SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“IP Telephony”

Guided By: Presented By:

Prof. S.K.Ghosh Nitesh Jain
05IT6008
M.Tech. 1st yr.

SCHOOL of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

INDIAN INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
KHARAGPUR
Abstract:

The limitations of the circuit-switching techniques of conventional telephony may now

be overcome through integration with IP technologies. Internet Telephony is a powerful
and economical communication option by combination of the telephone networks and
data networks. IP telephony used to send audio, video, fax etc between two or more users
in real time via packet switched network. The main motivation of IP telephony is Cost
savings and ease of developing and integrating new services. Four type of IP telephony
according to terminal equipment and types of network is PC to PC, Phone to Phone, PC
to Phone, and Phone to PC. There are many standard based on IP telephony like SIP
(session intonation protocol) and H.323 and many more.H.323 is currently the most
widely supported IP telephony signaling protocol. Terminals, gateways, gatekeepers,
multipoint control units are the basic component of H.323 standard. Audio CODECs,
video CODECs, H.225 registration, admission, and status (RAS), H.225 call signaling,
H.245 control signaling, real-time transfer protocol (RTP), real-time control protocol
(RTCP) are the protocol used in H.323 for IP telephony.
 INDEX

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………4
2. Different type of IP telephony…………………………………….4
2.1 PC to PC…………………………………………………. .4
2.2Phone-to-phone over IP…………………………………… .5
2.3 PC-to-Phone…………………………………………………7
2.4 Phone-to-PC……………………………………………… ..7
3. Different type of standard:…………………………………… …7
4. What is H.323
:……………………………………………… ……7
5. The ITU-T H.32x Family……………………………………… ..8
6. H.323 Components………………………………………… ……8
6.1. Terminals……………………………………………… ……8
6.2. Gateways…………………………………………… ………9
6.3. Gatekeepers…………………………………… …………..9
6.4. Multipoint control units ………………………………… …..9
7. Protocols Specified by H.323………………………………………10
7.1 audio CODECs ………………………………… ……………10
7.2 video CODECs ……………………………………… ……11
7.3 H.225 registration, admission, and status ………………….....11
7.4 H .225 call signaling……………………………… …………11
7.4.1 Gatekeeper-Routed Call Signaling………………11
7.4.2 Direct Call Signaling…………………………….…..12
7.5 H.245 control signaling………………………………… ……12
7.6 real-time transfer protocol ……………………………………13
7.7 real-time control protocol …………………………………….13
8.Connection Procedure…………………………………………………..13
9. Conclusion……………………………………………………………19
10. References…………………………………………………………..20
1. Introduction:
Today IP Telephony is a very powerful and economical communication options.
IP telephony is the integration and convergence of voice and data networks, services, and
applications. Internet telephony uses the Internet to send audio, video and data between
two or more users in the real time.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) defines the IP telephony is the exchange of
information primarily in the form of speech that utilizes a mechanism known as Internet
Protocol.
ITU-T Study-Group 2 (SG2) issued the following explanations of the term IP telephony:
"IP is an abbreviation for Internet Protocol. It is a communications protocol developed to
support a packet-switched network.
The main motivation of development of IP Telephony is the cost saving & integrating
new services. Internet telephony integrates a variety of services
Vocaltec introduced the first Internet telephony software product in early 1995, running a
multimedia PC, the Vocaltec Internet Phone. In 1996, Vocaltec announced it was
working with an Intel Company (Dialogic Corporation, an Intel acquisition made in
1999) to produce the first IP telephony gateway. The technology has improved to that
point where conversations are easily possible. Gateways are the key to bringing IP
telephony into the mainstream. By bridging the traditional circuit-switched telephony
world with the Internet. Internet telephony technology has caught the world's attention.

2. Different types of IP telephony:

There are four types IP telephony according to terminal equipment and types of network.
2.1: PC-to-PC:
The calling and called parties both have computers that enable them to connect to the
Internet, usually via the network of an Internet service provider (ISP). The two
correspondents are able to establish voice communication. Both users have to be
connected to the Internet at that time and use IP telephony software. In this the caller
must know the IP address of the called party.
2.2. Phone-to-phone over IP:
The calling and called parties are both subscribers to the public telephony network (fixed
or mobile) and use their telephone set for voice communication in the normal way.
There are two methods for communicating by means of two ordinary telephone sets via
an IP or Internet network.
Use of gateways:
One or more telecommunication players have established gateways that enable the
transmission of voice over an IP network in a way that is transparent to telephone users.
It works in “managed IP network” i.e. a network, which has been dimensioned in such a
way as to enable voice to be carried with an acceptable quality of service.
Use of adapter boxes:
A number of companies market boxes, which resemble modems and are installed
between the user's telephone set and his connection to the PSTN.
The calling party initiates his call in the same way as in a conventional
telecommunication network. The first phase of the call is set-up on that network,
however, immediately after this the boxes exchange the information required for the
second phase. Data they have exchanged and the pre-established parameters, establish a
connection between each of the two correspondents and their respective ISP. Once the
call has been established, the boxes locally convert the voice signals into IP packets to be
transported over the Internet
2.3. PC-to-Phone:

When the computerized user wishes to call a correspondent on the latter's telephone set,
he must begin by connecting to the Internet in the traditional manner via the network of
his ISP. Once connected, he uses the services of an Internet telephony service provider
(ITSP) operating a gateway, which ensures access to the point that, is closest to the
telephone exchange of the called subscriber. It is this gateway that will handle the calling
party's call and all of the signaling relating to the telephone call at the called party end.

2.4. Phone-to-PC:
The calling party is the telephony user and the called party is the PC user.

3. Different type of standard:

Different type of standard and protocols are employed by the IP telephony. H.323,
session initiation protocol (SIP), media gateway to media controller protocol(MGCP) &
many more other protocol are based on IP telephony.

4. What is H.323?
:
H.323 provides multimedia communication services-real-time audio, video, and data
Communications-over packet networks, including Internet protocol (1P)-based networks.
It specifies the components, protocols, and procedures providing multimedia
communication over packet-based networks
H.323 is a standard produced by the ITU-T Study Group 16
.H.323 is part of a family of ITU-T recommendations called H.32x that provides
multimedia communication services over a variety of networks. H.323 can also be
applied to multipoint-multimedia communications. Currently the most widely supported
IP telephony signaling protocol.

5. The ITU-T H.32x Family:

The H.323 standard is part of the H.32x family of recommendations specified by
ITU-T. The other recommendations of the family specify multimedia communication
services over different networks:
(a)H.324 over SCN
(b)H.320 over integrated services digital networks (ISDN)
(c)H.321 and H.310 over broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN)
(d)H.322 over LANs that provide guaranteed QoS
H.323 standard was interoperability with other multimedia-services networks through the
use of a gateway. H.323 terminals are compatible with H.324 terminals on SCN and
wireless networks, H.310 terminals on B-ISDN, H.320 terminals on ISDN, H.321
terminals on BISDN, and H.322 terminals on guaranteed QoS LANs.

6. H.323 Components:
The H.323 standard specifies four kinds of components, which, when networked
together, provide the point-to-point and point-to-multipoint multimedia communication
Services:
6.1. Terminals
6.2. Gateways
6.3. Gatekeepers
6.4. Multipoint control units (MCUs)
An H .323 zone is a collection of all terminals, gateways, and MCUs managed by a single
gatekeeper. A zone includes at least one terminal and may include gateways or MCUs. A
zone has only one gatekeeper. A zone may be independent from network topology.

6.1. Terminals:
H.323 terminal can either be a personal computer (PC) or a stand-alone device, running
an H.323 and the multimedia applications. It supports audio communications and can
optionally support video or data communications. Because the basic service provided by
an H.323 terminal is audio communications, H.323 terminal plays a key role in IP-
telephony services.
6.2. Gateways:
A gateway connects two dissimilar networks. An H.323 gateway provides connectivity
between an H.323 network and a non-H.323 network. A gateway is not required,
however, for communication between two terminals on an H.323 network.

6.3 Gatekeepers:
A gatekeeper can be considered the brain of the H.323 network. It has many functions
Address Translation:
The gatekeeper translates this E.164 telephone number or the alias into the network
address for the destination terminal. The destination endpoint can be reached using the
network address on the H.323 network.
Admission Control:
The gatekeeper can control the admission of the endpoints into the H.323 Network by
using RAS messages, admission request (ARQ), confirm (ACF), and reject (ARJ).
Bandwidth Control:
The gatekeeper provides support for bandwidth control by using the RAS messages,
bandwidth request (BRQ), confirm (BCF), and reject (BRJ). If a network manager has
specified a threshold for the number of simultaneous connections on the H.323 network,
the gatekeeper can refuse to make any more connections once the threshold is reached.
Zone Management:
The gatekeeper provides the above functions address translation, admissions control, and
bandwidth control4or terminals, gateways, and MCUs located within its zone of control.
Call-Control Signaling
The gatekeeper can route call-signaling messages between H.323 endpoints using H.225
call signaling message.
Call Authorization
Gatekeeper authorizes the user to setup connection within its zone.
Call Management
The gatekeeper may maintain information about all active H.323 calls. It can control its
zone by providing the maintained information.

