Lighting

Not to be confused with Lightning.

“Artificial light” redirects here. For the song, see
Artificial Light (song).
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light

Illuminated Cherry blossoms, light from the shop windows, and

Japanese lantern at night in Ise, Mie, Japan

Low-intensity lighting and haze in a concert hall allows laser ef-

fects to be visible

Composite image of the Earth at night

also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.

1 History
Daylight used at the train station Gare de l'Est Paris With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artifi-
cial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or
to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting in- torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in
cludes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primi-
and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by cap- tive lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were
turing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks,
or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had
of light during daytime in buildings. This can save en- a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable
ergy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked
a major component of energy consumption in buildings. stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-
Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily ani-
the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological mals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being
effects on occupants. threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as light-
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fix- ing sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were
tures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also invented.[1] Chandeliers were an early form of "light

1
2 2 FIXTURES

fixture". 2.1 Types

Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with
See also: List of types of lighting
the discovery of whale oil and kerosene.[2] Gas lighting
Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent,
was economical enough to power street lights in major
cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in
some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy
people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility
lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in
price came about with the incandescent light bulb pow-
ered by electricity.[2]
Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in devel-
oped countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared,
improved nighttime lighting made more activities possi-
ble at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.

A demonstration of the effects of different kinds of lighting

or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of

the light produced by the fixture.

2 Fixtures • Task lighting is mainly functional and is usually the

most concentrated, for purposes such as reading or
inspection of materials. For example, reading poor-
Main article: Light fixture quality reproductions may require task lighting lev-
els up to 1500 lux (150 footcandles), and some in-
spection tasks or surgical procedures require even
Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for var-
higher levels.
ious functions. The most important functions are as a
holder for the light source, to provide directed light and • Accent lighting is mainly decorative, intended to
to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, highlight pictures, plants, or other elements of
while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any interior design or landscaping.
material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess
heat and is in keeping with safety codes. • General lighting (sometimes referred to as ambient
light) fills in between the two and is intended for gen-
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous
eral illumination of an area. Indoors, this would be
efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of
a basic lamp on a table or floor, or a fixture on the
usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy,
ceiling. Outdoors, general lighting for a parking lot
usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using re-
may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2 footcandles) since
placeable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted
pedestrians and motorists already used to the dark
as the percentage of light passed from the “bulb” to the
will need little light for crossing the area.
surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture
is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally
decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the 2.2 Methods
visual comfort probability.
Color temperature for white light sources also affects • Downlighting is most common, with fixtures on or
their use for certain applications. The color temperature recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. This
of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a tends to be the most used method, used in both of-
theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches fices and homes. Although it is easy to design it
the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy
bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; consumption due to large number of fittings.[3] The
daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature introduction of LED lighting has greatly improved
lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red this by approx. 90% when compared to a halogen
part of the visible spectrum, while high color tempera- downlight or spotlight. LED lamps or bulbs are now
tures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white ap- available to retro fit in place of high energy con-
pearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, sumption lamps.
or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color tem-
perature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall • Uplighting is less common, often used to bounce in-
lighting effect. direct light off the ceiling and back down. It is com-
2.3 Forms of lighting 3

