Summer Internship Report
Summer Internship Report
Summer Internship Report
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA
14/05/2018 to
07/07/2018
Submitted by:
Rohan Bagchi (115EE0291)
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Specifications of LCA
4. Components of aircraft
5. Numbering system in LCA
6. Loom Shop Components
7. Electrical System
8. Hydraulic systems
9. Power-Plant and Fuel systems
10. Flight Control System
11. Conclusion
Introduction
History
Specifications of LCA:
1. Highly optimized wing, with appropriate variation of
thickness, camber and twist along the span.
2. Cross sectional area distribution along the length, adjusted for good
high speed characteristics.
3. Leading Edge slats, scheduled for favorable aerodynamic
behavior.
4. Wing shielded bifurcated air intake with diverters suitably
matched with engine to avoid buzz and to minimize the
distortion throughout the flight envelope.
Special Features of TEJAS:
Components of aircraft
Fuselage
The fuselage includes the cabin and/or cockpit, which contains seats
for the occupants and the controls of the plane. In addition fuselage may
also provide room for cargo and attachment points for the outer
major airplane components. Some aircrafts utilize an open truss structure.
Strength and rigidity is achieved by welding the tubing together into
series of triangular shapes called trusses.
Wings
Wings are airfoils attached to each side of fuselage and are main
lifting surfaces that support the plane in flight. There are various
wing designs, sizes and shapes used by various manufacturers each fulfill
a certain need with respect to the expected performance of the particular
plane.
Control surfaces
1. Vertical stabilizer and rudder
The vertical stabilizer functions with the same principle a wing
does, but being symmetrical. It is a main control surface of
airplanes (fix-wing aircrafts). Obviously, it has a vertical position,
usually in the tail of the aircraft. There can be multiple vertical
stabilizers (in large aircrafts usually).
Flap
Flaps increase the wing surface or curve generating more lift with same
speed. They are very used to slow operations, mainly during landings and
take offs.
There are several types of flaps:
Plain flap
Split Flap
Flap Zap
Flap Fowler
Flap Multi-Fowler
Slat
A slat is a thin air foil deployed form leading edge of wing. This
acts as a new little wing, but its objective is not to produce lift but to
generate the circulation needed for it. This reduces the
maximum lift also, making its distribution along the wing softer, but
allowing the boundary layer to detach layer (by reducing the
adverse pressure generated in the trailing edge).
Piston Engine
Piston Engines are common four-stroke cycle engines. Of course
they are designed in particular for airplanes, so they use aviation
gas and have special characteristics, but their function is very
similar to a car engine. Transmission of these engines is connected to a
propeller so they can provide thrust.
Jet Engine
A Jet Engine produces thrust by compressing air and releasing it
through a directed pipe or nozzle. An aircraft jet engine is
composed of an intake chamber or valve, a fan, one or several
compressors, a combustion chamber, one or several turbines and an
exhaust nozzle.
LCA ASSEMBLY
Sequence of operations:
Front fuselage jig calibration and fabrication
Centre fuselage jig calibration and fabrication
Rear fuselage jig calibration and fabrication
Coupling front, centre and rear fuselage
FOD check on fuselage
Wing jig calibration and wing fabrication
Nose box, slats, elevens, rudder jig calibration and fabrication
Equipping and final assembly
Environmental control System
Power-plant and Fuel System
Flight Control System
Hydraulic and Landing Gear System
Seat and Safety System
Electrical and Electronics System
Pylons, drops-tanks, missiles ,brake parachute
Different types of cables were used (it includes 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12,
… , 0, 00 gauge wires) to interconnect all the components in the
aircraft. As the value of gauge increases, area of cross section
decreases, resistance increases and current rating decreases.
Classification based on:
Core:
Single Core
Multi Core
Shielding:
Shielded
Unshielded
2. DC Generating System:
3. Power factor
Power factor of ac equipment under steady state is
approximately equal to unity.
