FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

STK 1211 – Practical Analytical Chemistry

EXPERIMENT NO : 1

TITLE OF EXXPERIMENT : ACID-BASE TITRATIONS

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 18 SEPTEMBER 2018

GROUP MEMBERS & : 1. NUR’AIN SHAHLIS BINTI FAUZI SHAH
MATRIC NUMBERS (67256) – LEADER OF INTRODUCTION AND
OBJECTIVE
2. NURHUDA BINTI ASMUNER (65116) –
LEADER OF DISCUSSION
3. STESLIE PETRUS (68333) – LEADER OF
CONCLUSION AND POST-LAB QUESTION
4. NOR AMARAWATI BINTI RAMLEE (66988) –
LEADER OF RESULT AND CALCULATION
5. ZUHAIRAH AFIQAH BINTI DZUL KARNAIN
(68170) – LEADER OF METHOD AND
MATERIAL
LAB FACILITATOR : DR. RAFEAH BINTI WAHI
REPORT DUE DATE : 25 SEPTEMBER 2018
INTRODUCTION

Molarity (M) is a common unit for expressing the concentration of solutions. It is defined as
the number of moles of solutes per liter of solution. By titration, molarity can be calculate based
on the final results of titration. Titration is a technique used in chemistry to measure the
proportions of chemicals in a solution. Basically, titration is especially useful in the analysis of
acidic and basic substance. It can be carried out with any two solutions which react together. The
purpose of titration is the detection of the equivalence point, the point at which chemically
equivalent amounts of the reactants have been mixed. The amount of reactants that have been
mixed at the equivalence point depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction. Titration involves
measuring the exact volume of a solution of a known concentration that is required to react with
measured volume of a solution of unknown concentration or with a weighed sample of unknown
solid. A solution of accurately known concentration is called as a standard solution.(2)

In many cases, it is possible to prepare a standard solution by accurate weighing of the

solute, followed by precise dilution to an exactly known volume in a volumetric flask. Sodium
hydroxide are used in this titration analysis of samples containing an acidic solute. Sodium
hydroxide is naturally an inexpensive, highly soluble and relatively easy to use base, so it is often
used for titration. However, it is far from perfect because solid sodium hydroxide absorb water
from the air, so accurately weighing a sample during the preparation of solution is impossible. A
solution of sodium hydroxide also tends to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide which is weakly
acidic. Due to that situation, sodium hydroxide is used relatively quickly when prepared. (3)

Sodium hydroxide solution is standardize by titrating it with a primary standard and easily
soluble acid which is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) and also unknown vinegar solution.
In fact, we know that vinegar taste sour and it is because vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic
acid. Vinegar used in the experiment for calculate the pH. An indicator is used to detect the ‘end
point’ of the reaction. Indicators are substances whose solution change colour due to changes in
pH. These are called acid-base indicators. They are usually weak acids or bases, but their
conjugate base or conjugate acid forms have differences in their absorption spectra. In this
experiment, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator, which is colourless in acidic solution, but
changes to a pale pink at basic pH. In addition, in acid-base titration, there should be sudden
change in pH and chemical when the reaction is complete. So, the potassium hydrogen phthalate
solution and unknown vinegar solution changes from colourless to pale pink when titration is
complete.(1)

OBJECTIVE

1. To demonstrate the basic laboratory technique of titration.

2. Learn to calculate molarity based on titration.

3. To learn describe the chemical changes that occur during an acid and base titration.

APPARATUS

Burette with stand

Pipette
1-L plastic bottle with stopper
250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks
Retort stand with clamp

REAGENTS

Sodium hydroxide pellets

Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)
Phenolpthalein
Unknown vinegar

PROCEDURE
Part A : Preparation pof the Sodium Hydroxide Solution

1. 1-L volumetric flask and stopper cleaned and rinsed. Flask was labelled “Approx 0.1 M
NaOH”. 500 ml of distilled water was put into the flask.
2. 4.0 g of sodium hydroxide pellets was weighed out and being transferred to the 1-L flask.
The flask was stopper and shook to dissolve the sodium hydroxide.
3. When all the sodium hydroxide pellets dissolved,additional distilled water was added to
the bottle until the mark on the neck of the flask. The mix was stopper and shook
thoroughly.

