THP Practice 2
THP Practice 2
THP Practice 2
Adjectives are words that are used to modify (identify, describe or limit) a noun. Adverbs are words that
are used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
1) ADJECTIVES - used to describe the condition of subjects.
Examples:
The time they had together was short.
He took all reasonable measures to mitigate the loss.
a) Comparison Adjectives – Though there are some unmodified adjectives that are used for
comparisons (i.e. best, better) many adjectives form the comparative of persons or things by
adding er or estto the word or by prefixing the adjective with words such as: more, most, less,
or least.
Comparison Adjective examples:
b) Proper Adjectives – are descriptive adjectives derived from proper nouns. Capitalize
proper adjectives.
Examples:
American history
French cuisine
c) ‘Senses’ verbs need adjectives: (look, smell, taste, feel, sound) - these adjectives indicate
the quality or condition of the subject through the senses.
Examples:
John only nominated Bates for chairman. (...meaning he didn’t vote for him)
John nominated only Bates for chairman (...meaning he didn’t nominate anyone else)
b) Unnecessary Adverbs – should be avoided.
Examples:
For (untuk)
Examples:
This book is for you
Maybe the present is for him
After (setelah,seperti)
Examples:
I will come back after finishing this job
She is named after her grandmother
Example:
Children know the fastest ways home.
The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home. Likewise,
Example:
Give me the book.
refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it has a markedly
different meaning from
Example:
Give me a book.
which uses an indefinite article, which does not specify what book is to be given.
The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes:
Example:
The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.
Indefinite Article:
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It
may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be
irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing.
English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number "one", as its primary indefinite article. The
form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as
in an hour), and a before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a
European).
Example:
She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.
Demonstratives
Demonstratives, such as this, that, these and those, require a frame of reference in which an individual
can point out the entities referred to by a speaker or a writer.
Possessives
When referring to an entity that belongs to another, you can use possessives. My, your, their, and its are a
few examples.
A verb can be described as transitive or intransitive based on whether it requires an object to express a
complete thought or not. A transitive verb is one that only makes sense if it exerts its action on an object.
An intransitive verb will make sense without one. Some verbs may be used both ways.
The word transitive often makes people think of transit, which leads to the mistaken assumption that the
terms transitive and intransitive are just fancy ways of describing action and non-action. But these terms
have nothing to do with whether a verb is active or not. A better word to associate when you see
transitive is transfer. A transitive verb needs to transfer its action to something or someone—an object. In
essence, transitive means “to affect something else.”
Once you have this concept committed to memory, spotting the difference between transitive and
intransitive verbs is quite easy.
Transitive verbs are not just verbs that can take an object; they demand objects. Without an object to
affect, the sentence that a transitive verb inhabits will not seem complete.
In this sentence, the verb bring is transitive; its object is coffee, the thing that is being brought. Without an
object of some kind, this verb cannot function.
Please bring.
Bring what, or who? The question begs itself because the meaning of bring demands it.
Here are some more examples of transitive verbs and their objects.
I caught a cold.
Each of the verbs in these sentences have objects that complete the verbs’ actions. If the objects were
taken out, the results would be illogical and questions would be raised in the mind of the reader; for
example, Lila conveyed. Conveyed what?
An intransitive verb is the opposite of a transitive verb: it does not require an object to act upon.
They jumped.
She sang.
A light was shining.
None of these verbs require an object for the sentence to make sense, and all of them can end a sentence.
Some imperative forms of verbs can even make comprehensible one-word sentences.
Run!
Sing!
A number of English verbs can only be intransitive; that is, they will never make sense paired with an
object. Two examples of intransitive-only verbs are arrive and die. You can’t arrive something, and you
certainly can’t die something; it is impossible for an object to follow these verbs.
Many verbs can be classified as both transitive and intransitive depending on how they are used in a
sentence.
To decide whether the verb is being used transitively or intransitively, all you need to do is determine
whether the verb has an object. Does she sing something? Does he leave something? The verb is only
transitive when the answer is yes.
When in doubt, look it up. In the dictionary, verbs will be listed as transitive, intransitive, or both right
under the pronunciation key, and any possible differences in meaning between the two uses will be given
as well.
Give up is just one of many phrasal verbs that can be transitive or intransitive. Whether give up has an
object or not will alter the meaning it conveys. The first sense of give up means “to forgo something,”
whereas the second sense means “to stop trying.”
If we refuse to learn about transitivity, the Grammar Police will blow up our building.
When the Grammar Police confronted her about her verbs, she blew up.
The first sense of to blow up means to explode, whereas the second sense means “to express rage.”