monly used in lighting applications that require min- fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World’s
imal glare and uniform general illuminance levels. Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and
Uplighting (indirect) uses a diffuse surface to reflect recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of back-
light in a space and can minimize disabling glare on lighting.
computer displays and other dark glossy surfaces. It Soffit or close to wall lighting can be general or a decora-
gives a more uniform presentation of the light out- tive wall-wash, sometimes used to bring out texture (like
put in operation. However indirect lighting is com- stucco or plaster) on a wall, though this may also show its
pletely reliant upon the reflectance value of the sur- defects as well. The effect depends heavily on the exact
face. While indirect lighting can create a diffused
type of lighting source used.
and shadow free light effect it can be regarded as an
uneconomical lighting principle.[4][5] Recessed lighting (often called “pot lights” in Canada,
“can lights” or 'high hats” in the US) is popular, with
• Front lighting is also quite common, but tends to fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to ap-
make the subject look flat as its casts almost no pear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam
visible shadows. Lighting from the side is the less spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are
common, as it tends to produce glare near eye level. bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also down-
Backlighting either around or through an object is lights with internal reflectors designed to accept common
mainly for accent. 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than
reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluores-
cent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED.
Track lighting, invented by Lightolier,[6] was popular at
one period of time because it was much easier to in-
stall than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are
decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has re-
gained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks,
which often look nothing like their predecessors because
they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems
have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental
in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fix-
tures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of
each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage trans-
former. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as
other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this
is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to
Wall-mounted light with shadows bare metal cables under tension.
A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that
shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an
2.3 Forms of lighting uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor
lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.
2.3.1 Indoor lighting
The portable or table lamp is probably the most common
fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard
lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting,
while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier
lamps are also task lighting.
The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s
and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses
diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluo-
rescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other
forms include neon, which is not usually intended to il-
luminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in
itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting,
though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general
lighting.
LED Lighting furniture by Manfred Kielnhofer In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked
with a row of small lights for convenience and safety,
Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most when the film has started and the other lights are off.
other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with
4 4 LAMPS

Animated fountain in Moscow's Square of Europe, lit at night. Floodlights are used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work
zones during nighttime.

Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage

lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly be- fountains, swimming pools and the like.
ing replaced with LED based versions.

2.3.2 Outdoor lighting

3 Vehicle use
Main article: Automotive lighting

Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights.

Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in
the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the up-
coming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many
manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-
efficient alternative to traditional headlamps.[11] Tail and
brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to re-
veal the vehicle’s direction of travel to following drivers.
White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the ve-
hicle’s transmission has been placed in the reverse gear,
warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving back-
High mast lighting along Highway 401 in Ontario, Canada. wards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the
front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended
Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some
night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and pho- automakers began to use electroluminescent technology
tovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alter- to backlight their cars’ speedometers and other gauges or
native to traditional street light fixtures.[7][8][9] to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.
Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing
fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most
common type of floodlights are metal halide and high 4 Lamps
pressure sodium lights.
Beacon lights are positioned at the intersection of two Main article: Lamp (electrical component)
roads to aid in navigation.
Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways Commonly called 'light bulbs’, lamps are the removable
in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts
These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Se- electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While
curity lights may include floodlights. lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed pri-
marily in terms of their power consumption, expressed
Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the
the entrance to a property.[10] These lights are installed incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspon-
for safety, security, and for decoration. dence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For
Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about
5.2 Photometric studies 5

the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent

lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy
in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible
light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit
only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisi-
ble infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces
on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent
lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact
fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual
output varies by specific design.[12] Rating and market-
ing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards
lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable
basis upon which to select a lamp.
Lamp types include:

• Ballast: A ballast is an auxiliary piece of equipment

designed to start and properly control the flow of
power to discharge light sources such as fluorescent
and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Some
lamps require the ballast to have thermal protection.
• fluorescent light: A tube coated with phosphor con-
taining low pressure mercury vapor that produces
white light. Lighting without windows: The Pantheon in the 18th century,
painted by Giovanni Paolo Panini.[16]
• Halogen: Incandescent lamps containing halogen
gases such as iodine or bromine, increasing the effi-
cacy of the lamp versus a plain incandescent lamp. which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake com-
plex calculations to review the benefit of a particular de-
• Neon: A low pressure gas contained within a glass
sign.
tube; the color emitted depends on the gas.
In some design instances, materials used on walls and fur-
• Light emitting diodes: Light emitting diodes (LED) niture play a key role in the lighting effect. Dark paint
are solid state devices that emit light by dint of tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller
the movement of electrons in a semiconductor and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the op-
material.[13] posite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have
• Compact fluorescent lamps: CFLs are designed an effect on lighting design. Surfaces or floors that are
[5][17]
to replace incandescent lamps in existing and new too reflective create unwanted glare.
installations.[14][15]
5.2 Photometric studies
5 Design and architecture Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as “lay-
outs” or “point by points”) are often used to simulate
5.1 Architectural lighting design lighting designs for projects before they are built or reno-
vated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and en-
Main article: Architectural lighting design gineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup
Lighting design as it applies to the built environment, will deliver the amount of light intended. They will
also known as 'architectural lighting design', is both a also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light
science and an art. Lighting of structures must con- and dark areas. In many cases these studies are refer-
sider aesthetic elements as well as practical considera- enced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting
tions of quantity of light required, occupants of the struc- practices for the type of application. Depending on the
ture, energy efficiency and cost. The amount of daylight type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized
received in an internal space can be analized by under- for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uni-
taking a Daylight factor calculation. For simple instal- form light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain
lations, hand-calculations based on tabular data can be areas). Specialized software is often used to create these,
used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More crit- which typically combine the use of two-dimensional dig-
ical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical ital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e.
modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance AGi32or Dialux).
6 7 MEASUREMENT