Part B : Standardization of the Sodium Hydroxide Solution

1. Burette was set up in the burette clamp. Burette was rinsed and filled with the sodium
hyroxide in Part A.
2. Three 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks cleaned with water,and rinsed with distilled water. The
flask was labelled as 1,2 and 3.
3. Bottle of dried KHP removed from the oven. When the KHP was completely cool,three
samples of KHP was weighed between 0.6 and 0.8g,one for each of the Erlenmeyer
flasks. The exact weight of each KHP recorded to the nearest mg (±0.001 g).
4. 100 mL of distilled water was added to the KHP sample. 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
was added to the indicator solution. KHP sample was swirled to dissolve it completely.
5. Initial reading of the NaOH solution was recorded in the burette nearest 0.02 mL.
6. NaOH solution from the solution was added to the sample in the Erlenmeyer flask,flask
was swirled constantly during the addition.
7. When the titration approaching the endpoint,NaOH was added one drop at a time,with
constant swirling,until one single drop of NaOH causes a permanent pale pink colour that
does not fade on swirling. Reading of the burette was recorded to the nearest 0.02 mL.
8. Step 4-7 was repeated with the other 2 KHP samples.
9. Given that molecular mass of KHP is 204.2,the number of moles of KHP in sample 1,2
and 3 was calculated.
10. From the number of moles of KHP presenr in each sample,and from the volume of NaOH
solution used to titrate the sample,molar concentration (M) of NaOH was calculated in
the titrant solution. The reaction between NaOH and KHP is of 1 : 1 stoichiometry.
Part C : Analysis of a Vinegar Solution

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid and can be effectively titrated with NaOH using the
phenolpthalein endpoint.

1. Three Erlenmeyer flasks cleaned,and labelled as samples 1,2 and 3.

2. 5-mL pipette was rinsed with the small portions of the vinegar solution and the rinsings
was discarded.
3. 5 mL of the vinegar solution was pipetted using the pipetter into each of the Erlenmeyer
flasks. 100 mL of distilled water and 2-3 drops of phenolphtalein indicator solution was
added to each flasks.
4. Burette was refilled with the NaOH solution and initial reading of the burette recorded to
the nearest 0.02 mL. Sample 1 of vinegar titrated in the same manner as in the
standardization until one drop of NaOH causes the appearance of the pink colour.
5. Final reading of the burette was recorded to the nearest 0.02 mL.
6. Titration was repeated for other two vinegar samples.
7. Based on the volume of the vinegar sample taken,and on the volume and average
concentration of NaOH titrant used,the molar concentration of the vinegar solution
calculated.
8. Given that the formula mass of acetic acid is 60.0,and the density of the vinegar solution
is 1.01 g/mL,the percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution was calculated.

Result and calculation:

Part A: Dilution of Sodium Hydroxide

Mass of NaOH used = 2.005 g

Molar mass of NaOH = 39.997 g/mol

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Number of mole of NaOH = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

2.005 𝑔
= 39.997 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.050 mol

Part B: Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide solution

Particulars Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Mass of KHP taken 0.601 0.710 0.810
(g)
Final burette reading 30.00 41.20 42.00
(ml)
Initial burette reading 0.50 0.50 0.50
(ml)
Volume of NaOH 29.50 40.70 41.50
used (ml)
Molarity of NaOH 0.0983 0.0860 0.0963
solution (M)
Average molarity of 0.0935 0.0935 0.0935
NaOH solution (M)

Number of mole of KHP:

Molar mass of KHP = 204.2 gmol-1

1 mol of NaOH ≡ 1 mol of KHP

Trial 1:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃
Nu. of mole of KHP = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃
 0.601 𝑔
= 204.2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.0029 gmol-1

Molarity of NaOH:

𝑀𝑉
Nu. of mol of NaOH = 1000

𝑀 (29.50 )
0.0029 mol = 1000

M = 0.0983 mol

Trial 2:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃
Nu. of mole of KHP = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃

0.710 𝑔
= 204.2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.0035 gmol-1

Molarity of NaOH:

𝑀𝑉
Nu. of mol of NaOH = 1000

𝑀 (40.70)
0.0035 mol = 1000

M = 0.0860 mol

Trial 3:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃
Nu. of mole of KHP = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃

