WEEK 1 & 2 Inspection & Testing (Basic) .Pps
WEEK 1 & 2 Inspection & Testing (Basic) .Pps
WEEK 1 & 2 Inspection & Testing (Basic) .Pps
installations, particularly
domestic, is that
3
First Edition of the Regulations
4
What about risk of electric shock
and death by electrocution?
5
Jointly owned by the Institution of
Electrical Engineers and B.S.I.
BS Latest edition
76
7 1: Came into effect
20
01 1st January 2002
6
Are these regulations statutory?
7
Very few enforceable regulations
apply to domestic installations
8
The commercial or industrial electrical
installation usually under the control
of competent persons.
9
Failure to comply with statutory regulations
within the workplace can lead to criminal
prosecution
10
Other Interested Parties
11
Two organisations concerned with the
quality and safety of all aspects of electrical
installation work in including domestic
12
The Electrical Contractors Association
E.C.A.
13
Organisations only concerned with the
competence and quality of work for
those electrical contractors who
are members of their organisation
14
What happens if an electrical contractor
carries out work in an unsatisfactory
manner?
16
The need for Inspection and Test
17
Installations should be inspected and tested
19
For an initial verification
BS 7671:2001 states:
BS 7671:2001 states
21
Generally, the main reason for undertaking
an inspection and test is to ensure that the
installation is safe to use
22
What are the likely reasons for an
installation failing to be safe?
• Age
• Wear and tear - may be considerable in
rented accommodation
• Botched work by incompetent persons, or
unscrupulous contractors
23
Periodic Inspection Report
Where is it required?
24
Factors affecting the safety
25
Damage to equipment or accessories
Poorly installed equipment/accessories
Loose connections giving rise to shock/fire
Overloaded circuits
Inadequate protection of circuits against
overcurrent
Circuit cables inadequate to safely carry
load current
Inadequate earthing arrangements
26
The visual Inspection
27
For reasons of safety the supply
should preferably be switched off
prior to conducting the inspection
28
Checking fixings of accessories
and cabling
29
Loose connections may result in
electric shock
fire
30
circuit connections may be dislodged by
movement of the socket outlet .
remember, loose
connections may
give rise to fire
and shock
31
Be ndA
for
an se e
cu r e
y a rin -
cc g
es
so 32
Th
es
m u upp
iso s t ly
lat eb
ed
33
circuit connections may be dislodged by
movement of the joint-box
34
.
That’s assuming they bothered to use
a joint box in the first place.
35
Blimey he’s even left
the screwdriver bit
in the terminal block
38
39
Correct connection of single-way switch
terminations secure
40
Basic one-way lighting circuit
switch
P
Lamp
41
switch
P
lamp
42
Switch connections
for two-way lighting
43
P
44
P
45
P
46
P
47
P
48
When converting one-way
to two-way lighting the earth
wire used as live conductor
50
• accessory secure
• correct amount
of sheath
• terminations
secure
• appropriate
standard BS
1363
• correct cable size
51
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
52
The purpose of a fuse or circuit breaker
device is automatically to interrupt circuit
current in the event of fault or overload
conditions
53
Excessive current may flow as a result of:
54
Overload
(excessive connected load)
55
Under normal circumstances the fuse or
circuit breaker should operate before the
circuit cables reach a dangerously high
temperature
56
If the fuse or circuit breaker is to high for
the circuit, the cables may reach a dangerously
high temperature resulting in fire
57
re
mo
re vin
mo g
ve ex
s t ce
he ssi
pr ve
ob lo
lem ad
58
Short circuit
Phase and neutral conductors touching
Phase
Large to
fault
neutral
current
‘short’
flowsresulting
- fuse orfrom
circuit
loose connections
breaker should
at a socket
operate
outlet
59
Result of electrician fitting circuit breaker
to live board
60
61
Combined main switch and r.c.d.
64
Most likely reason for
device failing to operate
65
fuse element too large66
a fuse failing to operate under
fault conditions may well
result in fire
67
The Rewirable fuse is an antiquated
device. even with the correct
rating of fuse element it may not safely
interrupt high levels of fault current
68
Cartridge fuses to BS 1361
• scattering of hot metal particles
contained within cartridge thus
reducing fire risk during
operation
• operates much closer to its
current rating when compared
to
the rewirable fuse
69
• has the ability to interrupt high levels of fault
current
• less likelihood of premature failure due to
oxidisation when compared to the rewirable
70
71
Selection of fuses used in consumer units
72
73
Circuit-breakers to BS EN 60898
76
Why bother with an r.c.d. when a fuse or circuit
breaker can provide protection against earth fault
conditions?
77
an r.c.d can operate in the region of milli-amps
78
fuses and circuit breakers require relatively
high currents in order to operate
79
Types of r.c.d.
80
Socket outlet incorporating r.c.d. protection
84
Combined r.c.d. circuit breaker (RCBO)
86
Th
e
sin b
e
ce st
sli th
c e in g
d
br
ea
87
d
What rating of r.c.d. are generally available and
where would they be used?
as a guide
88
30mA for personal protection
socket outlet circuits
89
verification of polarity
90
correct polarity
is essential
91
socket outlet correctly wired
the earth pin of the socket
connects directly to the
exposed metalwork of the
appliance
N
92
What happens
when the phase
and earth
connections are
reversed?
From
supply
94
Correct polarity
Edison-screw
phase
97
Phase
Neutral
99
Verification of polarity can be quite
a complex affair and generally only
undertaken by competent persons
100
However! If common sense is applied
rudimentary testing may be undertaken
at socket outlets by using a socket tester
101
The socket tester
105
The socket tester will INDICATE
106
The socket tester will NOT INDICATE
A REVERSED NEUTRAL
EARTH CONNECTION
107
AND ABOVE ALL
108
Earthing
109
Inadequate earthing arrangements may lead
to electric shock or death through electrocution
110
Earthing arrangements
111
Typical domestic intake
meter
consumer unit
earth
terminal
service cutout
116
Problems with earth electrodes
• liable
to corrosion and mechanical
damage
117