6 On stage and set live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is se-
lected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage
Main article: Stage lighting lighting uses general illumination technology in de-
Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a vices configured for easy adjustment of their output
characteristics.[18] The setup of stage lighting is tailored
for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored
filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed
lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are
among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to pro-
duce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are pre-
pared so that the lighting operator can control the lights
in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting
systems use computer control of lighting instruments.
Motion picture and television production use many of
the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially
in the early days of these industries, very high light lev-
els were required and heat produced by lighting equip-
ment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras
Lighting and shadows
require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.

7 Measurement
Main article: Photometry (optics)

Measurement of light or photometry is generally con-

cerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface
and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other
source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this
light. The human eye responds differently to light from
different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photo-
metric measurements must take the luminosity function
into account when measuring the amount of useful light.
The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd),
which describes the luminous intensity, all other photo-
metric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for
instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity
in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that
Moving heads in a photo studio set. passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and
falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance
is candela per square metre (cd/m2 ). The CGS unit of
luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per
square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2 . The amount of useful
light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is mea-
sured in lumen (lm).
The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, be-
ing the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It
is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as
perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes
through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric
unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each
wavelength weighted according to the luminosity func-
tion, a standardized model of human visual brightness
perception. In English, “lux” is used in both singular and
Illuminating subject from beneath to achieve a heightened dra- plural.[19]
matic effect. Several measurement methods have been developed to
 7

control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The 8 Energy consumption
Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Prob-
ability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the Several strategies are available to minimize energy re-
most well-known methods of measurement. In addition quirements for lighting a building:
to these new methods, four main factors influence the
degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare
• Specification of illumination requirements for each
source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background
given use area.
luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field
[4][20]
of view must all be taken into account. • Analysis of lighting quality to ensure that adverse
components of lighting (for example, glare or incor-
rect color spectrum) are not biasing the design.
7.1 Color properties • Integration of space planning and interior architec-
ture (including choice of interior surfaces and room
To define light source color properties, the lighting indus- geometries) to lighting design.
try predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color
temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of • Design of time of day use that does not expend un-
the apparent “warmth” or “coolness” of the light emitted necessary energy.
by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indica-
• Selection of fixture and lamp types that reflect best
tion of the light source’s ability to make objects appear
available technology for energy conservation.
natural.
However, these two metrics, developed in the last cen- • Training of building occupants to use lighting equip-
tury, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as new ment in most efficient manner.
types of light sources, particularly light emitting diodes
• Maintenance of lighting systems to minimize energy
(LEDs), become more prevalent in the market.
wastage.
For example, in order to meet the expectations for good
color rendering in retail applications, research[21] suggests • Use of natural light
using the well-established CRI along with another met-
• Some big box stores were being built from
ric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the
2006 on with numerous plastic bubble sky-
relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light
lights, in many cases completely obviating the
source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent satu-
need for interior artificial lighting for many
ration or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light
hours of the day.
sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally
preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high • In countries where indoor lighting of simple
GAI.[22] dwellings is a significant cost, "Moser lamps",
plastic water-filled transparent drink bottles
fitted through the roof, provide the equivalent
of a 40- to 60-watt incandescent bulb each dur-
7.2 Light exposure ing daylight.[25]