0.810𝑔
= 204.2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.0040 gmol-1

Molarity of NaOH:
 𝑀𝑉
Nu. of mol of NaOH = 1000

𝑀 (41.50 )
0.0040 mol =
1000

M = 0.0963 mol

Part C : Analysis of a vinegar solution

Particulars Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Volume of vinegar 5.0 5.0 5.0
used (ml)
Final burette 34.50 43.80 43.64
reading (ml)
Initial burette 0.00 0.00 0.00
reading (ml)
Volume of NaOH 34.50 43.80 43.64
used (ml)
Molarity of NaOH 0.092 0.092 0.092
(M)
Molarity of vinegar 0.6348 0.8059 0.0803
solution (M)
% Mass of Acetic 3.77 4.79 4.77
acid in vinegar
Average molarity of 0.507
vinegar solution (M)
Average % mass of 4.44
Acetic acid in
vinegar

Molar mass of Acetic acid: 60.0 g/mol

Density of vinegar: 1.01 g/mol

Mass of vinegar = 1.01 gmL-1 × 100 Ml

= 101 g

Trial 1:

Nu. Of mol of NaOH = volume of NaOH × molarity of NaOH

= 0.03450 L × 0.092 mol L-1

= 0.003174 mol

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

1 mol of CH3COOH ≡ 1 mol of NaOH

Nu. Of mole of CH3COOH = 0.003174 mol

𝑛𝑢.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 CH3COOH

Molarity of CH3COOH = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

0.003174 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.005 𝐿

= 0.6348 mol L-1

Nu. Of mole of CH3COOH = 0.6348 mol L-1 × 0.1 L

= 0.0634 mol

Mass of Acetic acid in vinegar = nu. Of mole of acetic acid × molar mass of acetic acid

= 0.06348 mol × 60.0 gmol-1

= 3.81 g

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

% mass of acetic acid in vinegar = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 × 100
 3.81 𝑔
= × 100
101 𝑔

= 3.77 %

Trial 2:

Nu. Of mol of NaOH = volume of NaOH × molarity of NaOH

= 0.04380 L × 0.092mol L-1

= 0.00403 mol

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

1 mol of CH3COOH ≡ 1 mol of NaOH

Nu. Of mole of CH3COOH = 0.00403 mol

𝑛𝑢.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 CH3COOH

Molarity of CH3COOH = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

0.00403𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.005 𝐿

= 0.8059 mol L-1

Nu. Of mole of CH3COOH =0.8059 mol L-1 × 0.1 L

= 0.08059 mol

Mass of Acetic acid in vinegar = nu. Of mole of acetic acid × molar mass of acetic acid

= 0.08059mol × 60.0 gmol-1

= 4.84g

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

% mass of acetic acid in vinegar = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 × 100

4.84 𝑔
= × 100
101 𝑔

= 4.79 %
Trial 3:
Nu. Of mol of NaOH = volume of NaOH × molarity of NaOH

= 0.04364 L × 0.092mol L-1

= 0.00401 mol

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

1 mol of CH3COOH ≡ 1 mol of NaOH

Nu. Of mole of CH3COOH = 0.00401 mol

𝑛𝑢.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 CH3COOH

Molarity of CH3COOH = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

0.00401𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.005 𝐿

= 0.8030 mol L-1

Nu. Of mole of CH3COOH =0.8030 mol L-1 × 0.1 L

= 0.08030 mol

Mass of Acetic acid in vinegar = nu. Of mole of acetic acid × molar mass of acetic acid

= 0.08030mol × 60.0 gmol-1

= 4.82g
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
% mass of acetic acid in vinegar = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 × 100

4.82 𝑔
= × 100
101 𝑔

= 4.77 %

𝟎.𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟖+𝟎.𝟖𝟎𝟓𝟗+𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟎
Average molarity of vinegar solution = 𝟑

