4 Pavement Structure Thickness Design
4 Pavement Structure Thickness Design
4 Pavement Structure Thickness Design
THICKNESS DESIGN
Asst. Prof. Dr. Deprizon Syamsunur
UCSI Kuala Lumpur
May 2015
OBJECTIVE
Introdu
ction
Elements
of a
Flexible
Pavemen
t
Structure
Factors to
be
Considere
d in the
Design
Methods
of Design
for New
Pavement
s
Malaysian
Design
Methods
AIM
What is a Pavement?
A multi layer system that distributes the
vehicular loads over a larger area.
OR
Highway pavement is a structure consisting
of superimposed layers of selected and
processed
materials
whose
primary
function is to distribute the applied vehicle
load to the sub grade.
OR
It can also be defined as structure which
separates the tires of vehicles from
the under lying foundation.
5
What is a Pavement?
Pavement is the upper part of roadway, airport or
parking area structure.
1. It includes all layers resting on the original
ground.
2. It consists of all structural elements or layers,
including shoulders
What is a Pavement?
FA C T O R S T O B E C O N S ID ER ED
IN TH E D ES IG N
1.
2.
Continue
f. ESA Convert wheel loads to standard loads.
Standard load = 80 kN, 8160 kg, or 18000 lb
load equivalency factor,
e = (L/Ls)^n
Load of vehicles (L)
Standard Load (Ls)
Consider only commercial vehicles:
CV (BTM > 1.5 ton, 3 ton for RN31)
3. Environmental temperature (asfalt
brittle/soft) and moisture (safety of users and
pavement)
COMMERCIAL VEHICLE
PRESENT
SERVICEABILITY INDEX
RUTTING
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
Flexible Pavement
Called "flexible" since the pavement possess low
bending strength and can transfer the wheel loads on
the soil sub-grade below by deformation action .
Eg: Bituminous and WBM roads
Rigid Pavement
Called rigid since the pavement possess good
bending strength and can transfer the wheel loads on
the soil sub-grade below without deformation .
Eg: Cement concrete and RCC roads
TYPE OF PAVEMENT
Flexible Pavement
AC
surface
(3 to 6
Granular
in) (Base
base
Subbase
course)
Subgrad
e
PC
surface
(6 to 12
in)
Base
course
Subgrad
e
FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS
Structure
Surface course
Base course
Sub-base course
Subgrade
RIGID
PAVEMENTS
Structure
Surface course
Base course
Sub-base course
Subgrade
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Asphalt concrete surface: Mixture of
mineral aggregates and asphaltic
materials. 3 to 6 depending on the
expected traffic on the pavement.
Granular base (Base course): Usually
granular materials such as crushed stone,
crushed or uncrushed slag, crushed or
uncrushed gravel, and sand.
Subbase: Located immediately above the subgrade. Material
of a superior quality than the subgrade. If necessary, it may
be stabilized.
Subgrade: Usually the natural material located along the
horizontal alignment of the pavement and serves as the
foundation of the pavement structure. May be a layer of
selected borrowed materials, well compacted. Remember
once loosened, soil must be compacted to reduce voids.
Factors To Be Considered In
Pavement Design
1. Design wheel
load
2. Subgrade soil
3. Design life
4. Climatic factors
6. Environmental factors
7. Drainage
8. Road geometry
Theoretical/se
mi
Empirical
Precedent
3.
4.
2.
1.
ADVANTAGES OF MECHANISTICEMPIRICAL
DESIG N PR O C ESS
JKR METHOD
JKR Method
This method is a combination of two
methods above using a formula and
figures from the result of the testing.
A complete guideline for pavement
design can be found in Arahan
Teknik (Jalan) 5/85. The thickness of
the pavement depends on the CBR
value and the Total Cumulative of
Standard Axle ( JBGP )
OBJECTIVE
To know the methods and procedures in designing
the flexible pavement for roads in Malaysia.
Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit you should be able to : describe the basic layers of road design
calculate the design using the required formula
and figure.
design the basic flexible pavement using JKR
method.