• Load shedding can help reduce the power requested

Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter.
by individuals to the main power supply. Load shed-
Dosimeters measure an individual’s or an object’s ex-
ding can be done on an individual level, at a building
posure to something in the environment, such as light
level, or even at a regional level.
dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.
In order to specifically measure the amount of light en- Specification of illumination requirements is the basic
tering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the concept of deciding how much illumination is required
Daysimeter has been developed.[23] This is the first de- for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to
vice created to accurately measure and characterize light illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word
(intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy
eye that affects the human body’s clock. expended is proportional to the design illumination level.
The small, head-mounted device measures an individual’s For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be cho-
daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to sen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and
short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian sys- conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected
tem. The device measures activity and light together at for building hallways.[26][27][28][29][30] If the hallway stan-
regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its dard simply emulates the conference room needs, then
operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Un-
for up to 30 days for analysis.[24] fortunately, most of the lighting standards even today
8 9 HEALTH EFFECTS

have been specified by industrial groups who manufac- 8.2 Daylighting

ture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias
exists in designing most building lighting, especially for Main article: Daylighting
office and industrial settings.
Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Day-
lighting is simply designing a space to use as much natu-
8.1 Lighting control systems ral light as possible. This decreases energy consumption
and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the
building. Daylighting has also been proven to have pos-
Main article: Lighting control system
itive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and
school performance. Due to a lack of information that in-
Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by dicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are
helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. not yet popular among most buildings.[3][36]
Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of
time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell con-
trol (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support 9 Health effects
demand response and will automatically dim or turn off
lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting
control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger Main articles: Full-spectrum light, Over-illumination
building automation systems. and Light effects on circadian rhythm

Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open

It is valuable to provide the correct light intensity and
standards (such as ZigBee),[31] which provides benefits
including easier installation (no need to run control wires) color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise,
and interoperability with other standards-based building energy not only could be wasted but over-illumination can
control systems (e.g. security).[32] lead to adverse health and psychological effects.

In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvest- Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is impor-
ing systems have been developed to further reduce energy tant not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health
consumption. These technologies are helpful, but they effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased
do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels.
switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker
during unstable weather conditions or when daylight lev- efficiency.[37]
els are changing around the switching illuminance. Not Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of
only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if arti-
life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential ficial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on
switching or dead-band' photoelectric control which has natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favor-
multiple illuminances it switches from so as not to disturb ably impact human health and performance. New studies
occupants as much.[3][33] have shown that the performance of students is influenced
Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever by the time and duration of daylight in their regular sched-
someone is within the area being scanned can control ules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right
lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the types of light at the right time of day for the right du-
lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes ration may improve student performance and well-being.
in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the
The control must have an unobstructed view of the build- right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for
ing area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer’s
will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a
The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sen- 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natu-
sors are open spaces with a clear view of the area be- ral light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted,
ing scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian dis-
range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for ruption may lead to numerous health problems including
the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep
by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic phase syndrome, and other ailments.[38][39]
sensors can see around obstructions and are best for ar- A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by
eas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to
requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study con-
utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, cluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows al-
but are usually more expensive. They can be used to con- lowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hos-
trol one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.[34][35] pital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments
10.1 Light pollution 9