= 0.507 M

𝟑.𝟕𝟕%+𝟒.𝟕𝟗%+𝟒.𝟕𝟕%
Average of % mass of Acetic acid in vinegar = 𝟑

= 4.44
DISCUSSION

From the experiment performed, we know that titration is the technique to determine the
concentration of a solution of unknown molarity or the number of moles of a substance in a
given sample. A chemical reaction is used for this purpose and the reaction must be fast. The
complete reaction will be determined using the end point. This experiment required the reaction
between acids and bases. In this experiment, the substance that used is weak acids. For instance,
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate or known as KHP and Acetic acid contained in vinegar. While for
the bases, Sodium Hydroxide solution was prepared as strong bases. Given that, the
concentration of the base is approximately 0.1M. Other than that, an indicator is used as signal to
determine the complete reaction and the titration processes must be stopped quickly. The suitable
indicator that used in this experiment is phenolphthalein which is colourless in acidic solutions
but turn to a pink form at basic pH. For this experiment, the solution turn from the colourless to
pale pink because the titrant used is base and acid as solution in the Erlenmeyer flask.

Firstly in part A, Sodium hydroxide pellets was used to prepare the Sodium hydroxide
solution which known as standard solution. An approximately 2g sodium hydroxide pellet was
weighted. About 500mL of distilled water was measured to dissolve the Sodium Hydroxide.
When all sodium hydroxide pellets have dissolved in volumetric flask, the additional distilled
water was added until the mark on the neck of the flask. It should be done carefully so the
volume will not excess. The standard solution is a solution containing an accurately known
concentration. It is important to prepare the standard solution because it will be used to
determine the concentrations of other substances in this experiment.

For Part B, the standardization of the Sodium Hydroxide solution begins with preparation
of three Erlenmeyer flasks labelled as 1, 2 and 3. The samples of KHP was weighted about
0.601g, 0.710g and 0.810g for each flasks. About 100mL of distilled water and 3 drops of
phenolphthalein was added into each flasks and swirled to dissolve the KHP completely. The
dilution process occurs. In this part, KHP is an acidic salt compound and known as primary
standard acidic substance. Next, the burette was setup and filled with Sodium Hydroxide
solution. The initial burette reading for first trial was recorded as 0.50mL. The titrant was added
into the sample in Erlenmeyer flask and constantly swirled during addition. The Sodium
Hydroxide was added one drop at a time when the titration approaching the endpoint. The
titration was stopped when a permanent pale pink colour did not fade on swirling. The final
burette reading was recorded as 30.00mL. The volume of Sodium Hydroxide solution used to
titrate was calculated as 29.50mL for first trial. From here, we can calculate the molarity of
Sodium Hydroxide solution used by using the number of moles KHP which are 0.0029mol,
0.0034mol and 0.0039mol for each samples. The molarity of Sodium Hydroxide solution used
for first trial calculated is 0.0983M. The experiment was repeated with second and third trial.
The initial burette reading was fixed as 0.50mL for each trial. The final burette reading for
second and third trials was 41.20mL and 42.00mL. Hence, the volume of Sodium Hydroxide
solution used for second and third trial was 40.70mL and 41.50mL. Each molarity for second and
third trial calculated was 0.0860M and 0.0963M. The average molarity of Sodium Hydroxide
solution was 0.0935M.

For Part C, a vinegar solution contains an acetic acid was used to be titrated with Sodium
Hydroxide solution using the phenolphthalein endpoint. In this part also involved a chemical
reaction called neutralization process where acid and base react together. Acetic acid in vinegar
is a weak acid while Sodium Hydroxide solution is strong bases. Same with part B, three
Erlenmeyer flasks was prepared and labelled 1,2 and 3. About 5.00mL volume of the vinegar
solution was pipetted and discarded into each flask. 100mL distilled water followed by 3 drops
of phenolphthalein was added into each flask. The titration process begins with the first
Erlenmeyer flask with initial burette reading fixed 0.00mL. When the appearance of pink colour
occurs, the titration continued until the permanent pale pink colour did not fade on swirling. The
final burette reading was recorded as 34.50mL for first trial. From here, we know that the
volume of Sodium Hydroxide solution used is 34.50mL. The titration was repeated with another
two flasks and the final burette reading is 43.80mL and 43.64mL for second and third trial.
Using volume of vinegar sample taken, and on the volume and average concentration of Sodium
Hydroxide solution used, the molar concentration of the vinegar solution can be calculated. The
molarity of the vinegar solution calculated for first, second and third trials are 0.6348M,
0.8059M and 0.0803M. The average molarity of vinegar solution is 0.507M. Next, the formula
mass of acetic acid given is 60.0g/mol and the density of the vinegar solution is 1.01g/mL. From
here, the mass of vinegar is 101g. The number of moles of vinegar solution are 0.003174 mol,
0.00403 mol and 0.00401 mol. The percentage mass of acetic acid in vinegar for first, second
and third trial are 3.77%, 4.79% and 4.77%. Therefore, the average percentage mass of acetic
acid in vinegar is 4.44%.