6.4 Multipoint Control Units:

MCUs provide support for conferences of three or more H.323 terminals. All terminals
participating in the conference establish a connection with the MCU. The gatekeepers,
gateways, and MCUs are logically separate components of the H.323 standard but can be
implemented as a single physical device.
7. Protocols Specified by H.323:
The protocols specified by H.323 are listed below.
7.1 audio CODECs
7.2 video CODECs
7.3 H.225 registration, admission, and status (RAS)
7.4 H .225 call signaling
7.5 H.245 control signaling
7.6 real-time transfer protocol (RTP)
7.7 real-time control protocol (RTCP)

7.1 Audio CODEC

An audio CODEC encodes the audio signal from the microphone for transmission on the
transmitting H.323 terminal and decodes the received audio code that is sent to the
speaker on the receiving H.323 terminal. Audio is the minimum service provided by the
H.323 standard, all H.323 terminals must have at least one audio CODEC support. ITU-T
G.711 (audio coding at 64 kbps), G.722 (64, 56, and 48 kbps), G.723.1 (5.3 and 6.3
kbps), G.728 (16 kbps), and G.729 (8 kbps) recommendation are the audio CODEC.
7.2 Video CODEC
A video CODEC encodes video from the camera for transmission on the transmitting
H.323 terminal and decodes the received video code that is sent to the video display on
the receiving H.323 terminal. The support of video CODECs is optional. ITU-T H.261 is
the video CODEC recommendation.

7.3 H.225 Registrations, Admission, and Status (RAS)

RAS is the protocol between endpoints (terminals and gateways) and gatekeepers. RAS is
used to perform these tasks
 Gatekeeper discovery (GRQ):
 Endpoint registration
 Endpoint location
 Admission control

Gatekeeper Discovery
The gatekeeper discovery process is used by the H.323 endpoints to determine the
gatekeeper with which the endpoint must register.
Endpoint Registration
Registration is a process used by the endpoints to join a zone and inform the gatekeeper
of the zone's transport and alias addresses.
Endpoint Location
Endpoint location is a process by which the transport address of an endpoint is
determined and given its alias name or E.164 address.
Admission Control
The gatekeeper can control the admission of the endpoints into the H.323 network. It uses
RAS messages, admission request (ARQ), confirm (ACF), and reject (ARJ)

7.4 H.225 Call Signaling:

The H.225 call signaling is used to establish a connection between two H.323 endpoints
over which the real-time data can be transported. There are the two type of Call
Signaling.
7.4.1 Gatekeeper-Routed Call Signaling
The gatekeeper receives the call-signaling messages on the call signaling channel from
one endpoint and routes them to the other endpoint on the call-signaling channel of the
other endpoint.
 Gatekeeper cloud
1 ARQ
2 ACF/ARJ
3 Setup
4 Setup 1 2 3 8 4 5 6 7
5 ARQ
6 ACF/ARJ
7 Connect
8 Connect
Endpoint 1 Endpoint 2

T1521280-96
Call Signalling Channel Messages
RAS Channel Messages

7.4.2 Direct Call Signaling

During the admission confirmation, the gatekeeper indicates that the endpoints
can exchange call-signaling messages directly.

Gatekeeper cloud

1 2 4 5
1 ARQ
2 ACF/ARJ
3 Setup 3
4 ARQ Endpoint 1 6 Endpoint 2
5 ACF/ARJ
6 Connect
T1521290-96

Call Signalling Channel Messages

RAS Channel Messages

7.5 H.245 Control Signaling

H.245 control signaling consists of the exchange of end-to-end H.245 messages between
communicating H.323 endpoints. The H.245 control channel is the logical channel 0 and
is permanently open.
7.5.1 Capabilities Exchange
Capabilities exchange is a process using the communicating terminals' exchange
messages to provide their transmit and receive capabilities to the peer endpoint.
7.5.2 Logical Channel Signaling
A logical channel carries information from one endpoint to another endpoint (in the case
of a point-to-point conference) or multiple endpoints.