in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than many organizations have undertaken measures to encour-
23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows fac- age the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and lo-
ing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the cal governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them
nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand.
healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little
For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and
light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent
performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a house-
crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and over- hold or business to become more energy efficient is to
all health.[36][40] adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by
Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent
lamps CFL’s need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full
University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
of Northwestern University conducted a series of stud- brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL’s
because not all of them are suitable for dimming.
ies analyzing the correlation between lighting and hu-
man emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate LED lamps
a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken- LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best
wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, environmental lighting method.[46] According to the En-
how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific ergy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power com-
words, and the taste of two juices–all under different pared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact
lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen
positive and negative human emotions are felt more in- lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to
tensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, “we found 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which
that on sunny days depression-prone people actually be- is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.
come more depressed.” They also found that dim light
makes people make more rational decisions and settle ne-
gotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly sup-
pressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright 10.1 Light pollution
light.[41][42][43][44]
Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to ex-
cess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and
buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving
10 Environmental issues unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions.
Light pollution is described as artificial light that is ex-
Kerosene and whale-oil lamps cessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed
lighting sends light only where it is needed without scat-
In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, de- tering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also
vised a method where kerosene could be distilled from compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety
petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows,
lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Ges- temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable
ner’s kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be to would-be assailants.[47][48]
burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offen-
sive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored in-
definitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil.
The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By 11 Military use
the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants op-
erating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of
fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. the battlefield conditions.[49] Shadows are good places to
Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial suc- hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often ben-
cess of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distil- eficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind
leries which would later become Standard Oil, thus com- you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and par-
pletely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps.[45] These tially hiding your own movements in backlight. If nat-
types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide ural light is not present searchlights and flares can be
and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for used. However the use of light may disclose your own
asthmatic people. hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased
Compact fluorescent lamps use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras
Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs’) use less power and image intensifiers.
to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions,
lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons
hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, have eliminated this need for the most part.
10 13 SEE ALSO

12 Professional organizations 12.2 National

• Association de Concepteurs Eclairage (ACE) in
12.1 International France.
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is • Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) in United
an international authority and standard defining organi- States.
zation on color and lighting. Publishing widely used stan-
dard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the • American Lighting Association (ALA) in United
color rendering index. States.
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America • Associazione Professionisti dell'Illuminazione
(IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI (APIL) in Italy.
and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and hand-
books that allow categorization of the illumination needs • Hellenic Illumination Committee (HIC) in Greece.
of different built environments. Manufacturers of light- • Indian Society of Lighting Engineers (ISLE)
ing equipment publish photometric data for their prod-
ucts, which defines the distribution of light released by • Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) in United
a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in Kingdom.
standardized form defined by the IESNA.
• Schweizerische Licht Gesellschaft (SLG) in
The International Association of Lighting Designers Switzerland.
(IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advance-
ment of lighting design education and the recognition of • Society of Light and Lighting (SLL), part of the
independent professional lighting designers. Those fully Chartered Institution of Building Services Engi-
independent designers who meet the requirements for neers in United Kingdom.
professional membership in the association typically ap-
pend the abbreviation IALD to their name. • United Scenic Artists Local 829 (USA829), mem-
bership for Lighting Designers as a category, with
The Professional Lighting Designers Association Scenic Designers, Projection Designers, Costume
(PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation Designers, and Sound Designers, in the United
focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architec- States
tural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter
and organise different events throughout the world.
The National Council on Qualifications for the Light- 13 See also
ing Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certifica-
tion Examination which tests rudimentary lighting de- • 3D computer graphics
sign principles. Individuals who pass this exam become
‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC • Anglepoise lamp, successful and innovative desk
to their name. This certification process is one of three lamp design
national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and
CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to • Automotive lighting
designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, elec- • Banning of incandescent light bulbs
tric utility employees, etc.
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association • Bug zapper
(PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing • Candlepower
the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from
the technical services sector. Its members include man- • Domotics, computer controlled home lighting
ufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment
lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, • Fishing light attractor, underwater lights to attract
and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for fish
and represent the interests of the industry at various lev- • Light fixture
els, interacting with government and regulating bodies
and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. • Light in school buildings
Example subjects of this representation include the on-
going review of radio frequencies (which may or may not • Light pollution
affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and • Lighting designer
other devices use) and engaging with the issues surround-
ing the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Haz- • Lighting control systems, for a buildings or resi-
ardous Substances Directive) regulations. dences
 11

• Lighting for the elderly [6] Bernstein (2006). The New York Times Practical Guide
to Practically Everything: The Essential Companion for
• List of Lighting Design Software Everyday Life. St. Martin’s Press. p. 424. ISBN
031235388X.
• Luminous efficacy
[7] Field Test DELTA: Post-Top Photovoltaic Pathway
• Over-illumination Luminaire. Iss. 4. Lighting Research Center.
Online at: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/DELTA/
• Seasonal affective disorder pdf/DELTA-Post-topPhotovoltaic.pdf [last accessed 13
April 2010]
• Sustainable lighting
[8] Field Test DELTA Snapshot: LED Street Lighting.
• Three-point lighting, technique used in both still Iss. 4. Lighting Research Center. Found on-
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FTDelta_LEDStreetLighting.pdf [last accessed 13 April
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[9] NLPIP Lighting Answers: Photovoltaic Lighting.