In this experiment, there are a lot of precautions that must be applied to avoid any
mistake that can cause an error in measurement. Firstly, if there are bubbles present in the nozzle
of the burette, it must be removed first before taking the initial reading. Second, before using the
burette, fill it with distilled water to make sure there are no leakage and the nozzle function as
well. Next, always read the lower meniscus in case of colourless solution and upper meniscus in
case of coloured solution. The most important thing, keep the eyes in level with the liquid
surface while taking the burette reading or etc. Lastly, shaking the titration flask should be
continuous during adding the solution from the burette to make sure the complete reaction.
CONCLUSION

From this experiment the objectives is to determine the molarity of the sodium hydroxide
and the molarity and the percentage by mass of the acetic acid in vinegar. To do this, it is found
that the suitable method used throughout the experiment is the titration process. As we know
titration works best to find the concentration of an unknown substance within a solution.

Experimentally, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide in part B for trial 1 is 3.33M, for
trial 2 the result is 13.16M and for trial 3 is 16.67M .There is a gap between the molarity of trial
1 , 2 and 3 because of the different volume of NAOH solution being used. For the second part of
the experiment, the molarity of the vinegar solution used for trial 1 is 0.6348M, 0.8059M for trial
2 and 0.0803M. It shows that the molarity of the vinegar solution are almost the same in each
trial lead to the average of the molarity of vinegar solution as 0.507M.The average percentage
mass of acetic in vinegar have been determined which is 4.44%.

Based on the experiment of acid base and titration, the first thing that student should
know is that when experimenting, knows that all the apparatus are being set up correctly and
make sure to follow all the instruction given correctly. When its times for titration, always make
sure that the indicator is used because if not, when conducting the experiment, there will be no
reaction involve like there is no change in colour in the conical flask containing the acid and
base.

It is very important for the student to know that when adding the indicator which is the
phenolphthalein into the conical flask, student must ensure that the number of drops of the
chemical reaction in each conical flask have to be the same as it will affect the result of the
experiment and make sure to swirl properly before the titration of the solution and during the
titration.

In this experiment, there have been same weakness and limitation detected. First of all as
we all know, this experiment is only restricted to an acid and base titration. So, we cannot use a
precipitate on this experiment to get more accurate result. On the other hand, while handling this
experiment we have to find the equivalent point or the endpoint by ourselves as there is no
materials to do that so this has affect the result of the experiment. Moreover, student tend to
forget to refill the burette after each titration to avoid running out of the base in the middle of the
titration In this case particular trial will have to be done again. Avoid leaving the funnel on the
tip of the burette while titrating as this could increase the initial volume of the base making the
result inaccurate.

POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Give the definition of indicators.

Indicators are substances whose solutions change colour due to change in pH.

2. Suppose a NaOH solution were to be standardized against pure solid primary

standard grade KHP. If 0.4538 g of KHP requires 44.12 mL of the NaOH to reach a
phenolpthalein endpoint,what is the molarity of the NaOH solution?
0.4538
Nu. Of mole NaOH = 204.22

= 0.0022 mol
0.0022
Molarity NaOH = 0.04412

= 0.05 mol

3. Commercial vinegar is generally 5.0 ± 0.5% acetic acid by weight. Assuming this to
be the true value for your sample,by how much were you in error in your analysis?

𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% error = × 100
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

5.0−4.44
= × 100
5.0

= 11.2%
REFERENCES

 (1) Steven S.Zumdahi(1995) Chemical Principles,Second Edition,D.C. Health and

Company,Canada,209.
 (2) Karen C.Timberlake(1992) Chemistry – An Introduction to General Organic and
Biological Chemistry,Fifth Edition,Harper Collins Publisher Inc,10 East 53 rd Street,New
York,332.
 (3) https://www.quara.com/why-do-we-standardize-NaOH