x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x2 + 5x + 6
(a + b)(d + e + f)
(a + b)( d + e + f )
= a(d + e + f) + b(d + e + f)
= ad + ae + af + bd + be + bf
Example: (x + 3)(x + 2)
x+3 Key:
x2 =
x+2
x=
1=
x2 + 2x + 3x + = x2 + 5x + 6
Example: (x + 8)(2x – 3)
= (x + 8)(2x + -3)
2x + -3
x 2x2 -3x
+
8 16x -24
(y – 5)2 = y2 – 2(5)(y) + 25
= y2 – 10y + 25
Examples:
(2b + 5)(2b – 5) = 4b2 – 25
(7 – w)(7 + w) = 49 – w2
-5p2 q3 -5 2 3 1
∙p ∙q ·(-5)∙p∙p∙q∙q∙q
2 2 2
Example: 20a4 + 8a
2∙2∙5∙a∙a∙a∙a + 2∙2∙2∙a
common factors
GCF = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ a = 4a
20a4 + 8a = 4a(5a3 + 2)
Examples:
x2 + 6x +9 = x2 + 2∙3∙x +32
= (x + 3)2
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
Examples:
x2 – 49 = x2 – 72 = (x + 7)(x – 7)
4 – n2 = 22 – n2 = (2 – n) (2 + n)
b
b
a(a – b) + b(a – b) (a + b)(a – b)
a a+b
a–b
a–b
a–b
Examples:
x3 – 64 = x3 – 43 = (x – 4)(x2 + 4x + 16)
Example: 3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4
ac = 3 4 = 12
Find factors of ac that add to equal b
12 = 2 6 2+6=8
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4 Rewrite 8𝑥
as 2𝑥 + 6𝑥
f (x)
(12x3 – 36x2 + 16x) 4x
g( x )
12x3 – 36x2 + 16x
=
4x
f (w)
(7w2 + 3w – 4) (w + 1)
g(w)
7w2 + 3w – 4
=
w+1
(7w – 4)(w + 1)
=
w+1
f (w)
7w – 4
g(w)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 40
Prime Polynomial
Cannot be factored into a product of
lesser degree polynomial factors
Example
r
3t + 9
x2 + 1
5y2 – 4y + 3
Nonexample Factors
x2 – 4 (x + 2)(x – 2)
3x2 – 3x + 6 3(x + 1)(x – 2)
x3 x⋅x2
2
- (x – 3) = -(x – 3) = -x + 3
√
Examples:
5 3
5 3
√
√64 = 4 = 4 5
6 3
6
√729x y
9 = 3x y
2
1 3 11
+ √−32 − − √8
2 2
10 3
= − − 2 √4 − 2√2
2
3
= −5 − 2 √4 − 2√2
3
√18 − 2√27 = 2√3 − 2(3)
= 2 √3 − 6
2√𝑎 + 5√𝑎
= (2 + 5)√𝑎 = 7√𝑎
√4x = √4 ∙ √x = 2√x
√5a3 = √5 ∙ √a3 = a√5a
3 3 3 3 3
√16 = √8∙2 = √8 ∙ √2 = 2 √2
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
x+3=0 or x–1=0
x = -3 or x = 1
0 = x2 + 2x – 3
0 = (x + 3)(x – 1)
x = -3 or x = 1
f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3
0 = (x + 3)(x – 1)
0 = x + 3 or 0 = x – 1
x = -3 or x = 1
Examples:
Ax + By = C
1
A = bh
2
V = lwh
9
F = C + 32
5
A = πr2
Example: x = -4
y
4
0 x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
Example: y=6
y
7
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
(x – 2)(x – 4) = 0
(x – 2) = 0 or (x – 4) = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
x2 – x = 3 2 Real roots
1 distinct
x2 + 16 = 8x Real root
with a multiplicity
of two
0 Real roots;
2x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 2 Complex
roots
Examples:
-10.5 ˃ -9.9 – 1.2
8 > 3t + 2
x – 5y -12
r3
<; x<3
; -3 y
t -2
Examples:
If 4x 2y and 2y 16,
then 4x 16.
If x y – 1 and y – 1 3,
then x 3.
Example:
d – 1.9 -8.7
d – 1.9 + 1.9 -8.7 + 1.9
d -6.8
Example: If c = -2
5 > -3
5(-2) < -3(-2)
-10 < 6
Example: If c = -4
-90 -4t
-90 -4t
-4 -4
22.5 t
x 5 5 x 5
“and” statement
x 7 or x 7
x 7
“or” statement
Example: 2x 5 8
2 x 5 8 or 2 x 5 8
2 x 3 or 2 x 13
3 13
x or x
2 2
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 65
Linear Equation
(Standard Form)
Ax + By = C
(A, B and C are integers; A and B cannot both equal
zero)
y
Example: 6
5
4
3
-2x + y = -3 2
1
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-4
Example: y= x+5
3
(0,5)
-4
m= -4
3
3
b=5
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
where m is the slope and (x1,y1) is the point
Example:
Write an equation for the line that passes
through the point (-4,1) and has a slope of
2.
y – 1 = 2(x – -4)
y – 1 = 2(x + 4)
y = 2x + 9
Forms of a
3𝑦 = 2 – 4𝑥
Linear Equation
4
Slope-Intercept y=− 𝑥+2
3
4
Point-Slope 𝑦 − (−2) = − (𝑥 − 3)
3
Standard 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2
3
2
2 Slope =
3
x2 – x1 B
(x2, y2)
y2 – y1
A
(x1, y1)
x
slope = m =
Line n
has a negative
slope.