Volume 9, Issue 3. Lighting Research Center. Found
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cent lamp
[10] DELTA Snapshot: Outdoor Entry Lighting. Issue
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with high-resistance filament Spectral Effects of LED Forward Lighting. TLA
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13.2 Lists
[12] Roger Fouquet, Heat, power and light: revolutions in en-
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[14] Khan N, Abas N. Comparative study of energy saving light

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16 External links
• Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
official website
• ENLIGHTER.ORG online Lighting Design maga-
zine
• IESNA Advanced Lighting Guidelines

• Lighting Research Center @ Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute

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well (Home Energy magazine online)

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peered reviewed journal

• Society of Light and Lighting

14 17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

17 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

17.1 Text
• Lighting Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting?oldid=686513530 Contributors: Ghakko, Heron, Edward, Patrick, Michael
Hardy, JakeVortex, Ixfd64, Ahoerstemeier, Mac, Glenn, Fuzheado, Radiojon, Furrykef, Jimbreed, SEWilco, Headlessness, Stormie,
Jerzy, Lumos3, Pigsonthewing, Chocolateboy, Rfc1394, Diderot, JesseW, Dina, Giftlite, DavidCary, Mintleaf~enwiki, BenFrantzDale,
Lupin, Orangemike, Solipsist, Just Another Dan, Bobblewik, Gadfium, Beland, MarkSweep, Karol Langner, Krupo, Icairns, Sam Ho-
cevar, Jcw69, Rich Farmbrough, Rama, Izogi, Pavel Vozenilek, Jvraba, Nabla, Bobo192, Longhair, Fir0002, Syd1435, Mdd, Mroach,
Jumbuck, M5, Alansohn, Astragal, Richard Harvey, Free Bear, L1ghtman, Atlant, Craigy144, Ashley Pomeroy, Bart133, Skimaxpower,
Wtshymanski, Versageek, TVBZ28, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Kelly Martin, Firsfron, Mindmatrix, Guy M, Pol098, AshishG,
SDC, MarcoTolo, Mandarax, Graham87, BD2412, Edison, Rjwilmsi, Lugnad, Vegaswikian, SvaBob, Michaelbluejay, Latka, Margos-
bot~enwiki, Gary Cziko, Seinfreak37, Lmatt, GreyCat, Srleffler, DVdm, Gdrbot, Adoniscik, YurikBot, Wavelength, Oliviosu~enwiki,
RobotE, Ericyu, Canageek, Wimt, David R. Ingham, NawlinWiki, A314268, Grafen, Welsh, Danyoung, Brian Crawford, Ajgarlikov,
Occono, Rwalker, Saric, Scheinwerfermann, Emijrp, Zzuuzz, Fernis27, GraemeL, David Biddulph, KJBracey, Heavyrain2408, Veinor,
KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Marc Lacoste, Ted Ake, Thorseth, The Photon, David G Brault, Edgar181, Pzavon, Skizzik, Chris the
speller, Pietaster, EncMstr, SchfiftyThree, Onceler, Kotra, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Typofixer76, Snowmanradio, JonHarder, Edwtie,
Polonium, DMacks, Acdx, Dogears, Harryboyles, Anlace, Soap, Kuru, Tony Corsini, 041744, Ckatz, Childzy, Dicklyon, Peter Horn,
Sifaka, Hu12, Dbruning, Wjejskenewr, Rnb, Domitori, Iansanderson, Esn, JayHenry, Tawkerbot2, Cryptic C62, Covalent, CRGreathouse,