7.6 Real-Time Transport Protocol

Real-time transport protocol (RTP) provides end-to-end delivery services of real time
audio and video. RTP, together with UDP, provides transport-protocol
functionality.H.323 is used to transport data over IP-based networks; RTP is typically
used to transport data via the user datagram protocol

7.7Real-Time Transport Control Protocol

Real-time transport control protocol (RTCP) is the counterpart of RTP that provides
control services. The primary function of RTCP is to provide feedback on the quality of
the data distribution.

8. Connection Procedures:
This module describes the steps involved in creating an H.323 call, establishing
media communication, and releasing the call. The example network contains two
H.323 terminals (TI and T2) connected to a gatekeeper. Direct call signaling is
assumed. It is also assumed that the media stream uses RTP encapsulation.
Figure illustrates H.323 call establishment.

I. T1 sends the RAS ARQ message on the RAS channel to the gatekeeper for
registration. T1 requests the use of direct call signaling.
2. The gatekeeper confirms the admission of Tl by sending ACF to T1. The
gatekeeper indicates in ACF that T1 can use direct call signaling.
3. T1 sends an H.225 call signaling setup message to T2 requesting a connection.
4. T2 responds with an H .225 call proceeding message to T1.
5. Now T2 has to register with the gatekeeper. It sends an RAS ARQ message to the
gatekeeper on the RAS channel.
6. The gatekeeper confirms the registration by sending an RAS ACF message to back.
7. T2 alerts T1 of the connection establishment by sending an H.225 alerting message.
8. Then T2 confirms the connection establishment by sending an H.225 connect message
to TI, and the call is established.
Figure illustrates H.323 control signaling flows.

9. The H.245 control channel is established between T1 and T2. T1 sends an H.245
TerminalCapabilitySet message to T2 to exchange its capabilities.
10. T2 acknowledges Tl's capabilities by sending an H .245 TerminalCapabilitySetAck
message.
11. T2 exchanges its capabilities with T1 by sending an H.245 TerminalCapabilitySet
message.
12. T1 acknowledges T2's capabilities by sending an H.245 TerminalCapabilitySetAck
message.
13. T1 opens a media channel with T2 by sending an H.245 openLogicalChanne1
message. The transport address of the RTCP channel is included in the message.
14. T2 acknowledges the establishment of the unidirectional logical channel from Tl to
T2 by sending an H.245 openLogicalChannelAck message. Included in the acknowledge
message are the RTP transport address allocated by T2 to be used by the T1 for sending
the RTP media stream and the RTCP address received from T1 earlier.
15. Then, T2 opens a media channel with T1 by sending an H.245 openLogicalChanne1
message. The transport address of the RTCP channel is included in the message.
16. T1 acknowledges the establishment of the unidirectional logical channel from T2 to
T1 by sending an H.245 openLogicalChannelAck message. Included in the
acknowledging message are the RTP transport address allocated by TI to be used by the
T2 for sending the RTP media stream and the RTCP address received from T2 earlier.
Now the bidirectional media stream communication is established.
Figure illustrates H.323 media stream and media control flows.

17. T1 sends the RTP encapsulated media stream to T2.

18. T2 sends the RTP encapsulated media stream to TI.
19. T1 sends the RTCP messages to T2.
20 .T2 sends the RTCP messages to TI.
Figure illustrates call release flows.

21. T2 initiates the call release. It sends an H.245 EndSessionCommand message to TI.
22.T1 releases the call endpoint and confirms the release by sending an H.245
EndSessionCommand message to T2.
23.T2 completes the call release by sending an H.225 release complete message to TI.
24.T1 and T2 disengage with the gatekeeper by sending an RAS DRQ message to the
gatekeeper.
25. The gatekeeper disengages Tl and T2 and confirms by sending DCF messages to Tl
and T2.
9. Conclusion:
The Internet and IP-based networks are increasingly being used as alternatives to the
public switched telephone network. IP calls can be made to almost any telephone in the
world. Many public telecommunication operators are establishing their own IP telephony
services, and using IP-based networks as alternative transmission platforms. There is a lot
of benefits by the IP telephony. Lower infrastructure & Support costs, increase
productivity, reduced cabling cost are the major benefits of IP telephony. Internet
Telephony is a powerful and economical communication options by combination of the
telephone networks and data networks.
10. References:

Book on “IP Telephony” Olivier Hersent, David Gurle & Jean-Pierre Petit.
www.iec.org/online /tutorials/
www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis788-97/internet_telephony/index.htm
www.cs.columbia.edu/~coms6181/
www.terena.nl/library/ IPTELEPHONYCOOKBOOK/chapters/Chapter4.pdf
www.cisco.com/
www.tmcnet.com/
www.javvin.com/
www.ieee.org/