A Synopis

On

"PLANNING, DESIGNING AND ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT"

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology

IN
Civil Engineering

By

Under the Guidance of

Department of Civil Engineering

LOGO

COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY NAME

SESSION
 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

1.1 TITLE OF PROJECT

The selected project is titled as "PLANNING, DESIGNING AND ANALYSIS OF RIGID

1.2 SELECTED SITE

The site chosen for this project is the way that connects main road with L.I.T campus. This site
begins from main gate of Azad Institute of Technology and ends at L.I.T main gate. In other
words we can say that the road selected for design of rigid pavement is the way between main
gate of Azad Institute of Technology and main gate of Lucknow Institute of Technology.

1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED SITE

Total length of road is 326 m. The footpath is present on the left hand side of the selected site
facing L.I.T gate forward. The width of this footpath is about 1.50 m. On the right hand side of
this road C.R.P.F wall is present and on the left side Azad Boys Hostel wall is there. The
available road or way is not straight and is curved shaped. In current situation the available road
to reach L.I.T campus is about 3.20 m wide (where the distance between C.R.P.F wall and Azad
Boys Hostel wall is 7.05 m).

We measure the distance between these two walls at regular intervals.At present situation the
width of selected way is not uniform. Currently the available road is 4.55m wide near the gate of
L.I.T campus where the way ends. Shrubs, wild plants and grasses are grown on this site in
random or in irregular pattern which cause obstruction to free flow of traffic on this way.

At about 203.62 m from the beginning of the site the gate of Azad Degree College is there which
also provide a way to reach New Azad Boys Hostel. This gate is about 9.55 m wide. Currently
no designed road is present on this selected site and this road can be known as Earth road.
1.4 NEED OF THE PROJECT

1. This road is used by various types of road users like engineering students, faculty members,
helping and supporting staff and others to reach L.I.T campus. Construction of rigid pavement on
this road provides suitable, efficient and smooth way to all road users during rainy season and in
bad weather conditions.

2. Lucknow Institute of Technology has been selected as an examination centre many times to
conduct various job entrance exams. Rigid pavement provides a smooth and convenient way to
examinees driving cars and other vehicles without any road inconvenience. At the present
situation of this site road is not properly designed and has many depressions and undulations.

3. In depressions precipitated water is stored as runoff is not generated which aids breeding of
mosquitoes and cause havoc to road users. To remove depressions we require a well designed
pavement.

4. It offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one road to another
according to the need and convenience. Cars, college buses pedal cycles can be easily used up
without any jerks and inconvenience.

5. The construction of rigid pavement is required for advancement of Azad Technical Campus
and for the general development of the area.

6. Adequate mass transportation facilities are needed to cater the internal movements in Azad
Technical Campus such as daily movements to and from Azad Institute of Technology, Lucknow
Institute of Technology and for other social needs.

DETAILS OF SURVEY WORK PERFORMED

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The survey work is performed to get the following results:

1. The total length and width of available road site (using linear measurement survey).

2. The graphical representation of the available road site (plane table survey).

3. The level of the ground surface at regular intervals (levelling).

The linear measurement survey is done to determine the total length of road, the width of road.
We use measuring tape to measure the length and width of the road. The center line of the road is
marked and the length is measured along the center line.

2.2.1 RESULT OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT SURVEY

1. The total length of road is 326 meters.

2. The width of present road is 3.20 meters.

3. Width of left footpath present is 1.50 meters.

4. Road is 4.55 meterswide where lit gate is situated.

5. At 203.62 m from beginning of site the gate of Azad Degree College is there. This gate is
about 9.55 m wide.
 TESTS PERFORMED ON THE SITE SOILAND THEIR RESULTS

The various tests which are performed to evaluate the stability of soil subgrade and its properties
are as follows:

3.1) ATTERBERG’S LIMITS DETERMINATION:

3.1.1 LIQUID LIMIT (IS: 2720(PART5) – 1985)

The water content expressed as a percentage of weight of oven dry soil, at boundary between
liquid and plastic states of consistency of soil. The range of testing is 5 to 300%.

3.1.2 PLASTIC LIMIT (IS: 2720(PART5) – 1985)

The water content expressed as percentage of oven dry soil at the boundary between the plastic
and the semi solid states of consistency of soil. The range of testing is 5 to 300%.

3.1.3 PLASTICITY INDEX

The numerical difference between the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit is known as plasticity
index.

3.4 IMPORTANCE OF ATTERBERG’S LIMITS

These limts are useful in classifying the soil and its group and help in determining its nature.

3.5 RESULTS

LIQUID LIMIT PLASTIC LIMIT PLASTICITY INDEX

Soils are divided in three parts-

1. Coarse grained soil is that in which more than half of the total material by weight is larger than
75 micron IS sieve size.

2. Fine grained soil is that in which more than half of the total material by weight is smaller than
75 micron IS sieve size.