Power factor of ac equipment under full load will be 0.7
Hydraulic systems
The teja’s aircraft is provided with a reliable hydraulic power
system for maximum combat survivability and for operational
readiness. The hydraulic power system consists of two independent
systems namely 1 (RH) and system 2 (LH).In addition to this an
emergency system provides hydraulic power in the event of system
1 and system 2 failure. The hydraulic fuel pipe lines are routed
sufficiently to apart to enhance operational reliability.
System 1 and system 2 simultaneously supply power to primary flight
control system. Two more p0wer sources namely engine driven
pump (EMDP) and electric motor driven pump (EMDP) provide
emergency hydraulic power. The system 2 is coupled with ADP which is
mounted on systems gear box and supplies hydraulic power in pump
failures. The EMDP provides the emergency power when system1 and
system 2 fail.
The hydraulic power system consists of main hydraulic pump (RH
& LH),engine driven pump, electric motor driven pump, boot strap
reservoir(RH & LH), accumulator (RH& LH),accumulator(wheel
brake),high pressure filters ,low pressure filters and case drain
filters.
The different systems operated by hydraulic power are:
Primary flight control actuators of in-board elevons, outboard
elevons and rudder
Two Hydraulic Motor Driven Generators (HMDG 1 and 2)
supply independent electrical power to Flight Control System
(FCS).
Secondary controls namely leading edge stats and airbrakes
Undercarriage system, wheel brake system (Brake
Management System) and nose wheel steering system
Hydraulic Motor Driven Generator (HMDG 5KVA) for
emergency electrical power generation and Hydraulic Motor
Driven Fuel Pump (HMDFP) for emergency fuel supply
Parking brake
Working
When engine of the aircraft is ‘ON', a power Take-Off (PTO) shaft
drives an Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB), which
in turn drives two independent hydraulic pumps. During normal
operation, these pumps deliver hydraulic power to hydraulic
System1 and System 2. The EDP supplies hydraulic power to System 2
when system pressure drops below 260 bars. The Electric Motor
Driven Pump is provided for emergency hydraulic power at a rated
pressure of 210 bars. These pumps are named as Pump 1, Pump 2, Pump
3 and EMDP. Pump1 of System 1 supplies power to ‘Piston end’ of
tandem actuators of elevons, Rudder and to hydraulic Motor Driven
Generator (HMDG-1). The Pump also supplies fluid through an
isolation valve to undercarriage (normal operation), Wheel Brakes
(normal operation) Leading Edge Stats. Nose Wheel Steering.
Hydraulic Motor Driven Generator (HMDG
5KVA) and to Hydraulic Motor Driven Fuel Pump (HMDFP).
POWER-PLANT
The power-plant used in TEJAS is F404-GE-IN20. It is a low bypass ratio
twin spool turbofan engine with after burner. The engine operates on
the basis of Brayton cycle, which is a constant pressure cycle as
combustion takes place at constant pressure in the combustion
chamber. During this period the volume increases with increase in
velocity. The gasses expand in the turbine and exhaust through the
nozzle and produce the thrust. The F404-GE- IN20 engine has six
motor modules and an accessories assembly. The engine has two
rotor systems. The low-pressure system consists of three-stage fan
driven by a single stage low-pressure turbine with maximum rpm of
13270. The high-pressure system consists of seven-stage axial flow
compressor driven by a single stage high-pressure turbine maximum
rpm of 16810. Both the fan and the compressor incorporate a variable
geometry system. The engine has an annular combustion chamber with
18 fuel injectors and the power to drive the accessories is extracted from
the engine by the engine mounted accessory gearbox. The engine is fitted
with after burner and variable exhaust converging-diverging nozzle.
The Engine specifications are as follows.
Bypass ratio = 0.34
Minimum air flow rate = 70.6 kg/s
Overall pressure ratio = 27:1
Dry thrust = 5544 kg at intermediate rated power rpm
Maximum thrust = 8322 kg in after burner mode
Weight = 1059 kg
Length = 3922 mm
Diameter = 883.92 mm