Horizontal line t
has a zero slope.
b a
Example:
The slope of line a = -2.
The slope of line b = -2.
-2 = -2, therefore, a is parallel to b.
y ≥ -5 {y: y ≥ -5}
[-5, +∞)
The solution,
(1, 2), is the
only ordered
pair that
satisfies both
equations
(the point of
intersection).
One
Different slopes x
solution
y
y
Infinitely Same slope and
many same y- x
solutions intercepts
yx+2
x
y > -x – 1
Example:
Find the minimum and maximum value of the
objective function C = 4x + 5y, subject to the
following constraints.
x0
y0 (0,6)
x+y6
x+y6
feasible region
(6,0)
(0,0)
y, dependent variable
(output values or range set)
Example:
y = 2x + 7
y = x2 + 2x – 3 12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
line of symmetry 4
3
2
1
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
0 1 2 3 4 x
-2
-3
vertex -4
-5
Line of symmetry is 𝑥 = ℎ.
𝑥 = −1
√ 2
-b ± b - 4ac
x=
2a
Example: 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3
x y
3 2
2 4
0 2 Example 2
y
-1 2
Example 1
Example 4
Examples:
input output 10
f(x)
y
x g(x) 9
8
-2 0 7
6
-1 1
5
4
3
0 2 2
1
1 3 -4 -3 -2
0
-1 0
-1
1 2 3 4
x
-2
Examples: f(x)
10 y
9
input output 8
7
x g(x) 6
-2 0 5
4
-1 1 3
2
0 2 1
0 x
1 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-1
1 2 3 4
-2
Examples:
13
12
11
10 f(x) approaches +∞ as the
9
values of x approach −∞.
8
7
f(x) is approaches +∞ as the
6
5 values of x approach +∞.
4
3
2
1
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4
-5
x
x
Examples: y
y
absolute maximum
x
x
absolute minimum
Linear 3
f(x) = x
1
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
yy
9
Quadratic
8
2
f(x) = x 5
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
Logarithmic
f(x) = logb x
b>1
g(x) = -f(x)
is the graph of reflected over the x-axis.
f(x) –
g(x) = f(-x)
is the graph of reflected over the y-axis.
f(x) –
horizontal dilation
g(x) = f(ax) (compression) if a > 1.
is the graph of
f(x) – horizontal dilation
(stretch) if 0 < a < 1.
Examples: 6
f(x) = x 4
t(x) = x + 4 2
h(x) = x – 2 -4 -3 -2 -1
0
-1
0 1 2 3 4
x
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
Examples: 4
f(x) = x 2
t(x) = 2x -4 -3 -2 -1
0
0 1 2 3 4 x
-1
1
h(x) = x -2
2 -3
-4
-5
-6
Examples:
f(x) = x
t(x) = -x x
h(x) = -3x
1
d(x) = - x
3
10
Examples: 8
f(x) = x2 6
g(x) = x2 + 2 4
t(x) = x2 – 3 2
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
Examples: 7
2
f(x) = x 6
g(x) = (x + 2)2 4
t(x) = (x – 3)2 2
0 x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
Examples: 7
f(x) = x2 5
g(x) = 2x2 4
1 2 3
t(x) = x 2
3 1
0 x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
Examples: 6
5
4
2
f(x) = x 3
2
g(x) = -2x2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
1
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
1 2 -2
t(x) = - x -3
3 -4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
1 -4 +5 10
1
2 1 +5 1
5
5
3 6 5
+5
4 11 0 x
+5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 16
-5
3
ACC
P(A) =
7
ABAB
3
7
1
0 1
2
P(red) ∙ P(blue|red) =
“blue after red”
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 0
Example:
How many outfits can Joey make using
3 pairs of pants and 4 shirts?
3 ∙ 4 = 12 outfits
is different from
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Both arrangements are included in possible
outcomes.
Example:
5 people to fill 3 chairs (order matters).
How many ways can the chairs be filled?
1st chair – 5 people to choose from
2nd chair – 4 people to choose from
3rd chair – 3 people to choose from
# possible arrangements are 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 = 60
30! 30!
30P3 = = = 24360
(30-3)! 27!
Symbol Representation
𝒙𝒊 𝑖 th element in a data set
𝝁 mean of the data set
𝟐
𝝈 variance of the data set
standard deviation of the
𝝈 data set
number of elements in the
𝒏 data set
Balance Point
4 4
2 3
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Numerical Average
0 2 3 7 8 20
4
5 5
Examples:
Find the median of the given data sets.
Data set: 6, 7, 8, 9, 9
The median is 8.
0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 none
1, 7
1, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9, 11, 12
bimodal
= x1 + x2 + x3 + … + xn
∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 10 + 17 = 44
𝑖=1
Smaller
Larger
Comparison of two distributions with same mean ()
and different standard deviation () values
91-83
z= = 0.821
9.74
x
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 133
Negative Linear
Relationship
(Correlation)
In general, a relationship where
the dependent (y) values decrease
as independent (x) values
increase.
y
x
Virginia Department of Education 2018 AFDA Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 134
No Correlation
No relationship between the
dependent (y) values and
independent (x) values.