3. Highly Organic Soil and other miscellaneous soil materials.

RIGID PAVEMENT

4.1 OBJECTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF PAVEMENT

The surface of the roadway should be stable and non-yielding, to allow the heavy wheel loads of
road traffic to move with least possible rolling resistance. The road surface should also be even
along the longitudinal profile to enable the fast vehicles to move safely and comfortably at the
design speed. In order to provide a stable and even surface for the traffic, the roadway is
provided with a suitably designed and constructed pavement structure. Thus a pavement
consisting of a few layers of pavement materials is constructed over a prepared soil subgrade to
serve as a carriageway. The pavement carries the wheel loads and transfer the load stresses
through a wider area on the soil subgrade below. Thus the stresses transferred to the subgrade
soil through the pavement layers are considerably lower than the contact pressure or compressive
stresses under the wheel load on the pavement surface. It is always desirable to construct the
pavement well above the maximum level of the ground water to keep the subgrade relatively dry
even during monsoons.
 PREPARATION OF SOIL SUBGRADE AND BASE COURSE

5.1 DEFINITION OF SOIL STABILIZATION

Soil stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of the soil and thus
making it more stable. Soil stabilization is used to reduce the permeability and compressibility of
the soil mass in earth structures and to increase its shear strength.

5.2 MECHANICS OF SOIL STABILIZATION

The term soil stabilization means the improvement of the bearing power of the soil by the use of
controlled compaction; proportioning or the addition of suitable stabilizers. Soil stabilization
deals with physical physico-chemical and chemical methods to make the stabilized soil serve its
purpose as pavement component material.

The basic principles in soil stabilization may be stated as

1. Evaluating the properties of given soil

2. Deciding the method of supplementing the lacking property by the effective and economical
method of stabilization

3. Designing the stabilized soil mix for intended stability and durability values.

4. Considering the construction procedure by adequately compacting the stabilized layers.

6.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Cement concrete pavements represent the group of rigid pavements. Here the load carrying
capacity is mainly due to the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the slab itself i.e. slab
action. H.M. Westergaard is considered the pioneer in providing the rational treatment to the
problem of rigid pavement analysis.

Westergaard considered the rigid pavement slab as a thin elastic plate resting on soil subgrade,
which is assumed as a dense liquid. Here it is assumed that the upward reaction is proportional to
the deflection i.e. p=K∆, where the constant K is defined as modulus of subgrade reaction. The
unit of K is kg/cm2 per cm deflection.
6.1.1 Relative Stiffness of Slab to Subgrade

A certain degree of resistance to slab deflection is offered by the subgrade. This is dependent
upon the stiffness or pressure-deformation properties of the subgrade material. The tendency of
the slab to deflect is dependent upon its properties of flexural strength. The resultant deflection
of the slab which is also the deformation of the subgrade is a direct measure of the magnitude of
subgrade pressure. Westergaard defined this term as the Radius of Relative Stiffness.

ROAD LIGHTING

7.1 NECESSITY

It is provided for safe night driving and may be considered as an added facility to the road users.
Night visibility on concrete and other light colored pavements are better than on black top
surfaces. A light colored, rough textured pavement surface that can reflect light back is
considered most desirable. When the brightness of the object is less than that of the background
that is when the object appears darker than the road surface, discernment is principally by
silhouette. When the brightness of an object is more than that of the immediate background,
discernment is by reverse silhouette. The object adjacent to the roadway projections about the
pavement surface such as island or a vehicle may be seen by this reverse silhouette.

SURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN OF ROAD

DESIGN PARAMETERS
8.1) QUANTITY OF RUNOFF:
Drainage area consists of:
1) Pavement area = 3.8*326 = 1238.8 m2 with coefficient of runoff, C1=0.85 for cement concrete
pavement
2) Area of land covered with turf on the side of CRPF wall = 4.2*326 = 1369.2 m2 with
coefficient of runoff, C2 = 0.35
3) Approximate land area near degree college gate = 12*20.45= 245.4 m2 with coefficient of
runoff, C3 = 0.15
Total drainage area = 1239+1370+246 = 2855 m2
Drainage area in 1000 m2, Ad = 2.855
Weighted value of runoff coefficient
C = (1239*0.85)+(1370*0.35)+(246*0.15)/2855
C = 1053.15+479.5+36.9/2855
C = 0.549
Design velocity of flow, V = 0.8 m/s
Design value of total duration of rainfall = 18.33 minutes
From the IDF curve, the rainfall intensity is found corresponding to duration (T = 25yrs)
Rainfall intensity, i = 125 mm/hr or 0.0347 mm/sec
Discharge(Q) = CiAd = 0.549*0.0347*2.855 = 0.0543 m3/sec
 REFERENCE

REFERENCE BOOKS:

 I.S. 456:2000 for RCC.

Reinforce concrete structures (Dr. B.C.Punamia).