Transitive or intransitive is just one of the many classifications a verb can have. Perhaps you will be
inspired to read about more about the fascinating qualities of verbs.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are formed with a verb plus a preposition or adverb and function as a single unit. They can
be either transitive or intransitive and either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. One test you can use to
determine if you are using an idiomatic or non-idiomatic phrasal verb is to see if you can move the
preposition to the start of a sentence and form a grammatical and logical question. If the resulting
question is grammatical and logical, you have a non-idiomatic phrasal verb. Here’s an example of a
phrasal verb that is non-idiomatic adhering to the movement test because moving the preposition creates
a grammatically and logically correct question:
Here’s an example of an idiomatic phrasal verb that violates the movement test because it transforms into
an ungrammatical and illogical question:
What follows are general rules for using phrasal verbs; however, check a more comprehensive guide for
any exceptions.
Idiomatic Non-idiomatic
Yes Yes
# Example: I grew up
learning history from giant, old
Can be intransitive textbooks from high school
that often only shared the
American perspective of how
the United States came to be.
No Yes
1. ASimple sentence is a sentence consists of a group of words that forms a complete thought. A simple
sentence is different from other sentence types because it contains only one independent clause and has
no dependent clauses. Simple sentences are called 'simple' because they contain only one subject and one
verb, or predicate. What's a predicate? A predicate is the main verb in a sentence and any additional
components related to the subject's actions.
For example:
In this sentence 'I' is the subject, and 'will shop' is the predicate. The verb 'shop' is helped by the auxiliary
verb 'will,' and together they form the predicate.
Understand that 'simple' doesn't always mean short, or even uncomplicated for that matter, when it
comes to simple sentences and their subjects and verbs. A simple sentence can be long and have
compound subjects and compound verbs or predicates.
A compound subject has more than one noun performing the action of the predicate. In contrast, a simple
subject has only one noun performing the action. A compound predicate has more than one verb using the
same subject. In contrast, a simple predicate has only one verb using a subject. Compound subjects and
predicates are joined by conjunctions like 'and' and 'or.' So, the subject and verb/predicate of a simple
sentence can be compound and still be considered a sentence with one subject and one verb.
See the following examples, which may offer some clarity on the subject:
Mary chuckled.
This is a simple sentence with a simple subject, 'Mary,' and a simple predicate, 'chuckled.'
America's greatest actors, actresses, directors, and screenwriters will appear on the awards show tonight.
This is a simple sentence with a compound subject, 'actors, actresses, directors, and screenwriters,' and a
simple predicate, 'will appear.'
David seasoned and roasted the turkey with the skill, flair, and passion of a true chef.
This is a simple sentence with a simple subject, 'David,' followed by a compound predicate, 'seasoned and
roasted.'
2. A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma,
semicolon or conjunction. An independent clause is a clause that has a subject and verb and forms a
complete thought.
An example of a compound sentence is, 'This house is too expensive, and that house is too small.' This
sentence is a compound sentence because it has two independent clauses, 'This house is too expensive'
and 'that house is too small' separated by a comma and the conjunction 'and.' is a sentence that has at
least 2 independent sentences.
3.A complex sentenceis a sentence that combines one independent clause with at least one dependent
clause. A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb. An independent clause forms a
complete thought. A dependent clause, also called a subordinating clause, does not form a complete
thought and is dependent upon an independent clause for meaning.
Although Denise had some doubts, she found the courses very useful.
The above example is a complex sentence: it has a dependent clause (a subject 'Denise' and a verb 'had'),
followed by an independent clause (subject 'she' and a verb 'found') and forms a complete thought.
Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.
This example begins with an independent clause (subject 'computers' and verb 'have come') that forms a
complete thought, followed by a dependent clause (subject 'they' and a verb 'came').
4.A Compound complex sentenceis made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
Compound-complex sentences are very common in English, but one mistake that students often make is
to try to write them without having mastered the simple sentences, compound sentences, and complex
sentences first.
Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.
Make a short essay (5 to 10 sentences in length) using some grammatical rules above based on the
following topics (choose one);
1. The effects of pesticides on Agriculture
2. Energy and Industrialized Agriculture
3. Government Intervention in Agriculture Industry in Indonesia
4. Jember’s Agriculture Sector
5. Sustainability of Agriculture
6. Soundness of Biotechnology Advancements in Agriculture
7. Water Conservation
8. Agriculture in Developing Countries
9. The Technology of Agriculture in Indonesia
10. Agriculture and Food Production in Indonesia
11. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Indonesia
12. The Effect of Corn Monoculture on Soils
13. Organic Agriculture
14. Food and Agriculture: Root Crops