Design Life
The design life on JKR Design Method
is suggested for 10 years. The design
life begins from the road starts in use
for traffic until the maintenance is
required
Concrete Surfacing
A2
Soil Surfacing
WIDTH OF ROAD
RESAVE
W (m)
R (cm)
01
4.5
20.0
02
5.0
30.0
03
6.0
30.0
04
7.0
40.0
05
7.5
40.0
06
40.0 or more
Traffic Estimation
CBR-Sub-grade Value
Pavement Thickness
Design
EXAMPLE
The following conditions are given :
Class of road JKR 05
Initial daily traffic volume (ADT) 6,600
Percentage of commercial vehicles 15%
Annual growth rate 7%
Equivalence factor 2.0
Subgrade CBR 5%
Rolling terrain
SOLUTION
1. Initial annual commercial traffic
for one way
2. Accumulative sum of
commercial traffic one way for
10 year design period
Cont
3. Total Equivalent Standard Axles
From table 10.7 e = 2.0
Cont
4. Maximum Hourly One Way
Traffic Flow
Cont
5. In JKR Standard, Traffic Loading
for an hour is assumed that
equal with 10 % daily loading,
as:
C = 10 x c
C = 10 x 770
C = 7,700 vec/day/lane
Cont
6. The estimated daily traffic V
after 10 years is given by;
Cont
Cont
From fig. above, the chart shows that
for an ESA of 5.0 x 106, the required
TA is 26 cm.
Design of Layer Thickness;
SOLUTION
THANK YOU
SELF ASSESSMENT
A road with hierarchy of 05 has a surface width of 7.0 m and
road reserve of 40.0m is to be built as a main road in a
residential area. It has a initial average daily traffic of
7000cv/day in both directions. The rate of traffic growth is 7%.
Percentage of commercial vehicle is 25%. Design a flexible
pavement for the road which needs a design life of 10 years.
The CBR for sub-grade of the road is 5%. ( Employ the JKR
Malaysia Design Method ).
Note:
Requirement of pavement layers:
Wearing Course= Asphalt Concrete.
Road-Base Course = Broken Aggregate.
Sub-Base Course = Broken Aggregate.
Solution
Solution
ROAD NOTE 31
Road Note 31 was first published in 1962
and revised in 1966 and 1977 to take
account of advances in our understanding
of the behaviour of road-budding materials
and
their
interaction
in
composite
pavements.
Overseas Road Note 31 based on research
in tropical and sub-tropical countries.
Design to cater traffic up to 30MSA (Millions
of Standard Axles) in one direction
Emphasis on 5 aspects:
1. Influence of tropical climate on moisture
conditions in road sub-grades
2. Severe conditions imposed on exposed
bituminous surfacing by tropical climates
3. Interrelationship between design and
maintenance
4. High axle load and tyre pressures
5. Influence of tropical climate on the nature of
the soils and rocks used in the road building
esacum esabase
1 r
EXAMPLE
The axle load of vehicle class are shown in table below.
Determine The Base Year Equivalent Standard Axles (esa)
and the traffic class.
Axle load of
AADT of
vehicle class vehicle class
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
450
380
250
100
85
75
40
35
25
15
Growth
Factor
(%)
4
3
3
4
5
5
3
4
4
5
Solution
Axle load of vehicle class AADT of vehicle class
3.0
450
4.0
380
5.0
250
6.0
100
7.0
85
8.0
75
9.0
40
10.0
35
11.0
25
12.0
15
Equivalent Factor(Ef)
0.01
0.04
0.11
0.25
0.50
0.91
1.55
2.50
3.83
5.67
Solution
Axle load of
vehicle class
Base year
esa
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
1643
5548
10038
9125
15513
24911
22630
31938
34949
31043
Total
The traffic class is
T4
Growth
Factor
(%)
4
3
3
4
5
5
3
4
4
5
Design Cumulati
ve esa
life (n
(esacum)
years)
10
19726
10
63602
10
115074
10
109556
10
195121
10
313328
10
259428
10
383451
10
419601
10
390456
2269343
Estimation of Sub-grade
Classes
PROPERTIES OF UNBOUND
MATERIALS
Chart 1
EXAMPLE
ESAcum = 12M, PI > 45, WT = 3m
below formation