CmdrObot, Millbrooky, Harej bot, ShelfSkewed, Casper2k3, CMG, Slazenger, Lekogm, Gogo Dodo, Denghu, DrSculerati, Thijs!bot,
TonyTheTiger, N5iln, Nadav1, Nick Number, Dawnseeker2000, Seaphoto, Wayiran, RuED~enwiki, MER-C, Ccrrccrr, SiobhanHansa,
Freshacconci, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JWGreen, Remodeling101, SHCarter, Stubenville, Jgarch, DerHexer, Pax:Vobiscum,
Matdat3, Jotamide, Greg0658, R'n'B, Oliverkinne, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, Pekaje, Bsvr, Thomas Larsen, Fountains of Bryn Mawr,
Hennessey, Patrick, Andylyke, KylieTastic, Haljackey, Inwind, Squids and Chips, Steel1943, Lhc67, AlnoktaBOT, Philip Trueman, Ma-
linaccier, Vipinhari, Wikidemon, Qvsdirect, Anna Lincoln, Datacloud, LeaveSleaves, Mateusz War., Buffs, Droekle, Gillyweed, Brianga,
UnneededAplomb, Scarian, Paradoctor, Radon210, Undead Herle King, DR LIGHT BULB, Jsonkrupp, Antonio Lopez, Aadgray, Twins-
day, Martarius, ClueBot, NickCT, Helenabella, Remag Kee, Niceguyedc, Harland1, Captainbruce, Arunsingh16, Azartscene, Arjayay,
Razorflame, ChrisHodgesUK, Jonverve, Sam benji, Noctibus, DavidVanBergen, Eleven even, Behzad10, Cscashby, Anticipation of a New
Lover’s Arrival, The, Addbot, Grayfell, PranksterTurtle, Bassbonerocks, Splodgeness, Lightbot, Willondon, Krano, Gail, Davey5505,
‫חובבשירה‬, Robotchicken4433, Legobot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Twexcom, Karto, Lightmyhome, Chrisman2, AnomieBOT, Adeliine,
Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Bob Burkhardt, LilHelpa, H9e3k80, Vicloic, Furlonglamp, GainLine, FrescoBot, JuniperisCommunis,
Eddyhotrod, Citation bot 1, PigFlu Oink, Jeff gerald jr, I dream of horses, Tinton5, Chawla.mohali, LillyHy, GeoFighter, Gshamir, Shb-
light, Reaper Eternal, Dimothydobis, Diannaa, Suffusion of Yellow, Kwazeen, Susansmith111, Chrcoo1991, John of Reading, Eekerz,
Kronberger4, Look2See1, Niuhaibiao, Sherazade96, GoingBatty, RA0808, Pahazzard, Teerickson, K6ka, Mz7, Zombieapocalypsenow,
Jm73793, QEDK, Xksaxbackout, Юрий Столетов, Sakura-iro no namida, DASHBotAV, En.lighten unep, ClueBot NG, Cwmhiraeth,
Jacqui998, Gmanez, Venson2, Frietjes, Widr, Karl 334, HappyLogolover2011, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Wbm1058, Jkleszynski,
Matty4evamattymattmatt, M0rphzone, Tits1995, Hallows AG, PatrickCarbone, Rovskyindustry, Rm1271, Nave56, Los300espartacos,
Meatsgains, Chicken tiki pies, Klilidiplomus, Biswadip Maity, Hghyux, Jeff210usa, Aa952, Joshknoedler, Monty1295, Julie Light, Ulrike
Brandi Licht, Tony Mach, Graphium, Addy Raif, SunArchi, Tentinator, Ineverlearntmyname, MediaLed, Minusroswell, Tungstenlightbulb,
Rustynail127, Lizia7, Offensiveb, Stevefotios, Superdragonmonster, Monkbot, PotatoNinja, SeriouslyNot SoCool, Godsy, Lumenbuddha,
KasparBot, Cleanstarts, Jappw, NerudaPoet and Anonymous: 350

17.2 Images
• File:Arts-design-7396-light-ball-bench-manfred-kielnhofer-thyssenkrupp-plastics-austria.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
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